Arbella Stuart

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Lady Arbella Stuart in 1589

Arbella Stuart (also Arabella, Arbelle) (* 1575 ; † September 27, 1615 in the Tower of London ) was an English noblewoman , niece of Queen Mary of Scots , cousin of King James I and a maid of honor of his wife Queen Anna . Through her grandmother Margaret Douglas she was a great-granddaughter of the English princess and Scottish Queen Margaret Tudor and thus a distant relative of Queen Elizabeth .

In Elisabeth's last years, Arbella was considered a possible heir to the throne at home and abroad for a long time because, unlike Jacob, she was of English birth. She was therefore kept under the strict care of her maternal grandmother, Bess of Hardwick , on Elisabeth's orders until she was 27 . To escape her cramped existence, Arbella became entangled in plots several times. So she secretly tried to get married to another pretender to the throne and claimed to want to uncover conspiracies against Queen Elizabeth with the help of a fictional lover. Because of this, contemporaries sometimes considered them insane.

Arbella was only allowed to return to court under Jacob's rule. After an unauthorized marriage to William Seymour , grandson of Lady Catherine Gray , also royal , Jacob had his cousin imprisoned until her death.

Life

childhood

Arbella was the only child of Elizabeth Cavendish and Charles Stewart, 1st Earl of Lennox . Her parents' marriage started turbulent. Charles Stewart's mother was Margaret Douglas , daughter of the English princess and Queen of Scotland, Margaret Tudor . Thus Charles was a potential heir to the throne, which is why he would have needed the permission of Queen Elizabeth I for his marriage . However, during a visit from his mother Margaret Douglas to Bess of Hardwick , he unexpectedly married Elizabeth Cavendish. Charles' older brother Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley , had married Queen Mary of Scots of Scotland without permission , which is why Elizabeth mistrusted the family. Even more explosive was the fact that Bess' husband, George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury, was the guardian of the captive Mary, Queen of Scots and housed them. Apart from that, Queen Elizabeth was furious that another relative had married without permission. A little later Margaret Douglas found herself imprisoned for the third time in the Tower of London for the marriage of her son , although she was released after a short time.

Arbella Stuart as a two year old

Arbella's exact date of birth is unknown. However, Margaret Douglas wrote on November 10, 1575 to her captive niece Maria Stuart: "I owe your majesty my most humble thanks for your memory and generosity to our little daughter here", which is why Arbella's birth must have taken place before this time. Arbella herself later stated that she turned twenty-seven on February 6, 1603. Her name, unusual for the time, may have been derived from the Scottish Queen Annabella Drummond , as Arbella was also entitled to the Scottish throne through her paternal grandfather, Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox . A year after her birth, her father Charles died and Arbella lived with her grandmother Margaret Douglas until the spring of 1578, who, according to contemporaries, looked very much like her. Although, as Charles' daughter , she would have had claims to his estate, including the title of Countess of Lennox , the Scots denied her the property and instead bequeathed the title to her father's closest male relative, an uncle.

Margaret Douglas died in March 1578 and bequeathed her jewels to Arbella in her will. However, their executor Fowler alleged a little later that they had been stolen from him. Ironically, the jewels found their way to Arbella's cousin Jacob, which is why it is sometimes suspected that Fowler smuggled them into Scotland. Otherwise, Arbella remained little of her grandmother's legacy. Shortly after Margaret Douglas' funeral, Queen Elizabeth confiscated the remaining Lennox lands in exchange for the princely funeral she had hosted for her cousin. On January 21, 1582, Arbella's mother also died. She was now placed in the care of her second grandmother, Bess of Hardwick, who the child referred to as her "jewel".

A few days after Elizabeth's death, Bess pulled out all the stops to secure an annuity for Arbella. She also saw it as her duty to give the girl an education that a princess deserved. "I take care of her education as if she were my biological, only child and much more, since she is related by blood to Her Majesty". Arbella therefore received lessons in Latin, Italian, French, Spanish, Greek and even Hebrew. Since Bess was friends with Maria Stuart for a while and spent a lot of time with her, it is possible that Arbella knew her aunt by marriage personally, but nothing can be said with certainty today. Maria wrote lovingly of “Arbelle, my niece” and tried to support her claim to the Lennox lands. After Mary's execution, Arbella inherited her Book of Hours , a mixture of prayer book and diary.

Significance for the succession to the throne

Due to her descent from Margaret Tudor, Arbella was entitled to the English crown. Elisabeth herself was old and childless, which is why the line of Henry VIII would die out with her. Thus, the descendants of his sisters Margaret and Mary Tudor came to the fore. According to the laws of primogeniture , Margaret Tudor's descendants came first since Margaret was the eldest sister. Margaret's great-grandson James I , son of Mary Stuart, and her cousin Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley , was already King of Scotland and had the best of claims. Both of his parents were descended from Margaret Tudor, Mary Queen of Scots of the older line with the highest seniority. However, foreigners were traditionally excluded from the English throne, which is why his claim was not unchallenged.

Further descendants of Margaret Tudor were the descendants of her daughter Margaret Douglas. Her sons, Lord Darnley and Charles Stuart, died early and bequeathed their claim to the throne to their respective children - Jacob and Arbella. Some contemporaries found Arbella's law more justified than Jacob's because, unlike him, she was born in England. Some thought she was Queen Elizabeth's rightful successor. The problem was that Henry VIII in his will excluded Margaret Tudor's descendants from the line of succession and instead favored the descendants of his younger sister Mary.

Elizabeth I by Hans Eworth, ca.1570

However, Elisabeth preferred the claim of Maria Stuart and later Jacob I throughout her life, but was always afraid of making herself vulnerable by naming a successor prematurely. Therefore she used Arbella's existence to keep Jacob in the dark too. So she said to the wife of the French ambassador, pointing at Arbella: “Take a good look at her, one day she will be like me and a great mistress. But I will have left before. "

Arbella was well aware of her special status. Her grandmother Bess insisted that the servants kneel in front of her at home and address her with "Your Highness". She was also a popular match on the marriage market due to her royal descent. As early as 1584, the long-time favorite of the Queen, Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester , had wooed Arbella's hand for his son. However, the boy died shortly afterwards. Queen Elisabeth used Arbella's royal ancestry for a while to make promises of marriage to foreign countries in order to keep political alliances open. So she hit u. a. proposes to marry Arbella to Ranuccio Farnese , Duke of Parma .

When Arbella was allowed to appear at court for the first time at the age of 13, the Queen received her with full honors and even allowed her to sit next to her at her table during dinner, an extraordinary honor. Arbella would later tell that the queen had called her "eagle cub of her own kind" and she made a good impression on the courtiers too. But just a year later, when Arbella was at court again, an incident occurred which ended in the Queen sending Arbella home. The Venetian ambassador wrote, Arbella

“Showed such arrogance that she soon claimed first place. One day, when she went into the chapel, she gave herself precedence over all the princesses who were in Her Majesty's apartments; Nor did she want to resign, as the master of ceremonies told her several times, because she said that according to God's will this was the very least place she was entitled to. Thereupon the queen sent her indignantly back to her private existence without even seeing her again before she left. "

Arbella Stuart around 1589, artist unknown

It is uncertain whether this incident actually took place, as some other information provided by the Venetian ambassador in this letter is proven to be incorrect. In addition, he had not seen the incident personally, only heard about it. According to the laws of court protocol, Arbella would indeed have given precedence over the other ladies. Other sources say the queen became jealous when Arbella became too familiar with Robert Devereux , the queen's young favorite. Years later, Arbella remembered her "noble friend, who honored me in his greatest and most fortunate fate, despite the risk of obscuring Her Majesty's favor for him." Apart from any quarrels at court, the queen was busy preparing against the Spanish Armada and therefore had every reason to remove all members of the royal family as far as possible from any theater of war. In either case, Arbella was sent to Wingfield, Derbyshire .

Although the Armada threat was ultimately averted, Arbella remained under the tutelage of her grandmother. However, the first conflicts were already beginning to emerge. Shortly after defeating the Armada, Nicholas Kinnersley, Wingfield administrator, asked Bess to come and call her granddaughter to order, who had refused to attend class for six days. George Talbot himself told a friend that Arbella “was used to getting the upper hand with my wife and daughter Mary, but now, as I have been told, it is different because they were told by friends at court that it provoked dislike ". It was not until 1591 that she was called back to the court, officially to discuss her marriage and to have portraits made of her. She and her grandmother spent Christmas at court. She was also contacted for the first time by letter from her cousin King Jacob. In spring 1592 she left the court again. She should not re-enter him for the rest of Elizabeth's reign.

Arbella spent the next few years in isolation in the country under the care of her grandmother, with whom she was increasingly in conflict. Bess kept them under very close supervision.

“Arbell doesn't stay up late when she's out in the fresh air, then only near the house and with company; she does not visit anyone in his house, I see her every hour and she sleeps in my room. "

The reason for this strict guard were u. a. Rumors that the Catholics were planning to kidnap Arbella to Flanders, either to later enthrone her as queen or to make room for the Catholic descendants of Margaret Clifford , a granddaughter of Mary Tudor. There was speculation about Arbella's religion, but she herself said she would go with "Papists, Turks, Jews or infidels" if only it gave her freedom.

Over the years she found life with her grandmother to be more and more restrictive, but Elizabeth's councilors, especially Robert Cecil , were busy preparing for a peaceful accession to the throne of King Jacob. Because of this, they had no interest in Jacob's rival Arbella attracting public attention and possibly rallying allies. Doleman, author of the book A Conference about the Next Succession to the Crown of England , concluded that Arbella “is not at all allied with the English nobility, except perhaps with the [7th] Earl of Shrewsbury out of friendship with his old mother-in-law. I do not see any nobleman in England who would follow her by kinship or alliance. ”Because of her isolation, Arbella was unable to find supporters to defend her claim to the throne.

rebellion

After years of fighting with her aging grandmother and no prospect of marriage, Arbella, now 27 years old, contacted Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford independently in the spring of 1603 and proposed a marriage between her and his grandson Edward. Historians disagree on whether to marry her simply to escape her dominant grandmother or to reaffirm her claim to the throne by joining another royal line. Since Seymour's grandson was descended from Catherine Gray , a granddaughter of Mary Tudor, such a marriage would have posed a dynastic threat to Queen Elizabeth and her preferred heir to the throne, Jacob. So Arbella hired John Dodderidge, an employee, to convey the message to Hertford that her uncles would be interested in this marriage. She also wanted her potential bridegroom Edward Seymour to come to her under an imaginative pretext and equipped with secret identifiers so that she could see “if they might like each other”.

Her elaborate, complicated plan made it even more suspicious than it already was. Hertford, who had sat in the Tower for his marriage to Catherine, hurriedly distanced himself from Arbella and involved the Privy Council. Elisabeth, furious about another potential illicit marriage, sent Sir Henry Brounker to Arbella, who questioned and interrogated her for days. At first, Arbella denied ever having touched Hertford, but panicked at the confession Dodderidge had made. Brounker suggested that she write a report on all of her actions, but her first draft was "confused, confused, and truly ridiculous ... not a worthy letter for me to carry or for Her Majesty to read". He spent days wrestling a sensible report from Arbella, increasingly coming to the conclusion that "her mind was in a mess, either out of fear of her grandmother or out of her own imagination." The thought that Arbella was out of her mind would later be brought up again to her detriment.

Bess of Hardwick by Rowland Lockey, ca.1592

For the next few weeks, Arbella was closely watched, her letters intercepted and opened. Bess of Hardwick, who found her granddaughter more and more difficult, asked the Queen to leave Arbella in someone else's care. However, to their mutual frustration, it was ordered that Arbella stay with Bess. At this point it was already foreseeable that the Queen would not live long and the council was primarily concerned with keeping Arbella in the background until Jacob acceded to the throne. Officially, it was finally said that Arbella had been misled by false friends and should behave more sensibly in the future. In a letter to the Queen, Arbella vowed to get better, but desperately asked her for more freedom than her strict grandmother would allow her and for permission to return to court. Bess himself wrote several letters of supplication to Elisabeth as the conflict between her and Arbella escalated. Both were ignored by the Queen.

Since illicit affairs seemed the only way to draw attention to their unfortunate circumstances, Arbella eventually resorted to an alleged lover. During the spring, she wrote several letters to the court, the contents of which were so confused that her sanity was questioned. So she now claimed that her offer of marriage to Hertford was merely a provocation to bring to light the deceptive intentions of the Seymours. The background of their action was to draw the queen's attention to the plot behind her back and to win back her favor. She would have received support from her lover, whom most historians consider pure fiction. In her letters she urged that she should finally act as a grown woman and be able to choose her servants and friends herself. She also wanted to know how long she would continue to bear the “yoke of bondage”. From her letters it appears that there was no privacy for her at Hardwick Hall as her grandmother followed her into every room and intimidated Arbella's servant.

Once again Brounker was sent to Arbella with the assignment to find out the identity of her alleged lover. Again she got caught up in contradictions. Once she claimed it was pure fiction, another time she named her cousin Jacob the King of Scotland. She also threatened her grandmother with hunger strikes several times. While contemporaries considered her insane at the time - Robert Cecil noted, "I think she has some strange fumes in her brain" - there is now the theory that Arbella suffered from then-unknown porphyria . On the one hand, it would explain Arbella's regularly recurring abdominal pain and, on the other hand, psychoses can also appear as symptoms . Various relatives also shared these symptoms, including a. her cousin Jakob and her distant relative Eleanor Brandon . During the next few weeks she wrote several confused letters and forged adventurous plans to escape.

Cousin of the king

Queen Elizabeth died at the end of March 1603 and Jacob, King of Scotland, succeeded her to the throne. In a letter to him, Arbella affirmed that she “did not want any other husband, no other status and no other life than that which King Jacob, her cousin and master, was ready to give her.” The offer to attend Elizabeth's funeral as Chief Mourner To act, a highly respected, ceremonial task, she declined on the grounds that she had been denied any personal contact during the Queen's lifetime and that she did not want to be brought on stage for a mass spectacle after her death. Jakob received his cousin at court and allowed her to decide for herself where to live. Arbella then referred Sheen and initially concentrated on securing her annual income. With the arrival of Queen Anna , Arbella became her maid of honor. Often she wore the Queen's train and after her was given precedence over all other ladies at court. Nevertheless, apart from official appearances, she lived rather withdrawn.

Possibly Arbella Stuart from Marcus Gerards the Younger

Shortly after Arbella's arrival at court, she became the focus of a conspiracy against King Jacob. According to the official reading, several nobles, including Sir Walter Raleigh , had planned the assassination of the king and his eldest son Henry in order to bring Arbella to the throne. To this end, Lord Cobham sent her a compromising letter instructing her to deal with the Spanish King Philip III. to get in touch. According to Cobham, she should promise tolerance for Catholics and no further support for Dutch Protestants and should not marry without his permission. Since unauthorized contact with foreign monarchs was on the verge of high treason, Arbella immediately handed the letter over to the authorities. Arbella was present at Raleigh's trial and was vigorously defended by Robert Cecil.

“Here Lady Arbella Stuart has been mentioned, the king's close relative. Let us not shock the innocent with confused words. She is as innocent of all these things as I or any man here; she only received a preparatory letter from Lord Cobham, which she ridiculed and sent to the king. She was so far removed from dissatisfaction that she laughed scornfully at him. "

Historians disagree as to whether Arbella was actually clueless. Chances are she was trying to use Jacob's growing unpopularity in her favor. On the other hand, it is just as possible that Robert Cecil knew about the conspiracy and used Arbella to bring it to a controlled end. Officially, Arbella could not be proven guilty, but Raleigh was found guilty.

Despite her high standing at the court and the honorable office of the Queen's meat cutter, Arbella was still financially dependent. The annuity Jacob had promised her was not enough to finance the costly life at court. In letters to her uncle Gilbert, she often criticized the frivolities of court life.

“Every day I see how the most beautiful let themselves be seduced and willingly and knowingly be seduced by the Prince of Darkness. I do not dare write to you how I am, for if I were to say, well, I should be very much reproached; I would say bad if you wouldn't believe me because I'm so happy. Living in this ridiculous world would turn Heraclitus [the "weeping philosopher"] into Democritus [the "laughing philosopher"] and it would turn Democritus into Heraclitus to live in this depraved world. "

Instead of what she saw as childish games at court, Arbella preferred to occupy herself with her reading and was praised for her erudition. Several authors dedicated their works to her, including David Hume, John Wilbye, John Owen, Richard Brett and Hugh Holland. George Chapman, translator of the Iliad , described her as "our English Athena , chaste master of virtue and learning". She also helped her relative William Cavendish to a baron title.

Marriage to William Seymour

Despite financial difficulties, Arbella lived at the English court for several years, interrupted only by visits from her family. In 1609, however, there were signs of a crisis. At thirty-four, Arbella was well past the usual marriages age, and because of her royal ancestry, she needed Jacob's permission to marry. Aside from vague promises to return all her lands to her at her wedding, the king had made no move to marry off his cousin, even though there were applicants for her hand. Jacob may have wanted her to stay unmarried, as her legitimate children would have been entitled to the throne and would have been potential rivals for his own heirs. Rumors of a supposedly planned wedding of Arbella to a Scot from her grandmother Margaret Douglas' family disgraced her in December 1609. The Venetian ambassador Correr wrote in January 1610 that Arbella complained about her limited budget and asked permission to marry. In an attempt to appease his cousin, Jakob increased her annuity without, however, proposing a candidate for marriage.

William Seymour by Gilbert Jackson

Eventually Arbella took the initiative herself. On February 2, 1610, she secretly and without the knowledge of the king became engaged to Sir William Seymour , a grandson of Catherine Gray . Thus he descended from Mary Tudor , whose descendants, according to Henry VIII's will, were the rightful heirs to the throne. When the two first met and whether it was originally a love marriage is unknown. Possibly she was practically motivated at first, as she had only a limited choice of potential husbands as a member of the royal family. Seymour, nearly thirteen years his junior, was a suitable candidate. Nevertheless, Arbella's feelings seem to have played a role, as can be deduced from a later letter from her to him.

The news of this connection with the king, who was arranging an investigation, leaked relatively quickly. Seymour vowed that although he and Arbella had become engaged, they would not take any further action without the king's permission. Both got away with a sharp warning, which Arbella interpreted to mean that she was simply not allowed to marry a foreigner. In June the two secretly married with fewer friends. Seymour was arrested on July 8, and Arbella was arrested a day later. Both were accused of breaking their promise. Arbella defended herself and her husband by saying that Abraham and Isaac had also temporarily denied their wives. The Venetian ambassador wrote forebodingly: “A law that declares the illicit marriage of descendants of royal blood to be an insult to majesty and rebellion is very damaging to their case. Rumor has it that she will not get away easily. "

Queen Anna and Prince Henry tried to mediate between the king and Arbella. Arbella also wrote several petitions to the king, but Jacob persisted. Political unrest in Europe had fueled suspicion and insecurity in England. Catholics were forbidden to come near the court and even the celebrations that made Henry Prince of Wales were cut short as Jacob felt threatened by his son's popularity. Arbella's marriage to Seymour posed an even greater threat to him as they presented an alternative to him. The situation came to a head when rumors spread that Arbella was pregnant with Seymour's child and had miscarried. In January 1611 Arbella finally received news that Seymour had been sentenced to life imprisonment in the Tower of London and that she herself was being placed under the supervision of the Bishop of Durham .

Arbella, now ill, wrote panicked letters to various nobles, although she only knew some by name, and pleaded with them for help. When Jacob's delegation came to take her north, she refused to get out of bed, so they finally carried her out with the mattress. Her illness greatly delayed the journey north and Arbella used the time to make plans. Her aunt Mary Talbot helped her put money aside to give the couple a fresh start in Europe. Since Arbella and Seymour were still in correspondence, they were able to coordinate their actions.

Tried escape and last years

On Monday June 3, Arbella and Seymour fled their respective prisons. Arbella disguised herself as a man to escape undetected. Seymour took advantage of the fact that he was allowed to move freely within the fortress walls. According to contemporaries, he exchanged clothes with his barber and left the tower unmolested. However, his escape was delayed, so that he did not appear in time to the meeting point that he had agreed with Arbella. Arbella lost precious time waiting for him and arrived at Leigh Harbor in adverse weather conditions, which cost her even more time. However, since she hoped to meet Seymour again before landing in France, she allowed the ship to cruise in the English Channel longer than necessary . Only a little later she was picked up by an English ship that had received orders a few hours earlier to search all ships. Seymour, who had stayed in England due to the weather, left England on Thursday 6 June and reached Ostend safely a day later .

Arbella Stuart by Robert Peake

As a relative of the king, Arbella was entitled to the better rooms in the Tower, but, unlike Seymour before, was not allowed to leave the rooms. She was treated much more severely than her aunt Mary Talbot, who was also arrested, and her petitions for release were ignored. Judging by her letters, Arbella did not see that she had done anything wrong, although emigration without permission and escaping from prison were crimes under the law of the time. Unlike her aunt, Arbella was never brought to justice. Robert Cecil, who had always been a mediator between her and the king, died in 1612. Only a little later, her annuity was also cut, a hard blow since she had to pay for her own maintenance in the Tower. Nevertheless, on the occasion of the wedding of Jacob's daughter Elisabeth Stuart in 1613 , she ordered four expensive new dresses, mistakenly assuming that she would be invited to the festivities. Historians disagree on whether she was simply holding false hopes or whether captivity was negatively affecting her mind.

During her detention, Arbella also fell out with her aunt Mary Talbot, who had stood by her for years. According to Arbella's own account, Mary had tried to convert her niece to Catholicism. With rumors circulating that the Catholics were trying to free Arbella, she was interrogated by the Tower's overseer, Sir William Wade. However, Arbella's story strongly resembled her attempt to get Queen Elizabeth's attention, and Mary Talbot claimed her niece was out of her mind when she brought these charges. It fits her statement that Arbella suffered several severe attacks of illness during this period, possibly due to porphyria . Nevertheless, Arbella once again attracted attention when she secretly made a copy of her cell key and handed it to Jakob, as a sign that she submitted to him, although she could have escaped. Jakob, however, saw it as further evidence of their stubbornness and arrogance.

Little is known about Arbellas last year. In the summer of 1614, preparations were made to keep her in the Tower for an extended period, and her health continued to deteriorate. In the fall, she became bedridden but refused to be examined by doctors. Eventually she refused to eat and died on September 25, 1615. Although poison was suspected, the official reading was that she starved. She was buried in Westminster Abbey in the crypt of her aunt Maria Stuart.

obituary

Arbella's escape from England and her renewed arrest was processed in a contemporary ballad The True Lovers' Knot Untied . In it, a fictional dialogue takes place between Jacob, Arbella and Queen Anna after Arbella is captured again. In her, Arbella laments her high birth, because even as a milkmaid she would have had more freedom in love. Jacob is portrayed as a gentleman willing to reconcile, who would personally give Arbella freedom but is bound by the decisions of his council. Shortly after her death, newborn daughters in various noble families in England were named after Arbella. When English ships left for America in March 1630, one of the ships was named Arbella .

Quickly, Arbella's name was equated with the pursuit of freedom and even democracy, mainly because of Jacob's increasing unpopularity. It is possible that her fate inspired William Shakespeare to write his play Cymbeline . The German playwright Rudolf von Gottschall worked on Arbella's life in 1877 in his play Arabella Stuart. Tragedy in five acts .

Works

  • Sara Jayne Steen (Ed.): The Letters of Lady Arbella Stuart. (= Women Writers in English 1350-1850. ) Oxford University Press, New York et al. 1994, ISBN 0-19-508057-2 .

literature

Web links

Commons : Arbella Stuart  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Sarah Gristwood: Arbella. England's Lost Queen. Bantam Books 2004, p. 32
  2. ^ Sarah Gristwood: Arbella. England's Lost Queen. Bantam Books 2004, p. 39
  3. ^ A b Sarah Gristwood: Arbella. England's Lost Queen. Bantam Books 2004, p. 205
  4. ^ Sarah Gristwood: Arbella. England's Lost Queen. Bantam Books 2004, p. 40
  5. ^ Sarah Gristwood: Arbella. England's Lost Queen. Bantam Books 2004, p. 72
  6. ^ Sarah Gristwood: Arbella. England's Lost Queen. Bantam Books 2004, p. 48
  7. ^ Sarah Gristwood: Arbella. England's Lost Queen. Bantam Books 2004, p. 50
  8. ^ Sarah Gristwood: Arbella. England's Lost Queen. Bantam Books 2004, p. 51
  9. ^ Sarah Gristwood: Arbella. England's Lost Queen. Bantam Books 2004, p. 55
  10. ↑ a b c d e f Rosalind K. Marshall: Stuart, Lady Arabella (1575-1615) . In: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press 2004, accessed January 11, 2012
  11. ^ Sarah Gristwood: Arbella. England's Lost Queen. Bantam Books 2004, p. 83
  12. ^ Sarah Gristwood: Arbella. England's Lost Queen. Bantam Books 2004, p. 100
  13. ^ A b Sarah Gristwood: Arbella. England's Lost Queen. Bantam Books 2004, p. 94
  14. ^ Sarah Gristwood: Arbella. England's Lost Queen. Bantam Books 2004, p. 67
  15. ^ Sarah Gristwood: Arbella. England's Lost Queen. Bantam Books 2004, p. 98
  16. ^ Sarah Gristwood: Arbella. England's Lost Queen. Bantam Books 2004, p. 97
  17. ^ A b Sarah Gristwood: Arbella. England's Lost Queen. Bantam Books 2004, p. 103
  18. ^ Sarah Gristwood: Arbella. England's Lost Queen. Bantam Books 2004, p. 106
  19. ^ Sarah Gristwood: Arbella. England's Lost Queen. Bantam Books 2004, p. 107
  20. ^ Sarah Gristwood: Arbella. England's Lost Queen. Bantam Books 2004, p. 123
  21. ^ Sarah Gristwood: Arbella. England's Lost Queen. Bantam Books 2004, p. 124
  22. ^ Sarah Gristwood: Arbella. England's Lost Queen. Bantam Books 2004, p. 128
  23. ^ Sarah Gristwood: Arbella. England's Lost Queen. Bantam Books 2004, p. 145
  24. ^ Sarah Gristwood: Arbella. England's Lost Queen. Bantam Books 2004, p. 183
  25. ^ Sarah Gristwood: Arbella. England's Lost Queen. Bantam Books 2004, p. 188
  26. ^ A b Sarah Gristwood: Arbella. England's Lost Queen. Bantam Books 2004, p. 192
  27. ^ Sarah Gristwood: Arbella. England's Lost Queen. Bantam Books 2004, p. 200
  28. ^ Sarah Gristwood: Arbella. England's Lost Queen. Bantam Books 2004, p. 213
  29. ^ Sarah Gristwood: Arbella. England's Lost Queen. Bantam Books 2004, p. 464
  30. ^ Sarah Gristwood: Arbella. England's Lost Queen. Bantam Books 2004, p. 245
  31. ^ Sarah Gristwood: Arbella. England's Lost Queen. Bantam Books 2004, p. 257
  32. ^ Sarah Gristwood: Arbella. England's Lost Queen. Bantam Books 2004, p. 265
  33. ↑ Agnes Strickland : Lives of the Tudor Princesses including Lady Jane Gray and her Sisters. 1868 Longmans, Green and Co., London, p. 358
  34. ^ Sarah Gristwood: Arbella. England's Lost Queen. Bantam Books 2004, p. 291
  35. ^ Sarah Gristwood: Arbella. England's Lost Queen. Bantam Books 2004, p. 295
  36. ^ Sarah Gristwood: Arbella. England's Lost Queen. Bantam Books 2004, p. 326
  37. ^ Sarah Gristwood: Arbella. England's Lost Queen. Bantam Books 2004, p. 333
  38. ^ Sarah Gristwood: Arbella. England's Lost Queen. Bantam Books 2004, p. 335
  39. ^ Sarah Gristwood: Arbella. England's Lost Queen. Bantam Books 2004, p. 339
  40. ^ Sarah Gristwood: Arbella. England's Lost Queen. Bantam Books 2004, p. 347
  41. ^ Sarah Gristwood: Arbella. England's Lost Queen. Bantam Books 2004, p. 349
  42. ^ Sarah Gristwood: Arbella. England's Lost Queen. Bantam Books 2004, p. 363
  43. ^ Sarah Gristwood: Arbella. England's Lost Queen. Bantam Books 2004, p. 374
  44. ^ Sarah Gristwood: Arbella. England's Lost Queen. Bantam Books 2004, p. 411
  45. ^ Sarah Gristwood: Arbella. England's Lost Queen. Bantam Books 2004, p. 413
  46. ^ Sarah Gristwood: Arbella. England's Lost Queen. Bantam Books 2004, p. 418
  47. ^ Sarah Gristwood: Arbella. England's Lost Queen. Bantam Books 2004, p. 435
  48. ↑ Old ballads, historical and narrative, with some of modern date
  49. ^ Sarah Gristwood: Arbella. England's Lost Queen. Bantam Books 2004, p. 451
personal data
SURNAME Stuart, Arbella
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Stewart, Arabella; Seymour, Arbella
BRIEF DESCRIPTION English nobles
DATE OF BIRTH 1575
DATE OF DEATH September 27, 1615
Place of death Tower of London