Pipe flowers

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Pipe flowers
Great Easter luzei (Aristolochia gigantea)

Large easter lucei ( Aristolochia gigantea )

Systematics
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Magnoliids
Order : Peppery (Piperales)
Family : Aristolochiaceae (Aristolochiaceae)
Subfamily : Aristolochioideae
Genre : Pipe flowers
Scientific name
Aristolochia
L.
Aristolochia pistolochia, ripe capsules and seeds

The pipe flowers ( Aristolochia ), also called pipe winds or Osterluzei , are a genus of plants in the family of the Osterluzei family (Aristolochiaceae). This genus includes around 400 to 500 species. They are widespread and can be found in many climates. Some climber species are most common in cultivation because of their heart-shaped leaves and unusually shaped flowers.

description

Appearance and leaves

Aristolochia species grow as evergreen or deciduous, woody shrubs or climbing plants (lianas) or rarely independently upright, mostly prostrate, climbing or climbing, perennial herbaceous plants . Tubers are often formed as persistence organs. The plant parts often contain essential oils . There is secondary growth in thickness based on a conventional cambium ring.

The alternate and helically arranged leaves are sometimes divided into a leaf sheath, but always into a petiole and a leaf blade. The very short to long petioles are often grooved on the upper side. The membranous to leathery leaf blades are simple and often heart-shaped or less often three- to seven-lobed. The leaves can be dotted with glands. The leaf nerve is very different depending on the species. There are no stipules , but "pseudostipules" are sometimes present.

Illustration of Aristolochia grandiflora : 1 wrapper , 2 gynostemium , 3 cauldrons (utricles), 4 trap mouths (syrinx), 5 slide tube with trap hairs, 6 bulge, 7 calyx lip, 8 appendix (appendix)

Inflorescences, flowers and flower ecology

The flowers are individually in the leaf axils or on the stem ( cauliflora ) or in groups in lateral or stem- borne, zymous , racemose , paniculate or spike-like inflorescences . There are bracts .

The small to large badly smelling or odorless flowers are mostly strongly zygomorphic , less often radial symmetry and threefold with a simple flower envelope . There are only sepals but no petals. The three sepals have grown together to form a tube. The calyx tube, which is often hairy on the inside, is often elongated and straight or curved to S-shaped near its base, as well as cylindrical or funnel-shaped at the top with a tongue-, disc- or almost shield-shaped calyx lip, which ends in one to three calyx lobes or less often up to six calyx teeth . The colors of the sepals range from green, brown to red to purple. There are seldom three, usually six or twelve fertile stamens present, which have grown together to form a tube and with the stylus to form a gynostemium . Three, five or six carpels have become an under-earth, three, five or sechskammerigen and three-, five- or six-edged ovary completely overgrown. The stylus area of ​​the gynostemium is three-, five- or six-lobed. The tetrasporangiaten anthers can have appendages. Each ovary chamber contains 20 to 50 hanging or horizontal, mostly anatropic ovules in a central-angled placentation . There are two to six nectaries at the base of the cauldrons . A discus can be present.

Pollination takes place by insects ( entomophilia ), mostly two-winged birds (Diptera). The flowers of many species have a special pollination mechanism: They are "kettle trap flowers". They have a strong smell to attract certain insects. The inner area of ​​the flower tube is hairy, this ensures that the attracted insect can only leave the flower when it is covered with pollen and can thus pollinate other flowers.

Fruits and seeds

Ripe open fruit of the common easter egg ( Aristolochia clematitis )

When ripe, the dry capsule fruits usually open with six flaps, depending on the species, starting from the tip or the base (they rarely remain closed) and contain many seeds. The flat or plano-convex, egg-shaped or triangular seeds sometimes have wings or sometimes membranous elaisomes . There is an oily endosperm and only a rudimentary to poorly developed embryo when the seeds are ripe . The seed coat (testa) is smooth or has warts.

Sets of chromosomes

The basic chromosome numbers are x = 6, 7, 8.

ingredients

Aristolochia species often contain aristolochic acids . The roots of the common easter egg ( Aristolochia clematitis ) contain up to 1 percent aristolochic acids. These are dangerous. Aristolochic acids are genotoxic , nephrotoxic and even carcinogenic in animal experiments . There could also be a connection with urothelial carcinoma in humans.

Systematics

The genus Aristolochia was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 2, pp. 960-962. Aristolochia rotunda L. was established as the lectotype in 1913 . Synonyms for Aristolochia L. are: Einomeia Raf. , Endodeca Raf. , Euglypha Chodat & Hassl. , Holostylis Duch. and Isotrema Raf. The genus Aristolochia belongs to the subfamily Aristolochioideae in the Aristolochiaceae family . The generic name Aristolochia is already the name of an Aristolochia species in Theophrastus and is derived from āριστος áristos for very good and λóχος lóchos for confinement or childbirth, this refers to the use of the drug as an obstetric agent.

Sprout, leaves and flower of Pistolochia Osterluzei, Aristolochia pistolochia L.
South Spanish easter egg ( Aristolochia baetica )
Flowers of the common easter egg ( Aristolochia clematitis )
Heavily hairy flower of the Cretan easter egg ( Aristolochia cretica )
Hanging easter egg (
Aristolochia cymbifera )
Illustration of Aristolochia cynanchifolia
Hairy flower of Aristolochia eriantha
Blossom of the large easter egg ( Aristolochia gigantea )
Large-flowered easter egg ( Aristolochia grandiflora )
Lindner's Easter Luzei ( Aristolochia lindneri )
Ghost plant ( Aristolochia littoralis )
Yellow easter lucei ( Aristolochia lutea )
Blossom of the American pipefish ( Aristolochia macrophylla )
Little-veined Easter egg ( Aristolochia paucinervis )
Pistolochia-Osterluzei ( Aristolochia pistolochia )
Round-leaved easter egg ( Aristolochia rotunda )
Evergreen easter lucei ( Aristolochia sempervirens )
Illustration of Aristolochia Tagala
Illustration of Aristolochia trifida
Illustration of Aristolochia trilobata
Illustration of Aristolochia weddellii var. Rondoniana

There are about 480 species of Aristoloch :

literature

  • Kerry Barringer & Alan T. Whittemore: Aristolochiaceae in the Flora of North America , Volume 3, 1997: Aristolochia -Online. (Section description)
  • Shumei Huang, Lawrence M. Kelly & Michael G. Gilbert: Aristolochiaceae in der Flora of China , Volume 5, 2003, p. 258: Aristolochia - Online. (Section description)
  • M. Qaiser: Aristolochiaceae in the Flora of Pakistan : Aristolochia - Online. (Section description)
  • HR Coleman in Western Australian Flora , 2008: Aristolochia - Online.
  • Stefan JU Wanke: Evolution of the genus Aristolochia: Systematics, Molecular Evolution and Ecology , doctoral thesis, TU Dresden, Germany, 2006: PDF
  • Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller: Excursion flora from Germany . Volume 5. Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants. Spectrum Academic Publishing House. Berlin, Heidelberg 2008. ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8

Individual evidence

  1. Arthur P. Grollman, Shinya Shibutani, Masaaki Moriya et al .: Aristolochic acid and the etiology of endemic (Balkan) nephropathy . In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . tape 104 , no. 29 , July 17, 2007, pp. 12129-12134 , doi : 10.1073 / pnas.0701248104 .
  2. Nortier JL, Martinez MC, Schmeiser HH, et al .: Urothelial carcinoma associated with the use of a Chinese herb (Aristolochia fangchi) . In: The New England Journal of Medicine . tape 342 , no. 23 , July 8, 2007, pp. 1686-92 , doi : 10.1056 / NEJM200006083422301 .
  3. ^ Aristolochia at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  4. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az Aristolochia in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  5. Entry in The Plant List .
  6. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai E. Nardi (2009): Aristolochiaceae. - In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Datasheet Aristolochia
  7. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am Shumei Huang, Lawrence M. Kelly & Michael G Gilbert: Aristolochiaceae Jussieu. - Same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 5: Aristolochiaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2010.
  8. a b c d e f Kerry Barringer: Aristolochia Linnaeus . In: Flora of North America, vol. 3. [1] .

Web links

Commons : Pipe Flowers ( Aristolochia )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files