Arnica (genus)

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arnica
Arnica (Arnica montana), illustration

Arnica ( Arnica montana ), illustration

Systematics
Euasterids II
Order : Astern-like (Asterales)
Family : Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Subfamily : Asteroideae
Tribe : Madieae
Genre : arnica
Scientific name
Arnica
L.

Arnica ( Arnica ) is a plant genus in the family of the daisy family (Asteraceae). The 30 or so species thrive mainly in the cooler regions of North America . There are only two species in Eurasia .

Description and ecology

Vegetative characteristics

All arnica species are perennial herbaceous plants and reach heights of between 5 and 100 centimeters. They form long and thin rhizomes and there are subterranean stem parts that are lignified and relatively short and thick.

The lower leaves are often in rosettes, whereas the upper leaves are often in one to ten pairs opposite to each other on the stem . In some species the leaves are stalked, but not in others. The leaf shapes within the genus are very variable. The leaves are often hairy.

Generative characteristics

The flower heads stand individually or in groups in total inflorescences. The cup-shaped inflorescences are so-called pseudoanthias ; From an ecological point of view, they are flowers and are composed of many individual flowers. The sheath of the leaflets , the involucre, is bell-, top- or hemispherical, it reaches a diameter of 6 to 20 millimeters. The involucre is formed from 5 to 23 durable bracts , which are in one, more often two rows. The inflorescence base is convex, can be hairy or smooth depending on the species, but has no chaff leaves. In the cup-shaped inflorescences there are often ray and tubular flowers. The 5 to 22 yellow to orange ray- flowers , also called ray-flowers because they are on the edge, are fertile , contain pistils and are rarely missing. In the center of the flower head there are between 10 and 120 tubular flowers , also called disc flowers, which are hermaphroditic and fertile. The corolla-tube is yellow, less often cream-colored and usually shorter than the funnel-shaped necks. The anthers are yellow, with Arnica lessingii and Arnica unalaschcensis purple.

The gray or brown to black achenes have glands or are smooth. The pappus consists of 10 to 50 straw-like, white or yellow-brown, fine-bearded, more or less feathery bristles. In Arnica dealbata , however, these are completely absent.

The basic chromosome number is x = 19.

Arnica unalaschcensis var. Tschonoskyi

Systematics and distribution

The genus Arnica was established in 1753 by Carl von Linné .

The genus Arnica belongs to the tribe Madieae in the subfamily Asteroideae within the family Asteraceae .

The genus Arnica is widespread circumboreal in North America and Eurasia . The species thrive best in montane habitats . The genus Arnica reaches its greatest diversity in western North America. Only two species occur naturally in Europe ( Arnica montana , Arnica angustifolia subsp. Alpina and Arnica alpina subsp. Iljinii ). Some species are common and widespread, while other species are endemic and only occur in small areas .

The approximately 30 species of the genus arnica ( Arnica ) are:

  • Arnica ( Arnica montana L. ): It occurs in Europe in Portugal , Spain , France , Belgium , the Netherlands , Denmark , Norway , Sweden , Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Poland, Czech Republic, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Hungary , Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro, Bulgaria and Romania.
  • Arnica acaulis (Walter) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. : It occurs in the eastern United States.
  • Arnica angustifolia Vahl , with the subspecies:
    • Arnica angustifolia subsp. alpina (L.) IKFerguson , ( Syn .: Arnica alpina (L.) Olin & Ladau (non Salisb. 1796)): It occurs in Norway, Sweden, Finland, northern European Russia, on Spitzbergen and Jan Mayen .
    • Arnica angustifolia subsp. angustifolia : It occurs in Canada, Alaska and Greenland.
    • Arnica angustifolia subsp. iljinii (Maguire) IKFerguson : It occurs in European Russia and in Siberia.
    • Arnica angustifolia subsp. tomentosa (JMMacoun) GWDouglas & Ruyle-Dougl. (Syn .: Arnica tomentosa Macoun ): It occurs in Canada and Montana .
  • Arnica cernua Howell : It occurs in California and Oregon at altitudes between 500 and 1500 meters.
  • Arnica chamissonis Less. (incl. Arnica chamissonis subsp. foliosa (Nutt.) Maguire ): It occurs in Canada, Alaska, the western United States and New Mexico and is a neophyte in Sweden.
  • Arnica cordifolia Hook. : It occurs in Canada and the United States.
  • Arnica dealbata (A.Gray) DGBaldwin (Syn .: Whitneya dealbata A.Gray ): It occurs only in California and at altitudes between 1200 and 2400 meters.
  • Arnica discoidea Benth. : It occurs in California, Oregon, Washington and Nevada.
  • Arnica fulgens Pursh : It is found in Canada and the United States.
  • Arnica × gracilis Rydb. : Is a natural hybrid of Arnica latifolia and Arnica cordifolia .
  • Arnica griscomii Fernald , with the subspecies:
    • Arnica griscomii subsp. frigida (CA Mey. ex Iljin) SJWolf (Syn .: Arnica frigida C.A.Mey. ex Iljin ): It occurs in Siberia, Russia's Far East, Alaska and Canada.
    • Arnica griscomii subsp. griscomii : It occurs in the Canadian provinces of Newfoundland and Quebec .
  • Arnica lanceolata Nutt. , with the subspecies:
    • Arnica lanceolata subsp. lanceolata : It occurs in the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Quebec and in Maine and New Hampshire .
    • Arnica lanceolata subsp. prima (Maguire) Strother & SJWolf (Syn .: Arnica lanceolata subsp. amplexicaulis (Nutt.) Gruezo ; Arnica amplexicaulis Nutt. , Arnica amplexifolia Rydberg subsp. prima Maguire ): It occurs in Alaska, Canada and in the western United States.
  • Arnica latifolia bong. : It is found in Canada, Alaska, and the western United States.
  • Arnica lessingii (Torr. & A.Gray) Greene (incl. Arnica lessingii subsp. Norbergii Hultén & Maguire ): It occurs on Kamchatka , Alaska and Canada.
  • Arnica lonchophylla Greene (including Arnica lonchophylla subsp. Arnoglossa (Greene) Maguire ): It occurs in Alaska, Canada, Wyoming and South Dakota.
  • Arnica longifolia D.C. Eaton : It is found in western Canada and the western United States.
  • Arnica louisiana Farr : It occurs in the Canadian provinces of Alberta and British Columbia at altitudes between 1800 and 2100 meters.
  • Arnica mallotopus Makino (Syn .: Mallotopus japonicus Franch. & Sav. ): It occurs in Japan.
  • Arnica mollis Hook. : It is found in Alaska, Canada, and the western United States.
  • Arnica nevadensis A. Gray : It occurs in California, Nevada, Oregon and Washington at altitudes between 1500 and 3000 meters.
  • Arnica ovata Greene : It is found in Alaska, Canada, and the western United States.
  • Arnica parryi A. Gray : It occurs in the Canadian provinces of Alberta, British Columbia and Yukon Territory as well as in California, Utah, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, Idaho, Washington and Oregon.
  • Arnica rydbergii Greene : It is found in Alberta, British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming and Utah.
  • Arnica sachalinensis (rule) A.Gray : It occurs on Hokkaido, the Kuril Islands and on Sakhalin.
  • Arnica sororia Greene : It occurs in the Canadian provinces of Alberta, British Columbia and Saskatchewan as well as in Washington, Oregon, California, Utah, Nevada, Idaho, Montana and Wyoming.
  • Arnica spathulata Greene : It is only found in California and Oregon.
  • Arnica unalaschcensis Less. : It occurs in Alaska, on the Japanese islands of Honshu and Hokkaido, on the Kuriles, Kamchatka and Sakhalin.
  • Arnica venosa H.M. Hall : It only occurs in California.
  • Arnica viscosa A.Gray : It is only found in Oregon and California.

swell

  • Steven J. Wolf: Arnica , p. 366 - same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 21: Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 8: Asteraceae, part 3 (Heliantheae, Eupatorieae) , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2006, ISBN 0-19-530565-5 . (Sections Description, Distribution and Systematics)
  • Catarina Ekenäs, Bruce G. Baldwin, & Katarina Andreasen: A Molecular Phylogenetic Study of Arnica (Asteraceae): Low Chloroplast DNA Variation and Problematic Subgeneric Classification. In: Systematic Botany 32 (4), 917–928, 2007 [1] ( Arnica dealbata , Arnica mallotopus )

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Werner Greuter: Compositae (pro parte majore) : Arnica. In: Werner Greuter, Eckhard von Raab-Straube (ed.): Compositae. In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Berlin 2006–2009.
  2. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Arnica in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved May 17, 2016.

Web links

Commons : Arnica ( Arnica )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files