Sternberg Augustinian Hermitage

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The Augustinian hermit monastery Sternberg Heiliges Grab was founded in 1500 by Duke Magnus II . In 1527 the convent was dissolved .

history

Since the founding of the Dominican Convention in Wismar in 1293 , over three hundred years passed before a mendicant monastery was established again in a Mecklenburg town . In addition, there was an order that had hardly appeared at all in Mecklenburg and to which Martin Luther belonged.

"The events surrounding the so-called Sternberg desecration of the Hosts of 1492 could be identified as the [..] reason for the establishment of an Augustinian Hermit Convention in the Mecklenburg rural and former residence town of Sternberg ." As a religiously motivated sovereign prince, Duke Magnus II had "built and secured a small Corpus Christi chapel on the grounds of the ruined prince's court from his own resources before 1500". With the suspended scholarships for several priests qui missas et alia diuina officia in ipsa ecclesia celebrent , this second chapel was also very attractive to the numerous pilgrims. In the same year 1500 Magnus II tried to get papal recognition of a new monastery foundation in Sternberg.

"For the occupation of the monastery with Augustinian hermits from the Observanz , the family closeness to the electoral dynasty is to be blamed without a doubt. The marriage of the Mecklenburg duke's daughter Sophia with Johann, brother of the elector Frederick the Wise , in 1500 on the one hand and the constant protection of the Saxon Augustinian Congregation by this ruling family on the other "support such an argument. So it can hardly be a coincidence that just three months after Johann and Sophia married, Elector Friedrich III. who had three letters sent to Rome on August 4, 1500, one to Pope Alexander VI. , two more to the College of Cardinals and Cardinal Francesco Todeschini-Piccolomini, in which the foundation of an Augustinian hermit monastery in Sternberg was expressly recommended.

founding

Duke Magnus had commissioned the Provost Peter Wolkow of Güstrow , who later became the Schwerin bishop, as procurator and temporary papal secretary in Rome , to seek papal approval for the foundation. These negotiations were soon crowned with success. Already on September 19, 1500, the Borgia Pope Alexander VI. his consent. He confirmed to the Mecklenburg Duke Magnus II that he was allowed to build a monastery for the Augustinian Hermit Order of the Observance in Sternberg at the Corpus Christi chapel there, expressly only for the use of the brothers and for their right of residence. The buildings should include a house with a simple bell tower, dormitory, dining room, cloister building with cemetery, garden, and farm buildings. The Corpus Christi church itself was integrated into the monastery as a place of prayer. The Pope gave his full commitment to the interests of the Duke, whereby the order was expressly to come to Sternberg as a pastoral order.

Buildings

After the legal basis for the new monastery had been clarified, Duke Magnus began under the expert and competent guidance of Prof. Dr., who was trained in the preparation of the observance. Johann von Paltz to secure the basic financial resources with a sum of 400 to 500 guilders. As early as 1502 they signed a contract with the Ruppin master bricklayer Andreas Techel, who was often in the service of the Mecklenburg dukes, according to which he undertook that Slaphus vnses Nigen Closters tom Sternbergeto had to complete the dormitory in the following summer.

The construction work progressed only hesitantly, and the promotion of their new settlement by the Mecklenburg dukes seemed to be proceeding too slowly for the management of the Saxon Augustinian observants. In 1503 the monastery brother Prof. Dr. Johannes von Paltz from the Erfurt Augustinians came to Mecklenburg to inspect the construction work on the monastery. Duke Magnus promised him that the construction work in the Antonite monastery in Tempzin would proceed quickly with the income from the sacrificial stacks of the monastery and Corpus Christi chapel. But after Magnus' death in 1504, construction almost came to a standstill. Only with the new Duke Heinrich V the Peaceful and his Chancellor Kaspar von Schöneich and the list of ducal foundation privileges for the monastery in Sternberg did the construction work on the monastery come to a certain conclusion in 1509.

The city monastery was located on the site of the former princely castle and the courtyard between Mühlenstrasse, Ritterstrasse (today Rittersitz) and the city wall near the Mühlentor. According to the inventory from 1621, the monastery had a church with a low west tower, to which a courtyard was attached. The monastery churches in Tempzin and Ribnitz were considered to be models here . The cloister was a two-story massive building with a refectory on the ground floor and a sleeping area with twelve cells on the upper floor. It was built with six vaults. In 1621 the house was rebuilt for the princely official Hans Joachim Grabow. The kitchen was still in the adjacent farm building. The garden extended along the eastern city wall near the mill gate.

From 1510 the monastery was fully established.

Economic and social conditions

The first Augustinian hermits were introduced to Sternberg in February 1505 at the latest. Known names or officials have not been handed down from the early days. In April 1505 Johannes von Staupitz from the Erfurt convent sent the high-ranking Augustinian hermits Johannes Vogt and Johannes von Paltz from Trier-Pfalzel to visit Sternberg.

Some donations and foundations to the Sternberg monastery have also survived. On January 2, 1513, the Augustinian hermits from Sternberg committed themselves to commemorate the founders and the Quitzow families for a sum of 300 Marks Lübisch donated to the convent by the noblewoman Margareta von Quitzow and her children, namely Margareta von Oertzen and to hold Pogisch. Margareta von Quitzow had already died in 1516. Now the brothers also received 45 marks for a light donation for eleven lamps in front of the holy grave in the monastery church and a raise of three marks and four shillings from the Quitzow and Oertzen families. The charities of these families must have continued, but after the dissolution of the monastery, the Sternberg city council took the treasures and the inventory of the monastery for itself. On June 6, 1528, the knight Eggert von Quitzow demanded the return of the treasures donated by his family from the city. The Sternberg monastery was also important beyond the city limits, because in connection with the pilgrimages to Sternberg, many sacrificial monies were received by the Augustinian hermits. There is evidence of a legacy for 1517 by a citizen of Wismar who donated five marks to the mönnekken in Sternberg.

Despite the late founding of the convent, conflicts arose in Sternberg in 1514 for trivial reasons, which revealed fundamental legal disputes between the clergy. The monastery flourished quickly, drawing the envy of the rest of the clergy. After leaving the church several times, the Sternberg clergy had incited the schoolmaster and rector Andreas Libory von Gardeleven, also called Windbeke, to persecute the prior and the monastery brothers with abuse, threats and armed violence. On June 14, 1514, Andreas Libory attacked a brother of the Augustinian hermit monastery vp deme klosters Eigenn Campe and threatened him with weapons. After this assassination attempt on June 20, he and his supporters again ran into the monastery, where they disturbed the brothers and the prior during their devotions with all kinds of swear words with velenn bosenn denn doett geschwaren and threats. When the monastery convent sued him from his clerical superior and obtained a reprimand for his conduct, Andreas Libory, this time drunk and armed, penetrated the monastery church and disrupted the convent at Vespers. The monks arrested him, abused him a little, strapped him to a board and shackled him in the tower. The next day the schoolmaster consented to a primal feud against the convent, the chaplain, the vicar and the Sternberg councilors. No sooner had he been released than he turned to Bishop Peter Wolkow in Schwerin . Almost ten years ago the bishop had successfully enforced the approval of the Sternberg convent in Rome, but now, without hesitation, he sided with the schoolmaster and, on July 15, 1514, put the Augustinian hermit monastery under the ecclesiastical ban without prior investigation . The order with Vicar General Johann von Staupitz protested against the bishop's procedure and appealed to the Pope and the conservator Archbishop Albrecht von Magdeburg. Duke Heinrich also took care of the monks, made counter-presentations to the bishop and called on the Sternberg citizens to respect the monastery brothers as pious spiritual people . Duke Heinrich, the peacemaker, then succeeded in settling the dispute in kindness. In view of the legal situation, Bishop Peter Wolkow could not withstand the pressure, even from the papal chair in Rome. On September 10, 1514 he lifted the excommunication again.

But apart from this individual case, concentrated resistance against the new establishment of a begging order was not to be found in Sternberg. The city council was dominated by nobles and made no visible effort to obstruct the dukes' endeavor. In Sternberg the monastery was exempted from all secular duties and obligations. The dukes only granted the monastery the right to exercise civil liberties in economic terms.

Priors from Sternberg

Names and years indicate the documented mention as prior .

  • 1513–1514 Dietrich Kaltoffen
  • 1514–1524 Heinrich von Immenhausen
  • 1524–1527 Johann von Steenwyck

In the only 25 years of existence of the monastery, no other officials were mentioned. What is certain, however, is that there was a prior in 1505 whose name has not been passed down. In 1513 Johann Domborch had been named as senior of the monastery. On January 2, 1513, the first prior appeared in Sternberg by name as Dietrich Kaltoffen Dyderyck Koldauen, the hylghen sryft corsoer vnnd nv prior in deme neyen cloester tom Sterneberge. In 1498 he was sub-procurator in the Augustinian hermit monastery in Erfurt, in 1502 still as prior in the convent of Sangerhausen , then as prior in Erfurt until 1504 and there as procurator until 1508. Hynricus van Immenhusen, subprior, Johannes van Steenwyk, coster appeared for the first time with him . Heinrich von Immenhusen was still in the observant convent Eschwege in 1504 , where he worked as a subprior until 1509. In 1499 Johannes von Steenwyck acted as procurator in the observant convent Himmelpforten . All three certified a papal letter of privilege on February 20, 1513 together with the senior Johannes Domborch. Letters were received from July 23, 1514 and August 16, 1514, which Kaltoffen wrote as prior. The last prior from 1524 was the former sacristan Johannes von Steenwyck. He also wrote to Martin Luther and was Reformation minded.

All known officials in Sternberg were tried and tested within the observance movement, knew Johann von Paltz personally and had already been able to gain experience in comparable offices of the order.

The convent of the Augustinian hermit monastery had a round seal in which Christ rises from a grave with the upper body, showing the marks of the wounds and is adored on both sides by a kneeling monk. The inscription reads: S. uet. sternbeges. ord. frm. hemitar. s. augusti. The prior of the monastery also kept a tomb of Christ in the parabolic seal, under which a monk kneels.

Reformation and abolition of the Convention

When the Saxon Augustinian vicar Wenzeslaus Linck visited the Sternberg monastery in 1520 , he was able to report to the Mecklenburg dukes that the monastery, which was occupied by fifteen monks under a prior, was still in order. Vicar Linck himself maintained close contacts with Luther and was sympathetic to his considerations. On June 22, 1523 a representative of the Sternberg monastery, Johann Piscator fr. Casparus Pistatoris discrentus Conventus Sternberges took part in a meeting of the anti-Lutheran Augustinian hermits in Leipzig and signed the declaration of loyalty to the Catholic Church.

After just a few years, however, the Church Reformation made itself felt in Mecklenburg and, like in Erfurt, the Sternberg Augustinian Hermit Convention took on a pioneering role here. Under the leadership of the Protestant prior Johannes von Steenwyk, the pro-Reformation forces in Sternberg asserted themselves remarkably quickly in 1524. This year, Prior Steenwyk, together with the Mecklenburg Dukes, requested evangelical preachers from Martin Luther. Luther immediately sent the preacher Hieronymus Anger von Enkhuizen to Sternberg. On July 24, 1524, Luther congratulated the Sternberg prior on having blocked the mouths of the prevailing superstition and abandoned godless acquisitions. At this point in time the brothers were probably already giving up the income from the veneration of the Holy Blood.

Under the influence of the Reformation ideas, the convent dissolved automatically and not by force before the Reformation had even gained a foothold in Sternberg. The Augustinian monks left their monastery in Sternberg voluntarily by 1527 at the latest. Only Prior Johannes von Steenwyk stayed in the monastery buildings and later married. After the inventories of 1527 and 1534, the movable objects were brought to the sacristy of the Sternberg parish church and to Schwerin in 1535 . The Monniche were allowed to keep part of the money . As early as 1535, the monastery buildings were being used for other purposes, Duke Heinrich had it brought to Sternberg and placed in the monk's church .

The Reformation had already fully established itself in Sternberg in 1533.

The former monastery was then used as quarters for ducal officials for about a hundred years. The buildings, which had already largely decayed around 1625, burned down in 1659. From that time on, the rest of the monastery was under the supervision of the princely mayor. After lightning strikes in 1691 and 1695, the monastery was completely ruined. In 1697 they wanted to plow the monastery yard and sow it with linseed.

Around 1715, the remaining building materials were used to build new official apartments and in 1737 city apartments were built on the monastery square. Today nothing reminds of the former Augustinian monastery.

literature

  • Hans Heinrich Klüver: Description of the Duchy of Mecklenburg and the associated Oerter. Theil 2, Hamburg 1738 pp. 619-622.
  • Dietrich Schröder: Papist Mecklenburg. Volume I., 2. Wismar 1741 p. 2468, 2518-2529, 2597, 2890, 2825.
  • David Franck: Old and New Mecklenburg. Güstrow, Leipzig 1753, II. Book 8 pp. 250–260, III. Book 9 p. 36, IV. Book 13 p. 198-204.
  • K. Schmidt: The Sternberg Church after the fire of 1741. In: Sternberg-Brüel-Wariner Anzeiger 1844, No. 64–69.
  • Friedrich Lisch : The Augustinian Monastery and the Church of the Holy Grave. In: Mecklenburgisches Jahrbuch MJB 12 (1847) pp. 226-235.
  • Friedrich Schlie : The art and history monuments of the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Volume IV The district court districts of Schwaan, Bützow, Sternberg, Güstrow, Krakow, Goldberg, Parchim, Lübz and Plau. Schwerin 1901, ISBN 3-910179-08-8 , p. 137.
  • Karl Schmaltz : Church history of Mecklenburg. I. Schwerin 1935.
  • Ursula Creutz: Bibliography of the former monasteries and monasteries in the area of ​​the diocese of Berlin, the episcopal office of Schwerin and adjacent areas. St. Benno Verlag Leipzig 1988, ISBN 3-7462-0163-2 , pp. 448-450.
  • Ingo Ulpts: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg. A contribution to the history of the Franciscans, Poor Clares, Dominicans and Augustinian Hermits in the Middle Ages. Volume 6, Werl 1995, ISBN 3-87163-216-3 .
  • Evangelical Lutheran Church of Mecklenburg [Hrsg.]: The town church of St. Maria and St. Nicholas in Sternberg. Mecklenburg's Reformation Memorial Church . Schwerin 2012, ISBN 978-3-941689-14-5

Unprinted sources

  • State Main Archive Schwerin
    • LHAS 1.5-4 / 22 Sternberg Monastery. Spiritual documents
    • LHAS 2.12-3 / 2 Monastery and order of knights, Augustinian monastery Sternberg.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Ingo Ulpts: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg. Werl 1995, p. 148, p. there note 91.
  2. ↑ LHAS inventory of spiritual documents , Güstrow Monastery No. 4. Certificate No. 1.
  3. ↑ Ingo Ulpts: The Augustinian Hermit Convent Heilig-Grab in Sternberg. In: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg, Werl 1995, p. 149.
  4. ↑ LHAS inventory of spiritual documents , Sternberg monastery, No. 5a (unprinted)
  5. ↑ Ingo Ulpts: The Augustinian Hermit Convent Heilig-Grab in Sternberg. In: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg, Werl 1995, p. 149.
  6. ↑ LHAS holdings of spiritual documents , Sternberg monastery. No. 2.
  7. ^ Friedrich Lisch: Documents of the Broda Monastery . In: MJB (1838) pp. 229-230.
  8. ^ Josef Traeger: The bishops of the medieval diocese of Schwerin . 1984 pp. 170-173.
  9. ↑ LHAS holdings of spiritual documents , Sternberg monastery. No. 3, 4. (unprinted)
  10. ↑ LHAS inventory of spiritual documents , Sternberg monastery, No. 5.
  11. ^ LHAS Acta re. The Augustinian monastery in Sternberg, correspondence between the dukes and the master mason Andreas Techel in Ruppin about the monastery buildings . (1502, 1503)
  12. ↑ Friedrich Lisch: The Augustinian Monastery and the Church of the Holy Grave. MJB 8 (1847) p. 229.
  13. ^ Dietrich Schröder: Papist Mecklenburg. II. 1741 p. 2809.
  14. ^ Ingo Ulpts: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg. Werl 1995, p. 145.
  15. ↑ LHAS holdings of spiritual documents, Sternberg monastery. No. 6.
  16. ↑ LHAS Acta re. The Augustinian monastery in Sternberg, document June 6, 1528 (unprinted).
  17. ^ Dietrich Schröder: Papistisches Mecklenburg II. S. 2875.
  18. ^ Ingo Ulpts: Political and social effectiveness and conflict situation . In: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg 1996, p. 299.
  19. ↑ LHAS Acta re. The Augustinian monastery in Sternberg, two slides Andream Libory S. Windbeck Rectorem Schole zu Sternberg, because of the mischief committed by the latter ... 21. June 1514 (unprinted)
  20. ↑ LHAS Acta concerning the Augustinian monastery in Sternberg, four slides with regest overleaf. The bishop of Swerin proceß against prior vnd cnuent of the monastery to Sternberg, the school master do himself half-mastering vnd syne orphede. (unprinted)
  21. ↑ LHAS Acta re. The Augustinian monks monastery in Sternberg, a slide regest overleaf Swerinisch absolucion, given to the monchs from Sternberg. (unprinted)
  22. ↑ LHAS holdings of spiritual documents , Sternberg monastery. Number 1.
  23. ↑ LHAS holdings of spiritual documents , Sternberg monastery. No. 6.
  24. ^ Theodor Kolde: The German Augustinian Congregation and Johann von Staupitz . 1879 p. 246.
  25. ↑ LHAS Acta re. The Augustinian monastery in Sternberg, original documents.
  26. ↑ Ursula Creutz: Augustinian Hermit Monastery Holy Sepulcher Sternberg. In: Bibliography of the former monasteries and monasteries in the area of ​​the Diocese of Berlin, the episcopal office of Schwerin and adjacent areas. 1988 pp. 448-449.
  27. ↑ Dr. Martin Luther's works: Critical [Weimar] Complete Edition, Volume 40/3 Weimar 1930, p. 292.
  28. ^ Hermann Beste: 700 years of St. Maria and St. Nikolaus in Sternberg. In: The town church of St. Maria and St. Nikolaus in Sternberg. Mecklenburg's Reformation Memorial Church. 2012 p. 34.
  29. ^ Friedrich Lisch: Main events in the older history of the city of Sternberg. In: MJB 12 (1847) pp. 234, 285, 288, 291.

Coordinates: 53 ° 42 ′ 40.3 "  N , 11 ° 49 ′ 51"  E