Franciscan monastery Güstrow

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Plan of the city of Güstrow from a bird's eye view (1706), area E Klosterhof

The Franciscan monastery in Güstrow was founded in Güstrow in 1509 , and construction of the church began in 1512. It was dissolved in the course of the Reformation in 1555 at the latest. Only the name Klosterhof has been preserved.

The monastery bore the patronage of the Holy Blood , after the color of the Franciscan habit it was also called the Gray Monastery .

Circumstances and motives for the foundation of the monastery

Güstrow, the royal seat of the Dukes of Mecklenburg since the middle of the 15th century , was ravaged by devastating city fires in 1503, 1508 and 1512. On June 28, 1503, most of the city burned down as a result of a lightning strike. In addition to the St. Mary's Church , the Holy Blood Chapel (Corpus Christi chapel) in the north of the city was completely destroyed. Thanks to the host relic exhibited in this chapel, Güstrow had developed into a place of pilgrimage from 1332; its foundation was preceded by events similar to those of the Sternberg host sacrilege of 1492. In the fire of 1503 the venerated bleeding host could be saved and brought to the cathedral. The destroyed chapel was not rebuilt, possibly, according to the historian Ingo Ulpts, because the canons wanted to use the relic to "increase the attraction of their church (the Güstrow Cathedral ) and thus their financial resources". The canons of the collegiate monastery at the cathedral claimed a “monopoly on spiritual and liturgical acts” vis-à-vis the sovereigns, the citizenship and the council, which is why no monastery had been founded in Güstrow until then.

The dukes of Mecklenburg-Schwerin at that time, Heinrich V and Albrecht VII , founded a Franciscan observant convent ( new closter, Barefoot Order , von der Right Obseruantienn ) instead of rebuilding the chapel. However, they chose the site of the Corpus Christi chapel, which burned down in 1503, to build the monastery. It is not known whether they were influenced by the canons in the decision. Like their father Magnus II , they promoted the observance movements in the mendicant orders of that time , especially among the Franciscans. The existing convents of the Saxon Franciscan Province ( Saxonia ) in Wismar , Schwerin , Rostock and Parchim took a less strict position on the issue of poverty and, with the support of Pope Sixtus IV , resisted being forced into a stricter way of life. Therefore, Henry V and Albrecht VII chose the way to initiate new monasteries, in which the strict observance would be observed. The Augustinian Hermit Monastery in Sternberg and the Franciscan Observant Convent in Güstrow were founded. It was also the last major Catholic foundation in Mecklenburg .

On January 18, 1509, Duke Heinrich V sought permission from Pope Julius II from Rostock through his legal representative in Rome, Martinus Tessenitz, to establish an observant monastery in Güstrow. He was in contact with the observant forces in the Saxon Franciscan province, presumably - according to Ulpts - with the observant provincial vicar Peter Czillen (or Johannes Petersilge / Peterslige) himself, and requested that 16 brothers be sent to Güstrow. The provincial vicar had a great interest in strengthening the strictly observant part of the order province against the more moderate forces, and advised the duke to point out to the pope that the reform efforts in the monasteries had not been successful so far. Already on May 17, 1509, Pope Julius II gave Heinrich with the Constitution Sincerae devoitionis the permission to found the observant monastery in Güstrow, diocese of Cammin . The buildings were not to be left to the brothers as property, but only pro vsu et habitacionis perpetuis "for use and permanent right of residence", as it was in accordance with the rules of strict observance; Legal objections from secular clerics to the founding of the monastery were not permitted. The responsible Ordinarius, the Camminer Bishop Martin von Carith , gave his consent and mediated between the dukes and the collegiate monastery, so that the Güstrow Cathedral Chapter issued a power of attorney for the approval of the Franciscan Observant Convent in Güstrow in September 1509. They had stipulated that the blood relic should be venerated in a new chapel to be established in the collegiate church and that a priestly position had to be obtained for it.

The sending of brothers to Güstrow was delayed because the chapter of the observant custody in Jüterbog could no longer deal with the personnel. The chapter deposed Vicar Czillen, and the newly elected vicar of the custody, Heinrich Küne, did not object to the settlement in principle, but asked the duke to postpone it at least for the winter and if possible until the next chapter of the order in September 1510. Duke Heinrich resigned himself not satisfied and enforced the introduction of the Franciscans in Güstrow in the spring of 1510. The first brothers probably came from Lüneburg and Magdeburg in April 1510. Apparently, the duke and cathedral chapter did not sufficiently involve the city council and the citizenry when the Franciscans settled, so that around Easter 1510 some canons were threatened and a joint meeting of the cathedral chapter and council was unsuccessful. In the week before the Franciscans were accepted, some councilors threatened “general bloodshed”. It is not known whether there actually were riots when the Franciscans were introduced. Canon Peter Sadelkow could no longer be held in Güstrow because of these incidents, so that Duke Heinrich V awarded him the parish in Sternberg in January 1511 .

The convent in Güstrow appeared for the first time between 1509 and 1513 on a list of Franciscan observant convents . The Franciscan monastery (Rostock) maintained an appointment in Güstrow for collecting alms and as a pastoral base. With the establishment of the observant convent, however, the Rostock brothers were asked by Duke Heinrich to withdraw from there. As early as 1523, so many observant Franciscans were living in the Güstrow convent that some could be seconded to Schwerin in order to assist in the removal of grievances in the local Franciscan convent. However, it is questionable whether the number of 16 Franciscans requested by Duke Heinrich V came to Güstrow. Your main task may have been preaching and hearing confession .

Location and construction of the monastery

The Franciscans were apparently temporarily housed at first. After the settlement, Duke Heinrich V worried about the construction of a new monastery on the northern outskirts of Güstrow. The convent buildings were built directly on the city fortifications, only separated by a street, near the two northern city gates, the Schnoientor and the Mühlentor. From the monastery three waterways led into the city moat, as it says in a letter from 1571: What the Baw the Closter zu Gustrow, as the dry called Wassergaenge jm Garten Vnter der erden in the city moat ... Beyond the city wall, the fog flowed , possibly The port was also located at the Mühlentor, so that a large part of the trade and goods traffic between the surrounding area, the port and the Güstrow main market passed in the vicinity. Today the street “Am Klosterhof” between Horse Market and Schnoienstraße indicates the area of ​​the monastery.

With the financial support of the Duke of master mason Gert Pant (h) on 21 March 1512 Elitz commissioned the construction of the choir to start the church, jm Niencloster to Gustrow a choir to moor ; the choir may have been completed as early as 1512. As wages, Panthelitz received three shillings a day, his apprentice masons two shillings each and the assistants one shilling each. At the same time, the construction of the convent buildings began, like the church in brickwork , the bricks were burned in a brick kiln ( tegelauen ), and the monastery may have had a brick yard outside the city. In building bills for the period from March 3, 1514 to February 7, 1515, construction manager Hans Sterningk recorded income and expenditure of 352 guilders for wages, tools and materials.

Güstrow on the Vicke-Schorler scroll, the Franciscan Church half right in front

During the construction of the monastery, senior Franciscans advised the client; Pope Julius II had stipulated structural details in his approval bull from 1509, and the Güstrower Guardian Johannes Oldensen - from 1528 Guardian in the Oberservantenkloster Winsen - named the structural equipment of the monastery in a letter of October 17, 1527. In addition to the church, it consisted of the cloister building with the refectory and the cells of the brothers in the "new long sleeping house" ( cellen der brodere, des nygen long slaphuse ), a cloister ( krutzganck ), the necessary farm buildings and a herb garden . In 1572 a staircase to the garden, the cloister and the vaulted cellar were mentioned, in 1587 the churchyard ( kerhoue monastery ). According to papal specifications , the church only had a modest bell ( cum humili campana ), but the church may not have the roof turret that was usual for the mendicant churches of the time , but a larger tower, as was the case with the Sternberg observant Augustinian monastery , which was also recently founded by the Mecklenburg dukes was the case. In a depiction of Güstrow by the Rostock shopkeeper Vicke Schorler from 1578 and 1586 on a sheet of his picture scroll in the oblique view of Güstrow, the Franciscan church is shown with a tower, and the church choir is the same height as the nave.

In 1517 the construction of the church was so advanced that at the request of the Mecklenburg dukes, Bishop Martin Karith von Cammin delegated the suffragan bishop of Schwerin , who was under his control, to consecrate the monastery church and a chapel in Güstrow Castle at the same time . This happened at the end of 1517. The patronage of the church is unknown as it has not been documented.

Reformation and abolition of the Convention

In Güstrow as early as 1524, Johann Ludeke, who had come from Denmark, was allowed to preach according to the Protestant doctrine in the small Holy Spirit Church. From 1525 Joachim Kruse from Güstrow was a Protestant preacher. The parish church of St. Marien , the cathedral and the Franciscan monastery initially remained Catholic. According to Ingo Ulpts, the Güstrow convent “stuck to the Catholic way of life” and was under the special protection of its secular founder, Duke Heinrich V. On February 10, 1528, he issued “a hopeful letter of protection in which he gave the Guardian and the convent guaranteed ownership of all their properties and income for ever ”. The Catholics in Güstrow were able to hold their own for several years, the Franciscans still fought fiercely against the Protestant pastor at the parish church in 1535 and received financial support from the population. The Greifswald university professor and dean Heinrich Bukow established in his will in 1537, among others, a mass foundation for the Güstrow Franciscans for his salvation ( Presbiter in missa qualibet quinque candelas accensas habebit et ita pro salute anime mee oret “The priest should have five burning candles in every mass and so on pray for my salvation ”), in 1538 a legacy from the craftsman Hans Elvers, who had made windows for the monastery, followed in favor of the Franciscans. These continued to take part in the provincial chapters of the Saxon Franciscan Province of St. Cross ( Saxonia Sanctae Crucis ), to which only the observant convents belonged since 1518, after the less strict monasteries were transferred to the Saxon Province of St. John the Baptist ( Saxonia Sancti Johannis Baptistae ) had been spun off. In 1554, the deceased Franciscan Brothers from Güstrow were remembered at the chapter in Jüterbog.

After the death of Duke Albert VII in 1547, the future superintendent and provost Gerd Oehmken, who was friends with Martin Luther , came to Güstrow. It was decided to put an end to the Catholic masses in Güstrow, to dissolve the Güstrow cathedral chapter and the Franciscan community. On April 4, 1555, the Güstrow estates decided to remove all remains of the papacy. Some of the holdings of the dissolved monastery were handed over to the provincial minister, and in parts of the building a Protestant school, the Güstrow cathedral school , was set up as early as 1552 . In 1560 the cemetery of the monastery, the Monneken Kerckhov (monk's churchyard) still existed.

The last remains of the monastery were destroyed by a fire in 1620, after which the church with the copper-roofed tower and the cloister had been demolished in 1599. Duke Johann Albrecht gave the last stones to the new Reformed Church, which was to be built on the site of today's theater.

Guardians

The year of a documentary mention is given.

  • Johannes Brakel (1512)
  • Johannes Oldensen (1527)
    • Martin Schütte (Vice-Guardian, † 1527)
  • Ludolph Nortzel (1536)

literature

  • Dietrich Schröder: Papist Mecklenburg . II. Wismar 1741 p. 2799 ff.
  • David Franck : Old and New Mecklenburg. III. Book 9 pp. 34, 168, 199.
  • Johann Friedrich Besser: Contributions to the history of the Vorderstadt Güstrow. Güstrow 1819/1823. Pp. 168, 298, 325.
  • Friedrich Schlie : The art and history monuments of the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. IV. Volume: The district court districts of Schwaan, Bützow, Sternberg, Güstrow, Krakow, Goldberg, Parchim, Lübz and Plau. Schwerin 1901. [Reprint .: ISBN 3-910179-08-8 ]. Pp. 192-194.
  • Heinrich Schnell: The education system in the Grand Duchies of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Strelitz. III. Berlin 1909. pp. 90-99.
  • Leonhard Lemmens OFM: letters and documents of the XVI. Century on the history of the Saxon Franciscans. In: Contributions to the history of the Saxon Franciscan Province of the Holy Cross . Düsseldorf 1911/12, p. 65, notes 66, 83, 88.
  • Patricius Schlager OFM: Directory of the monasteries of the Saxon Franciscan provinces. In: Franciscan Studies 1. Münster i. W. 1914, pp. 230-242.
  • Patricius Schlager OFM: History of the Franciscan monastery in Güstrow in Mecklenburg. In: Franciscan Studies 5. Münster i. W. 1918, pp. 68-82.
  • Ursula Creutz: Bibliography of the former monasteries and monasteries of the diocese of Berlin, the episcopal office of Schwerin and neighboring areas. St. Benno Verlag, Leipzig 1988. p. 395.
  • Lucius Teichmann: The Franciscan Monasteries in Central and Eastern Germany 1223–1993. St. Benno Verlag, Leipzig 1995. ISBN 3-89543-021-8 . Pp. 109-110.
  • Ingo Ulpts: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg. A contribution to the history of the Franciscans, Poor Clares, Dominicans and Augustinian Hermits in the Middle Ages. ( Saxonia Franciscana Volume 6.) Werl 1995, ISBN 3-87163-216-3 , pp. 151-167, 388-391.
  • Thomas Rastig, Stefan Schmieder: Güstrow. Holy Blood Monastery? (Ordo Fratrum Minorum / Franciscans). In: Wolfgang Huschner , Ernst Münch , Cornelia Neustadt, Wolfgang Eric Wagner: Mecklenburg monastery book. Handbook of the monasteries, monasteries, coming and priories (10th / 11th - 16th centuries) Volume I., Rostock 2016, ISBN 978-3-356-01514-0 , pp. 367-376.

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Printed sources

Unprinted sources

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Wilhelm Mastaler: The cloister courtyard in Güstrow. In: Eine Güstrower Stadtkunde , series of publications by the archive of the city of Güstrow, No. 1. Rostock 1996, ISBN 3-929544-31-8 , pp. 34–37.
  2. ^ Ingo Ulpts: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg. Werl 1995, p. 151.
  3. ↑ Thomas Rastig, Stefan Schmieder: Güstrow. Holy Blood Monastery? (Ordo Fratrum Minorum / Franciscans). In: Wolfgang Huschner, Ernst Münch, Cornelia Neustadt, Wolfgang Eric Wagner: Mecklenburg monastery book. Volume I., Rostock 2016, pp. 367–376, here p. 368.
  4. ↑ State Main Archive Schwerin (LHAS) 1,5-4 / 6 Kl. Güstrow, No. 4, Certificate 7 = Ingo Ulpts: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg. Werl 1995, Annex, No. 51, p. 482f.
  5. ^ Ingo Ulpts: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg. Werl 1995, p. 151ff. 166
    State Main Archive Schwerin (LHAS) Holdings of spiritual documents , Güstrow Monastery. No. 2, 3, 4.
  6. ↑ State Main Archives Schwerin (LHAS) holdings of clerical documents , Güstrow Monastery. No. 4, Certificate No. 3.
  7. ↑ State Main Archives Schwerin (LHAS) holdings of clerical documents , Güstrow Monastery. No. 4, Certificate No. 4.
  8. ^ Ingo Ulpts: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg. Werl 1995, pp. 153-157.
    Thomas Rastig, Stefan Schmieder: Güstrow. Holy Blood Monastery? (Ordo Fratrum Minorum / Franciscans). In: Wolfgang Huschner, Ernst Münch, Cornelia Neustadt, Wolfgang Eric Wagner: Mecklenburg monastery book. Volume I., Rostock 2016, pp. 367–376, here p. 369ff.
  9. ^ Ingo Ulpts: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg. Werl 1995, pp. 158-161.166.
  10. ^ Ingo Ulpts: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg. Werl 1995, pp. 161.312f.
    Lucas Waddingus: Annales Minorum. Vol. 15 (reprint) Qaracchi / Florenz 1931-1933, pp. 409f.
    State Main Archive Schwerin (LHAS) holdings of spiritual documents, Schwerin Monastery, No. 6
  11. ↑ Thomas Rastig, Stefan Schmieder: Güstrow. Holy Blood Monastery? (Ordo Fratrum Minorum / Franciscans). In: Wolfgang Huschner, Ernst Münch, Cornelia Neustadt, Wolfgang Eric Wagner: Mecklenburg monastery book. Volume I., Rostock 2016, pp. 367–376, here p. 374.
  12. ↑ Acta re. The Franciscaner monk monastery in Güstrow , letter no. 1 from 1571, fol. 8., quoted by: Ingo Ulpts: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg. Werl 1995, p. 164 Note 59.
    Ingo Ulpts: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg. P. 164f .: "Pictorial representations that illustrate the location of the monastery in the city" can be found on the plan view 1706 by Friedrich Thomas with the legend of the location of the former E. Closterhoff monastery . (Friedrich Thomas: Analecta Güstroviensia . 1706; Friedrich Schlie: The art and history monuments of the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. IV. 1901 p. 194.)
  13. ^ Ingo Ulpts: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg. Werl 1995, pp. 161.164f.164 note 61.
    guestrow-history.de
  14. ↑ State Main Archives Schwerin (LHAS) holdings of clerical documents , Güstrow Monastery. No. LVII. (unprinted), quoted by: Ingo Ulpts: Die Bettelorden in Mecklenburg. Werl 1995, p. 161.
  15. ↑ State Main Archives Schwerin (LHAS) holdings of clerical documents , Güstrow Monastery. No. 4, Document No. 27 on 22 folio pages, here after: Ingo Ulpts: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg. Werl 1995, p. 162 note 49; P. 163 (Ziegelhof).
  16. ↑ State Main Archives Schwerin (LHAS) holdings of clerical documents , Güstrow Monastery. No. 4, Certificate No. 31.
  17. ↑ Acta re. The Franciscaner-Mönchs-Kloster zu Güstrow, No. 1–4.
  18. ^ Ingo Ulpts: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg. Werl 1995, p. 161.163.165.
    Vice Schorler: Truthful Abcontrafactur of the highly lavish and well-known old sea and Hensestadt Rostock, capital in the state of Mecklenburgk. 1578–1586, Rostock City Archives 1965, scroll plate 9, III. Güstrow, Fig. Franciscan Church.
  19. ^ Ingo Ulpts: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg. Werl 1995, p. 162f.
  20. ^ Friedrich Schlie: The art and history monuments of the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. IV. 1901 p. 192.
  21. ^ Ingo Ulpts: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg. Werl 1995, p. 389 with reference to Patricius Schlager OFM: History of the Franziskanerkloster Güstrow in Mecklenburg. In: Franziskanische Studien 5 (1918) pp. 68–82.
  22. ↑ Ulpts with reference to: Landeshauptarchiv Schwerin (LHAS) inventory of spiritual documents, Güstrow monastery. No. 4, Certificate No. 33.
  23. ↑ Mecklenburgische Jahrbücher (MJB) 8 (1843), Friedrich Lisch : Ueber die Evangelische Kirchen-Visitation from the year 1535. P. 45.
  24. ↑ State Main Archives Schwerin (LHAS) holdings of clerical documents, Güstrow Monastery. No. 4., Certificate No. 35.
  25. ^ Ingo Ulpts: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg. Werl 1995, p. 388ff.
    On the division of provinces: Dieter Berg (Ed.): Traces of Franciscan History. Werl 1999, p. 249.
  26. ^ Ingo Ulpts: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg. Werl 1995 pp. 388-391, here p. 390.
  27. ↑ Lucius Teichmann : The Franciscan Monasteries in Central and Eastern Germany 1223–1993. 1995 p. 110.
  28. ^ Ingo Ulpts: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg. Werl 1995 pp. 388-391, here p. 391.
  29. ^ Wilhelm Mastaler: The cloister courtyard in Güstrow . In: A Güstrow city history . Series of publications from the archive of the city of Güstrow, No. 1. 1996 p. 36.
  30. ↑ Thomas Rastig, Stefan Schmieder: Güstrow. Holy Blood Monastery? (Ordo Fratrum Minorum / Franciscans). In: Wolfgang Huschner, Ernst Münch, Cornelia Neustadt, Wolfgang Eric Wagner: Mecklenburg monastery book. Volume I., Rostock 2016, pp. 367–376, here p. 372f.

Coordinates: 53 ° 47 ′ 41.5 "  N , 12 ° 10 ′ 34.8"  E