Franciscan monastery Schwerin

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Remains of the Franciscan monastery around 1650 ( Merian );
Original
names : F. Princely Cantzley
G. Princely Riding Stable
H. Das Kornhauss

The Franciscan monastery in Schwerin was first mentioned in 1236 as a branch of the Franciscan order , dissolved in the course of the Reformation in 1548 and destroyed in 1554. From 1556 to 1557 the remains of the church were completely demolished and the building materials were used for new buildings at Schwerin Castle .

history

Count Heinrich I von Schwerin took part in the Damiette crusade until 1221 and brought a holy blood relic with him, which he gave to Schwerin Cathedral . To promote their veneration, he planned to found a monastery in Schwerin. Since 1222, a third of the oblations from the worship of relics in the Schwerin Cathedral have therefore been taken away for the construction of a monastery. The decision about the character of the future monastery community was up to the count family. The Franciscan Order, founded in 1210, spread in Germany from 1221. In 1225 branches were founded in Lübeck and Bremen . After the Count's death in 1228, his widow Audacia took up the idea of ​​founding a monastery in her function as regent of the county. The fact that she decided to establish a branch of the Franciscan order of mendicants can be traced back to her close relationships with the superiors of the Saxon Franciscan Province ( Saxonia ), which was created in 1230 through division from the province of Teutonia , and her demonstrably intense religiousness. The bishop and countess used the oblations from the cathedral relic together to build their churches.

founding

There is no precise documentary information about the founding history of the Schwerin Franciscan Convent - a monastery of the Barefoot Brothers, as the Franciscans were also called - in the form of a deed of foundation or comparable documents. The Lübeck city chronicler Detmar , who was himself a member of the Lübeck Franciscan Convent towards the end of the 14th century, gave the first basic information expressly as of 1287: de in Zwerin, de in des sulven stad buwede dat closter der barvoten brodere.

The arrival time of the Franciscans of Saxonia can be narrowed down to a period between 1232 and 1235. It fell during the tenure of Bishop Brunward (1192-1238). The Count House and the Schwerin bishops maintained positive contacts with the Schwerin Franciscan convent. Bishop Brunwards postulated successor Dietrich was appointed conservator of the rights of the Franciscans in his diocese by Pope Innocent IV in 1245 , Bishop Wilhelm had a Franciscan as confessor in 1247/49 and Bishop Hermann I of Schladen made the acquaintance of a high-ranking Franciscan embassy in 1289 Schwerin.

On April 24, 1236, Provincial Minister Johannes del Piano Carpini informed his brothers in Schwerin , who were loved in Christ, in a document issued in the Barefoot Church in Erfurt that the Schwerin Countess Audacia and her four as yet unmarried daughters had asked for a burial at the Schwerin Franciscan monastery in the event of their death and would also like to receive confession and the sacraments from the brothers there ; the Schwerin bishop Brunward agreed. Countess Audacia is to be seen, according to her relations to many monasteries, as a pious, respected woman and as the decisive princely protector of the Schwerin Franciscan convent. It was founded during her reign and the countess remained closely associated with the convent throughout her life. When Audacia died in 1287, she was buried in accordance with her rank in the choir of the Schwerin Franciscan Church , on the site of the present college building .

Due to the uncomplicated relationship between the nobility and the order, the Franciscans had no difficulties in establishing their branch in Schwerin . At the end of the 15th century, the dukes of Mecklenburg, who had also been counts of Schwerin since 1358, still referred to the Schwerin Franciscan convent as vnß Closter .

There were conflict-free relationships between the diocesan and cathedral clergy on the one hand and the Friars Minor of the Franciscan Convention on the other. In 1271 the Schwerin canon Ulricus entered the monastery; he renounced all his income and benefices in order to live as a simple religious. Due to the great fire of 1531, very little information has survived about the relations between the Franciscans and the inhabitants of the city of Schwerin.

The Schwerin Franciscan monastery with up to 20 brothers was the earliest settlement of a mendicant order in Mecklenburg and the only monastery in Schwerin at the beginning of the 16th century. It was part of the Custody of Luebeck the Order province Saxonia .

Buildings

Reconstruction of the medieval city plan of Schwerin from the 19th century with the monastery

The location of the former Franciscan monastery is precisely recorded in the existing city maps of Schwerin, both from the 18th to the 20th century and in the medieval reconstruction drawings. It was the seat of the only convent community in the city of Schwerin.

In addition to the seat of a bishop, the relatively small medieval Schwerin also served as the center of power for its secular city and sovereign rulers. The cityscape was shaped in the north by the only church within the fortifications of the city, the episcopal church , and in the south by the count's castle with the subsequent castle freedom.

The Franciscan convent was located on the outskirts of the city, on today's Burgsee, right in front of the gate of the count's castle. Due to the funds made available, the expansion of the convent buildings proceeded rapidly. In 1236 the cemetery of the monastery was mentioned, in 1271 the convent buildings were already designated as monasterium by a Schwerin canon , and the choir of the church must have been completed by 1280 at the latest. The church, an extremely beautiful structure , is said to have been completed in 1287. It can be assumed that the Schwerin Franciscan Convent was the oldest building complex in what would later become the Neustadt.

The ground conditions on which the Franciscans erected their buildings may have been poor, but during the Middle Ages all traffic to the castle of the Count of Schwerin, later to the castle of the Dukes of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, flowed past the convent. It can be assumed that the convent and its church had strong pastoral relationships with the sovereigns and their nobles. The monastery was located on the urban periphery, but the southern fortification ring of the city did not include the complex. The Burgsee and Schwerin Lakes offered safety and protection here .

After the vaults of the monastery church were demolished in 1554 and other buildings from 1556 to 1557, the college building was erected there from 1825 to 1834 , today the seat of the State Chancellery of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania . In 1824, the so-called carriage and stables building , a one-story half-timbered building that had also served as a hay and straw store, was removed. During this demolition work, the foundations of the old Franciscan monastery as well as numerous skeletons, not only of monks, coins and fragments of tombstones from the old monastery cemetery were exposed. The skeletons were buried in the cathedral cemetery in July 1825 . An early Gothic capital and a holy water font made of Gotland limestone, 0.50 meters high and 61 cm in diameter, were also found. This bowl in relief with eight, maßwerkbesetzten arcades decorated and came first in the castle Ludwigslust and 1946 in the Schwerin Castle . Found there again in 1985, it is now on display in Güstrow Castle .

Today the Klosterstrasse, which borders the property of the Catholic provost church St. Anna , reminds of the location of the monastery .

Economic order and monastic order

The earliest donations to the Schwerin Franciscan monastery can be documented in 1344 with a measurement foundation from Adelheid Lurley from Lübeck. She bequeathed ten marks to the brothers for the careful keeping of the mass donated by her sister and her husband Jacob. On April 15, 1349, the Lübeck widow Margaretha Hureley had her will drawn up in the presence of the Schwerin Council by bequeathing five marks to the Franciscans. In 1352 the Franciscan brother Heinrich van der stairs received a large sum of money from the will of his Lübeck nephew. Individual payments by individual brothers in the Franciscan monastery in Schwerin were already common in the 14th century, which speaks in favor of a generous interpretation of the vow of poverty . In 1361 and 1372 the convent received funds from other Lübeck estates for express distribution among the brothers.

For the 15th and 16th centuries, there are news about the Franciscan monastery in the Schwerin city dossier, the oldest Schwerin city book. It survived the great city fire of 1531 and contains records for the period from 1424 to 1597. On April 27, 1425, a Schwerin citizen established a lake device foundation among the Schwerin Franciscans . On June 24, 1426, Cord von Ebene bought two pensions for white bread foundations in favor of the Schwerin brothers enneme iesliken monnyke an syne hand . In the same year 1426, Heinrich Kozeow, a citizen of Wismar, founded an Eternal Early Mass for the Schwerin Franciscans. The mass should be celebrated all year round every day before the opening of the city gates in Schwerin. Guardian Heinrich Haveland and Vice Guardian Paul van Renten testified to this foundation for their convent.

The Franciscans also took on fiduciary duties when buying pensions. When three Schwerin citizens invested 80 marks in an annual pension in 1431, the brothers Paul van Renten and Wibe Wernekens took the money to erer beyder truwer hant. The Schwerin Franciscan Convent also acted as a pension buyer of its own accord. On April 16, 1434, the brothers used money to buy a pension of four marks a year from Klaus Sure. Sure put his house and property at disposal as a pledge. The Schwerin Council was appointed as supervisor to ensure compliance with the payments. It was not until 1507 that we heard from a foundation in favor of the convent. This time the Schwerin city council spoke of itself as vorweser of the monneke to Swetin when it sold two houses in the churchyard near the monastery chapel to the shoemaker Bartold Vogel. The capital of 60 marks was invested in the monastery best. The last foundation is documented for 1529. A field was given to the Franciscans in Rehwinkel and guaranteed by will.

The sovereigns were also connected to the monastery via spiritual foundations in the 14th century. However, Countess Mechthild von Schwerin was not buried in Schwerin, but in Wismar Franciscan monastery.

The Schwerin monastery had appointments in Gadebusch , Boizenburg , Grabow and probably in Wittenburg . There brothers collected alms as terminarii and were active in pastoral care.

Reformation and abolition of the Convention

In the Franciscan convents in Mecklenburg all reform efforts of the observance movement in the order until the end of the 15th century, with the stricter adherence to the rule of the order and the ideal of poverty , were completely unsuccessful.

The conditions in the Franciscan convent in Schwerin were demonstrably worst. Serious grievances were criticized here. On April 19, 1506, twe nouicien leybroder (“two lay brother novices ”) left the monastery without permission . Guardian Thomas Slye struggled to justify himself and his brother Peter Lemgow for this matter to his Duke Balthasar von Schwerin .

This story was not an isolated case, as a city request for reform of the monastery made clear a short time later. In a letter to Pope Julius II dated April 20, 1509, the city council passed a devastating verdict on the brothers of the Schwerin Convention and asked the Pope for help. Franciscans would live in the city who had led a dissolute life for years, who disregarded all church rules and who repeatedly set a bad example for the citizens with their outrage or sowed discord. They would not shrink from any outrage and would also persuade those willing to act to commit public crimes. Their consecrated convent buildings would gradually be in a ruinous condition due to a lack of relief measures, the choir would deteriorate, the sermon would be rare and, if it did then take place, extremely uneducated and fruitless.

Until 1516, the reform of the Schwerin Convention had not been carried out to everyone's satisfaction, so that Emperor Maximilian asked Pope Leo X for support on August 24, 1516. The separation of the Franciscan order into two independent branches fell into these efforts. In January 1518, the general chapter of the order in Lyon reorganized the provincial division of Saxonia , and the Schwerin convent was henceforth part of the Saxon province of St. John the Baptist. In order to remedy the situation within the convent , the decision of Prince Albert VII of Mecklenburg must be seen when he personally ordered them from the Güstrow Franciscan convent to Schwerin in 1523 to equip the convent with new brothers in order to finally enforce the observance there.

At the request of Simon Neumeyster, the commissioner of the general minister in the observant province of Saxonia , the Mecklenburg Duke Heinrich V handed the Schwerin Franciscans in 1526 a comprehensive letter of protection, which his Chancellor Kaspar von Schöneich drafted. On July 27, 1526, the Schwerin convent inmates and terminators received another letter of protection from Heinrich V.

The Schwerin Franciscans had to struggle with various difficulties in the period that followed, because the Protestant reformers in Schwerin also received permission to preach early on from the dukes. The former Franciscan Joachim Wegener has even preached in the royal seat since 1532. Despite a shortage of staff and a lack of alms and pension income, the Franciscans were able to remain undisturbed in the monastery, the guardian Heinrich König sold the Terminierhäuser in Boitzenburg and Grabow to the Duke in 1534 and 1537. In 1538 the Franciscans again received a large sum of 100 marks from the extensive will of the Schwerin provost Heinrich Bantzkow , so that they could continue their observance . Religious people efem the poor monks so that closter tho Schwerin blifft in orer obseruantie geve denulvigen one hundred marks tho erer tables and food. After 1540 there were now apostates as apostates in the monastery. In addition, the Schwerin convent accepted Franciscans who had been expelled from their monasteries in Greifswald and Flensburg ( Dacia order province ). The Provincial of the Province of Dacia , Jacobus de Dacia , and his commissioner Lütke's name organized from the Schwerin monastery between 1537 and 1545 the estate of the abolished monasteries of Dacia and the whereabouts of the brothers from the province.

The income and expenditure reports of the Duke Johann Albrechts law firm indicate that the Duke still gave the Schwerin Franciscans small presents in 1547 because they sent him beer deliveries. On July 18, 1548, an inventory of the monastery was made on the orders of Duke Johann Albrechts. The total value of the confiscated goods was 385 guilders. The Franciscans stayed in the monastery for another four years, and did not leave their place of work until 1552. On August 10, 1553, Duke Johann Albrecht had a princely school built in the monastery buildings based on the model of the St. Afra Princely School in Meißen , which was closed again in 1554.

During the war against Heinrich von Braunschweig and the threat to the city of Schwerin from the Duke's troops in 1554, the vaults of the monastery church were destroyed as a precautionary measure as part of the defensive measures. The Mecklenburg captain Veit von Saalfeld , who commanded Schwerin, was of the opinion that the Braunschweiger could seize the city and then bombard the castle from the Franciscan monastery. From 1556 to 1557 the Duke had the remains of the church completely demolished and the stones were used in new buildings at Schwerin Castle. The princely corn and wagon house stood on the site of the monastery until the 19th century, and in 1815 the foundation stone for the college building, which today houses the state chancellery of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania , was laid there.

Guardians

The superior of a convent is the Guardian , his representative is the Vice Guardian or Vicar. The year of a documentary mention is given.

  • Konrad (1289)
  • Heinrich Haverland (1426)
  • Paul von Renten (Vice Guardian, 1426)
  • Thomas Slye (1506)
  • Heinrich Könung (1534–1537)
  • Johann Mase (before 1540)

literature

  • Dietrich Schröder: Papist Mecklenburg . Wismar 1741.
  • David Franck: Old and New Mecklenburg. I. Güstrow, Leipzig 1753 Book 4, pp. 78, 181.
  • Wilhelm Jesse: History of the city of Schwerin. From the first beginnings to the present. Volume 1, 2. Schwerin 1913/1920.
  • Karl Schmaltz: Church history of Mecklenburg. Volumes 1-3, Schwerin 1935/1952.
  • Hans Heinrich Leopoldi: The Franciscans and their monastery in Schwerin . Schwerin 1960, pp. 50-53.
  • Ursula Creutz: Bibliography of the former monasteries and monasteries in the area of ​​the diocese of Berlin, the episcopal office of Schwerin and adjacent areas. St. Benno Verlag, Leipzig 1988, ISBN 3-7462-0163-2 , pp. 447-448.
  • Lucius Teichmann : The Franciscan Monasteries in Central and Eastern Germany 1223–1993. St. Benno Verlag, Leipzig 1995, ISBN 3-89543-021-8 , pp. 187-188.
  • Ingo Ulpts: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg. A contribution to the history of the Franciscans, Poor Clares, Dominicans and Augustinian Hermits in the Middle Ages. ( Saxonia Franciscana. Contributions to the history of the Saxon Franciscan Province, Volume 6) Werl 1995, ISBN 3-87163-216-3 , pp. 23–34, 284–316, 381–393, 470–477.
  • Anke Huschner, Stefan Schmieder: Schwerin: Monastery (Ordo Fratrum Minorum / Franziskaner). In: Wolfgang Huschner , Ernst Münch , Cornelia Neustadt, Wolfgang Eric Wagner (eds.): Mecklenburgisches Klosterbuch. Handbook of the monasteries, monasteries, coming and priories (10th / 11th - 16th centuries). Volume II., Rostock 2016, ISBN 978-3-356-01514-0 , pp. 1065-1077.

swell

Printed sources

Unprinted sources

  • State Main Archive Schwerin
    • LHAS 10.9 L / 06 personal estate of Friedrich Lisch , No. 50 Schwerin, u. a. Franciscan monastery.
    • LHAS inventory Generalia eccl. Acta Franciscan monastery in Schwerin.
    • LHAS inventory of clerical documents , Schwerin Abbey. (unprinted)
  • Schwerin City Archives
    • City of Schwerin, 1424–1597. (unprinted)

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ MJB 13 (1848) Friedrich Lisch : History of the Holy Blood Chapel in the Dome to Schwerin. Pp. 154-155.
  2. ↑ Detmar Chronicle of 1101-1395, The Chronicles of Lower Saxony Cities: Luebeck. 1899, pp. 351, 367.
  3. ^ Ingo Ulpts: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg. 1995, p. 33.
  4. ^ Karl Schmaltz: Church history of Mecklenburg. I 151.
  5. ↑ MJB 27 (1862) documents no. II. P. 155 .; MUB I. (1863) No. 450.
    Anke Huschner, Stefan Schmieder: Schwerin: Monastery (Ordo Fratrum Minorum / Franziskaner). In: Wolfgang Huschner, Ernst Münch, Cornelia Neustadt, Wolfgang Eric Wagner: Mecklenburg monastery book. Volume II., Rostock 2016, pp. 1065-1077, here pp. 1068f.
  6. ↑ MJB 27 (1862) Friedrich Lisch: Audacia, wife of Count Heinrich I of Schwerin. Pp. 131-153.
  7. ^ Dietrich Schröder: Papist Mecklenburg. I. 1741, p. 717.
    Anke Huschner, Stefan Schmieder: Schwerin: Monastery (Ordo Fratrum Minorum / Franziskaner). In: Wolfgang Huschner, Ernst Münch, Cornelia Neustadt, Wolfgang Eric Wagner: Mecklenburg monastery book. Volume II., Rostock 2016, pp. 1065-1077, here p. 1069.
  8. ↑ Schwerin City Archives : Original Stadtverlaßbuch, 1424–1597. (unprinted)
  9. ^ Friedrich Schlie : The art and history monuments of the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Volume II. Schwerin 1898, ISBN 3-910179-06-1 , pp. 526, 527.
  10. ↑ MUB I. (1863) No. 406.
  11. ^ Wilhelm Jesse: History of the city of Schwerin. 1913, p. 45.
  12. ↑ The State Chancellery Figures, facts, stories. The Prime Minister of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (Ed.) Schwerin 2010, pp. 2–7.
  13. ↑ Hans Heinrich Leopoldi: The Franciscans and their monastery . 1960, p. 50.
  14. ↑ Kristins Hegner: From Mecklenburg's churches and monasteries. The medieval inventory of the State Museum Schwerin. Petersberg 2015 ISBN 978-3-7319-0062-7 , p. 46.
  15. ^ Regest of the Lübeck Citizens Wills 2, No. 465, 37.
  16. ↑ Schwerin City Archives: City of Schwerin City Forsaken Book, 1424–1597. Original document XXXVIII. (unprinted)
  17. ↑ Schwerin City Archives: City of Schwerin City Forsaken Book, 1424–1597 . (unprinted)
  18. ↑ LHAS inventory of spiritual documents , Sternberg Monastery No. 4. (unprinted)
  19. ^ MJB 6 (1841) Carl Ferdinand Crain: Dat Kercken Bök thom gray monastery. P. 100.
  20. ↑ Anke Huschner, Stefan Schmieder: Schwerin: Monastery (Ordo Fratrum Minorum / Franziskaner). In: Wolfgang Huschner, Ernst Münch, Cornelia Neustadt, Wolfgang Eric Wagner: Mecklenburg monastery book. Volume II., Rostock 2016, pp. 1065-1077, here p. 1071.
  21. ^ Ingo Ulpts: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg. 1995, p. 317.
  22. ↑ LHAS inventory of spiritual documents at the Schwerin Monastery, No. XLI. (unprinted)
  23. ↑ LHAS inventory of spiritual documents at the Schwerin monastery. No. XLII. (unprinted)
  24. ↑ LHAS inventory of spiritual documents, Schwerin Monastery, No. XLIII.
  25. ^ Ingo Ulpts: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg. Werl 1995, p. 391.
    LHAS inventory of clerical documents , Schwerin Abbey, No. 6.
  26. ↑ LHAS inventory of spiritual documents at the Schwerin monastery, no. 5b. (unprinted)
  27. ^ Ingo Ulpts: The abolition of the convents in Sternberg, Röbel, Neubrandenburg, Parchim, Güstrow and Schwerin. In: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg. 1995, pp. 381-393.
  28. ^ Dietrich Schröder: Church history of the Evangelical Mecklenburg from the year 1518 to 1742. I. 1788, p. 351.
  29. ↑ Dieter Berg (Ed.): Traces of Franciscan History. Werl 1999, p. 297.
  30. ^ Ingo Ulpts: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg. 1995, p. 393.
  31. ↑ Anke Huschner, Stefan Schmieder: Schwerin: Monastery (Ordo Fratrum Minorum / Franziskaner). In: Wolfgang Huschner, Ernst Münch, Cornelia Neustadt, Wolfgang Eric Wagner: Mecklenburg monastery book. Volume II., Rostock 2016, pp. 1065-1077, here p. 1070.
  32. ↑ Anke Huschner, Stefan Schmieder: Schwerin: Monastery (Ordo Fratrum Minorum / Franziskaner). In: Wolfgang Huschner, Ernst Münch, Cornelia Neustadt, Wolfgang Eric Wagner: Mecklenburg monastery book. Volume II., Rostock 2016, pp. 1065-1077, here p. 1070.

Coordinates: 53 ° 37 ′ 34.9 "  N , 11 ° 24 ′ 55"  E