Guestrow Cathedral
The cathedral of St. Maria, St. Johannes Evangelista and St. Cäcilia is a typical building of the North German brick Gothic . It is located in the Mecklenburg town of Güstrow in the Rostock district and is the church of the Evangelical Lutheran Cathedral Community in the Rostock provost in the Mecklenburg parish of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany ( Northern Church ). The cathedral was originally built as a collegiate church in the first half of the 13th century .
The Güstrow Cathedral is a Gothic basilica . The crooked long choir room may point to Westphalian models. The transverse rectangular west tower is wider than the central nave, has no buttresses and is 44 m high.
Building history
The Mecklenburg Prince Heinrich Borwin II founded the collegiate monastery in Güstrow on June 3, 1226 . But he died on December 5th, 1226. His father Heinrich Borwin I , who confirmed the rich donations from his son, died a little later on January 28th, 1227, so that the construction of the church was only started by his successor Nikolaus von Werle . It was consecrated to Saint Cecilia , who is also the patron saint of Hildesheim Cathedral . The Kollegiatstift zu Güstrow was a foundation belonging to the diocese of Cammin , but was closely related to Hildesheim through the Counts of Schwerin as the protective power of the bishops of Schwerin . A son of the Schwerin Count Gunzelin I was provost of the cathedral in Hildesheim from 1220 to 1237 .
As the first part of the building, the two rectangular choir bays were built in the third quarter of the 13th century . The oldest vault is the Domikalgewölbe in the western Chorjoch. The eight ribs are significantly slimmer than in the early Gothic domical vaults in Bremen ( Church of Our Lady and south aisle of the cathedral ) about 30 years older . The nave with its ribbed vaults was completed in 1292 according to dendrochronological data. In the early 14th century the choir was expanded to include its polygonal closure and consecrated again in 1335, possibly in 1335 by the Camminer auxiliary bishop Cono . The west tower was completed in 1420. The two rows of chapels were completed one after the other in the 14th century. The youngest chapel on the north side was donated in 1388 and the youngest chapel on the south side in 1394.
The collegiate foundation was abolished by the Reformation in 1552. The church then stood empty and fell into disrepair. Duchess Elisabeth , the wife of Ulrich and daughter of the Danish King Friedrich II , took care of her in 1565, had her restored for two years and converted into a Protestant church. The first Protestant sermon took place in the restored church in 1568.
Duke Ulrich himself also began to equip the church with monuments. The most important were the great epitaph of Prince Heinrich Borwin II, the founder of the church, his sarcophagus, pulpit and baptismal font. He also had epitaphs erected for himself and his two wives.
In 1866, the walls and vaults in the altar area, which were in danger of collapsing, were restored.
Furnishing
The interior decoration from the 15th and 16th centuries with the apostle figures by Claus Berg and the winged altar from the circle of Hinrik Bornemann is well worth seeing .
Duke Ulrich von Mecklenburg , who resided in the nearby Güstrower Castle, had the church set up as a dynastic burial place. In 1574, a posthumous tomb for Prince Heinrich Borwin II, who died in 1226, was erected in the center of the choir . The Duke Ulrich Monument and the epitaph for his first wife Elisabeth of Denmark († 1586) with the monumental family tree of the House of Mecklenburg were made in 1584–1587 by Philipp Brandin and expanded in 1599 for the second wife Anna of Pomerania, completed by Claus Midow and Bernd Berninger. They are among the most outstanding examples of court art of the Renaissance in Germany.
Also outstanding is Der Schwebende , a memorial by Ernst Barlach from 1927 for those who fell in World War I. The sometimes used name Güstrower Ehrenmal overlooks the fact that this sculpture is free of the hero worship usually attached to war memorials.
Main altar
The main altar is a late Gothic convertible altar from 1495 with a main shrine, two movable outer and two movable inner wings (pentaptych), which allow a change between three different display sides, a working day side, a passion side and a festival side. The artist probably comes from a circle around the Hamburg carver Hinrik Bornemann .
The weekday side, front side with closed wings
Four panels depict Mary with the Child, John the Evangelist, Cäcilia and Katharina, next to Saint Catherine the three saints to whom the cathedral is dedicated.
The passion side, show side with open outer wings
The outer wings are opened during the Passion . The front side contains eight panels in two rows, which show the stations in the life of Jesus from the Last Supper to the sending of the Holy Spirit, with a focus on Jesus' suffering.
Top row: Last Supper , Christ on the Mount of Olives , Jesus captured, Jesus before the high priest , mocking of Jesus, flagellation, crowning of thorns , Jesus before Pontius Pilate
Bottom row: Carrying the Cross, Crucifixion of Jesus , Descent from the Cross , Entombment, Resurrection , Jesus' appearance to the apostles , Ascension , outpouring of the Holy Spirit
The festive side, front side with open inner wings
Left wing
Center shrine
Right wing
When the inner wings are open, the center shrine becomes visible and the holiday view is shown. The shrine and wings are decorated with painted, gilded sculptures. The center piece shows the crucifixion of Jesus and the two thieves in a group of many figures. An angel and a devil fetch the souls of the two thieves. Two small praying figures kneel in front of the crucifixion group - the donors of the altar, the dukes Magnus II († 1503) and Balthasar († 1507). Between the two is the ducal coat of arms, a squared shield with a heart shield in the form of a full coat of arms . The two donors are shown a second time, left and right outside in the group of those standing under the cross. They are easy to identify if you pay attention to the shape of the face and hairstyle on the left and to the face and headgear on the right. Six small figures of prophets are placed in the Gothic frame of the crucifixion scene.
The shrine to the left and right of the crucifixion and the wings are divided into two sections of different heights. In the upper section, the twelve apostles are shown as large, standing figures. The lower section, about half the size of the upper section, contains small, seated figures of eight male and eight female saints. The four Latin Church Fathers are male . The order is from left to right:
Top row: Matthias, Jakobus the Elder, Thomas, Jakobus the Younger, Johannes, Petrus, Cäcilia , Johannes the Baptist , Paulus, Katharina , Sebastian , Matthäus, Bartholomäus, Andreas, Simon, Thaddäus.
Bottom row: Gertrud , Brandanus , Barbara , Laurentius , Agnes , Ambrosius , Margareta , Gregory the Great , Hieronymus , Dorothea , Augustine , Apollonia , Michael , Agatha , Mauritius , Maria Magdalena .
The figures stand under a rich, openwork canopy, are well drawn and carved. Each saint's name is written on the gold background in the halo.
Predella
The predella shows Jesus as the Man of Sorrows, surrounded by the four Latin Church Fathers.
Organs
Main organ
There are three organs in the Güstrow Cathedral . The organ built in 1868 by the organ builder Friedrich Hermann Lütkemüller is significant . It has 37 registers with mechanical sliding chests on three manuals and a pedal . After several modifications, u. a. In 1939 by Kemper , it was restored in 1986 by Jehmlich / Wegscheider and returned to its original historical state.
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- Coupling : I / II, II / III, I / P
- Playing aids : check valves to all plants
Choir organ
The choir organ dates from 1996 , built by the organ builder Kristian Wegscheider (Dresden). The purely mechanical instrument has 15 stops on a manual and pedal. The high number of effect registers is striking .
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- Coupling : Pedal coupling
- Effect register: tremulant , glockenspiel (cup bells, from f 1 ), cymbal star (8 cup bells), timpani, cuckoo , double cuckoo (g 1 + e 1 , d 1 + h 0 ), nightingale , drum (three covered pipes).
Organ positive
A positive organ with four registers by Michael Braun ( Eisbergen ) from 2006 with the following arrangement is available for various liturgical purposes :
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Former Ladegast organ
Friedrich Ladegast built an organ for the church in Plennschütz near Weißenfels in 1866 with his Opus 45 . Due to serious moisture problems in 1979/80, the Plennschützer Church had to be abandoned. Its organ was moved to the north aisle of the cathedral, which served as the winter church. After the unsuitable neo-baroque additions were removed from the Lütkemüller organ during the restoration in 1986, there were two organs in the cathedral with the same sound characteristics. Therefore, the organ was sold to the village church in Biederitz in 1996 and gave way to the new building of the choir organ. Since 1997 the Ladegast organ can be experienced again in a suitable room. (→ Ladegast organ )
Bells
Originally there were six bells to ring the cathedral church, all of which were consecrated after the Reformation. With the exception of the largest bell, all other bells were given for armament purposes during the two world wars. The largest bell still in existence today dates from 1617. An inscription says that it was cast by master Michael Westphal under Duke Johann Albrecht II. (Weight: 3350 kg, Ø 1672 mm, strike note: d '). In 1964 a new bell was consecrated in the cathedral. It was found again in the bell cemetery in Hamburg and returned to the parish of the Nikolaikirche in Rostock. Since the Rostock community could not use this bell, it was acquired by the Güstrow cathedral community. The bell sounds with the strike tone f 'and was cast by Laurentius Strahlborn in Lübeck in 1726 (weight 880 kg) On September 15, 1990, the cathedral received two more new bells. These were agreed with the cathedral community by the founder, architect and church builder Dr. Gerhard Stade from Lübeck, was commissioned from the Rincker bell foundry in Sinn / Hessen. They have the beats a 'and g' with a weight of 539 kg and 773 kg respectively.
Chapels
The main nave has two low aisles on the north and south sides, to which a row of three chapels or three vaults is attached, so that the floor plan now has five aisles. The two rows of chapels were completed in the 14th century. The youngest chapel on the north side was donated in 1388, the youngest chapel on the south side was completed in 1394. In both years the tower was already up. Compare below the section on the chapels on the side aisles.
The northern row of chapels
The northern row of chapels was probably built together with the northern aisle. This is supported by the fact that the vaults rest on the same granite pillars and that there is no trace of an original outer wall of the aisle; also that the north aisle was completed in 1388 at the same time as the row of chapels.
The southern row of chapels
In contrast to the north side, the chapels on the south side were added later. The eastern chapel in the south aisle is probably the oldest in this series; it dates from the second half of the 14th century. The westernmost chapel on this side was donated in 1394. It was also called the Chapel of S. Petri and Pauli. The two saints may represent these two apostles.
Princely Crypt
In the princely crypt are the sarcophagi of the last two generations of the Mecklenburg-Güstrow family : Duke Gustav Adolf († 1695) and his wife, Duchess Magdalena Sibylla († 1719), and their children Marie († 1701), Adolf's first wife Friedrich II. , Magdalena († 1702), Karl († 1688) and Augusta († 1756). There is also a sarcophagus that contains three children's coffins for the Duchesses Magdalena (* / † 1689), Maria (* / † 1690) and Eleonora Wilhelmina (* / † 1691), children of Marie and Adolf Friedrich II.
Epitaphs
Among the epitaphs in the cathedral is one from the workshop of the Flemish sculptor Thomas Quellinus, who mainly worked in Copenhagen, for the ducal medical advisor Friedrich Gottfried Glück, who died in 1707 .
See also
literature
- Gustav Thiele, Johann Christian Schaper: Description of the cathedral in Güstrow, in which its foundation, as well as all, 1226 circumstances that have occurred are included. Rostock: Cap [1726] ( digital copy of the copy from the Bavarian State Library)
- Georg Christian Friedrich Lisch: The cathedral church to Güstrow in year books of the association for Mecklenburg history and antiquity essay 3, volume 35, Schwerin, 1845; Online version
- Friedrich Eduard Koch: On the history of the construction of the cathedral in Güstrow, essay 4, volume 56, Schwerin, 1891; Online version
- Commission for the Preservation of Monuments (Ed.): The Art and History Monuments of the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin Vol. IV, Schwerin i. M. 1901, pp. 202-207
- Christoph Helwig: The cathedral to Güstrow (DKV art guide, No. 413). 7th edition, Munich / Berlin 2003.
- Carsten Neumann: The art at the court of Ulrichs to Mecklenburg. Kiel: Verlag Ludwig 2009 (Bau + Kunst Volume 15), ISBN 978-3-937719-64-1 [on the ducal tombs of the Renaissance period]
swell
Printed sources
- Mecklenburg record book (MUB)
- Mecklenburg Yearbooks (BJB)
Web links
- Literature on Güstrow Cathedral in the state bibliography MV
- Cathedral parish
- State Office for Culture and Monument Preservation MV: The Borwin monument in Güstrow Cathedral, Rostock district - Monument of the month March 2014
- The cathedral on stadtgeschichte-guestrow.de
Individual evidence
- ↑ MUB I. (1863) No. 323.
- ↑ MUB I. (1863) No. 378.
- ^ Hans-Christian Feldmann, Barbara Rimpel et al .: Georg Dehio: Handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmäler. Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. 2016, ISBN 978-3-422-03128-9 , pp. 234ff.
- ↑ Carsten Neumann: The art at the court of Ulrichs to Mecklenburg. Kiel 2009.
- ↑ dom-guestrow.de
- ↑ Commission for the Preservation of Monuments (ed.): The Art and History Monuments of the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Bd. IV, Schwerin i. M. 1901, p. 204.
- ^ Georg Christian Friedrich Lisch: The cathedral church in Güstrow (essay 3, vol. 35), Schwerin 1870, pp. 168–170.
- ↑ More information on the Lütkemüller organ , accessed on June 13, 2016
- ↑ More information about the Wegscheider organ ( memento from August 2, 2012 in the web archive archive.today )
- ↑ More information on the organ positive , accessed on June 13, 2016
- ^ Walter Ladegast (Ed.): Friedrich Ladegast; The organ builder from Weissenfels. Weidling Stockach, 1998. ISBN 3-922095-34-8 . P. 152 ff.
- ^ Georg Christian Friedrich Lisch: The Cathedral Church of Güstrow (essay 3, vol. 35), Schwerin 1870, pp. 183-185.
- ↑ Michael Lissok: Marble message of transience and eternal glory - the memorial of Dr. FG Gluck in Güstrow Cathedral. In: The Güstrow Cathedral. Güstrow: Heidberg-Verl. 2001 ISBN 3-934776-06-X , pp. 121-134
Coordinates: 53 ° 47 ′ 27.4 " N , 12 ° 10 ′ 23.8" E