Franciscan monastery Parchim

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Location of the Franciscan monastery in the medieval city

The Parchim Franciscan Monastery was founded around 1260 as a convent of the Franciscan Order between the old and new towns of Parchim , between St. Georgen and St. Marien parishes and was secularized in the course of the Reformation in 1552/1553 .

history

The mendicant order of the Franciscans founded in 1210 (also called Friars Minor, Latin: fratres minores ) spread in Germany from 1221 and was already present in the most important regions of the empire up to the Baltic Sea by 1230 . The monastery in Parchim belonged to the Lübeck Custody of the Saxon Franciscan Province of St. Cross ( Saxonia ).

founding

Due to the sparse sources, a precise dating of the beginnings and assessment of the founding circumstances of the Parchimer Franciscan branch is not possible. There is also no evidence of patronage . The first three Franciscan brothers named in Parchim, Wernerus, Reynerus and Marsilius, were found to be in the year 1246. On November 1, 1246, they were mentioned on the occasion of a spiritual foundation of the Schwerin Count Gunzelin and his Franciscan-friendly mother Audacia; the convent at Schwerin belonged to the same order province. However, it cannot be concluded from this that there was already a permanent convent in Parchim, as they may have only stayed temporarily in Parchim - in the wake of Countess Audacia. There are no written references to the founding circumstances and the expansion of convent buildings.

Between 1256 and 1265 vidimierte "Brother Wernerus, Guardian of the Friars Minor in Parchim" (frater Wernerus Ghardianus fratrum minorum in Parchem) - perhaps identical to the 1,246-mentioned brother Wernerus - on behalf of the Franciscan convent, the Stadtrechtsbewidmung for the city Parchim. This can be used as an indication that at this time there was a convention under the direction of a guardian in Parchim. Brother Kristian was mentioned as a Franciscan in 1265 . Prince Johann I von Werle , who had been in Parchim since 1281 and ruled the Wenden part of the country from 1277 to 1283, issued a letter of protection to the Franciscans in Parchim on January 25, 1278 .

Buildings

In the course of the western expansion of Parchim through the planned new town around the church of St. Mary , first mentioned in 1249 , the convent received the land for the construction of the monastery from the sovereign Pribislaw I. von Parchim-Richenberg . Around 1260 there was a convent organization totusque conventus fratrum ibidem ("the whole convent of brothers there") with corresponding buildings. The Parchim Franciscan Convent was located west of the old town on the south-eastern edge of the new town in an almost island-like location south at the foot of the castle, on a lower-lying area surrounded by the Elde and the city moat. The convent was located a noticeable distance from the city's markets and the main traffic routes; it was accessible via the Mühlendamm, today's Mühlenstrasse and the Fischerdamm. The Franciscan monastery is shown on a plan view by H. W. C. Hübbe from 1899.

The monastery of the Friars Minor was due to the risk of flooding on less valuable land, and also in the vicinity of socially disadvantaged groups such as fishermen and millers, as was the order's ideal. The poor house of Hermann Robelmann near the Friars Minor is mentioned for 1379, in 1386 a granary apud monachos ("with the religious"), in 1389 and 1891 the widow of a small trader mortgages houses in the neighborhood of the convent. At the beginning of the 15th century, a poor house on the Fischerdamm is mentioned, and in 1518 Hans Wellings widow also donated a poor house opposite the monastery courtyard.

Foundation and monastery history with economic order

In 1312 the first civic mass foundation can be found in the Franciscan convent, one of the oldest sea mass foundations at a mendicant convent in Mecklenburg. The foundation has all the typical features of such an arrangement. A Parchim citizen offered the brothers a regular pension from his inheritance, for which the Parchim City Council was appointed. This was used to finance the singing for vigils and soul masses in the Franciscan monastery as well as an eternal Sunday commemoration of the donor by the brothers in the Sunday mass celebration .

In 1331 the Parchim Franciscans had a termination house in Malchow, about 40 kilometers from the monastery . The Franciscan terminarius Johannes , who probably belonged to the Parchim convent, lived with a servant in the house bought by the blacksmith Borchard . Another citizen sold a field to this Johannes, from another side he bought another share of the field. The appointments were small, less expensive branches than the convents and allowed the Franciscans to be present in the surrounding area by means of such bases, to act there in pastoral care - for example to celebrate Holy Mass with a portable altar at outposts - to collect alms and even there Buying land with houses and spending the night while traveling. In 1343 a house was sold to the Magdalenerinnenkloster in Malchow that was home to the Scholen and the Miniorite Brothers of Parchim . While other convents could have several appointments, further appointments of the Parchim Franciscans are not occupied.

The monastery was rarely mentioned in town documents, but it was noticeably often involved in town legal transactions. Relationships with the city council can be documented up to 1375 and how the Guardian Johann von Radim of the Parchim convent transsumed the city privileges. But even when Bishop Rudolf von Schwerin confirmed a vicarie in the Parchim St. Marien Church in 1391, the lecturer Johann Zachtelevent (Sachtleben) from the convent appeared as a witness in the first place in the series of witnesses, even before Magister Johann Redekin. This was after all Schwerin chancellor and Magdeburg canon . The naming of two lecturers indicates the existence of home studies for the order's offspring in the 14th century in Parchim.

In the course of the granting of papal privileges in favor of the mendicant orders, there were also temporary conflicts between the religious and the parish clergy over the right to hear confession among the Franciscans in Parchim in 1347 . On March 18, 1347 Pastor Gerhard publicly announced from the pulpit in St. Mary's Church in Parchimer Neustadt that, by virtue of his authority, confessional activities within his parish were now completely under his control. No one outside of his parish was allowed to go to confession without his express permission. The neighboring Franciscan monastery and the Georgenkirche in Parchim's old town were affected . Due to less and less income, Pastor Gerhard also forbade the faithful outside the parish intendens de dictis fratribus (“whereby he meant the said brothers”) to receive the sacrament of the Eucharist without his or her chaplain's permission . These unauthorized coercive measures by the pastor were not accepted without objection from the Franciscans. As the conflicts increased, the Franciscans turned to the Holy See to claim their rights against the pastor in Parchimer Neustadt. From Rome, the conservator of the Franciscan order in Germany, the Magdeburg cathedral dean Arnold, was commissioned to review the conflict situation. On December 17, 1347, the latter subdelegated the Parchim pastor Gottfried in the Georgenkirche to hear the witnesses who had been named by the Franciscan convent in Parchim. The investigations showed that Pastor Gerhard had denied the confessional privileges of the Franciscans, questioned the competence of the brothers with the help of false statements and, through his unwilling behavior, grauitate et amaritudine mentis sue ("through the bitterness and severity of his mind") the issuance of permits could not deny.

Nothing is known of any further conflicts between secular clergy and Franciscans in the period up to the Lutheran Reformation . The sources of the Parchim Convent in the 14th to 16th centuries are poor overall. According to the few surviving documents, the Franciscans maintained a good relationship with citizens, secular clergy and sovereign rulers; the latter repeatedly distributed letters of protection to the convent.

Little is known about the relationships between the Friars Minor and the Mecklenburg territorial princes. The fact that the Duchess Mechthild von Werle-Goldberg, daughter of Nicholas IV , was buried in Parchim in 1402 can at least be noted as a particularly outstanding event in the history of the convent. As a good relationship, the on November 11, 1480 by Duke Albrecht VI. Confirmation of the extensive letter of protection made by Mecklenburg in favor of the Franciscans.

The will of Parchim's citizen Gerhard Sachow, formulated around 1350, has only survived because it was drawn up in Lübeck . Gerhard Sachow left the Parchim Franciscans a total of eight marks and thirteen shillings, which he still had to claim from other people as a creditor. The editor Hermann received seven shillings and he had the Franciscan brothers Lambert Witte and Lutbert Stenvort paid two and four shillings respectively. He expressly noted his wish to be buried with the Lübeck Franciscans, for which he gave them a mark. He bequeathed all the remaining money to his wife and daughter.

In Parchimer, as in the Schwerin convent, it was not uncommon for individual brothers to have debts and receive individual delegates. Such legacies , which were distributed among the brothers, are also recorded for Parchim in 1361 and 1372. Even world clerics donated to the monastery and also funded memories there .

The brothers received two marks from the will of Goldberg pastor Ludolf von Dale in 1331. His sister Adelheid was a nun in the Dobbertin monastery and the Goldberg church patronage church of the monastery. When the rich priest Hermann Koss made his will in Parchim in 1379, he not only left each Franciscan two shillings, but also gave the convent ten marks as a memorial for himself and his parents from item cuilibet fratri in conventn Parchem dnos sol lub ( item cuilibet fratri in conventu Parchem duos solidos iugalibus "as well as two solidi for the couple for every brother in the Parchim convent ").

This way of dealing with the property of the convents and the individual brothers showed in the Mecklenburg Franciscan monasteries a clear distance from the order's original ideal of poverty . The supporters of the stricter observance movement rejected regular income and common property, pensions and real estate. In the internal Franciscan disputes of the 15th century over the issue of poverty, the monastery in Parchim, like the monasteries Schwerin , Rostock and Wismar , sided with the less strict convents, but without becoming part of the conventual branch in the order. It was not until 1509 that it adopted the Martinian Constitutions named after Pope Martin V , and from 1518 it belonged to the newly established Martinian Saxon Franciscan Province of St. Baptist , the Saxonia S. Johannis Baptistae , which soon perished in the Reformation with all the convents belonging to it.

Reformation and abolition of the Convention

Little source information is available about the abolition of the Franciscan convent in Parchim. Evangelical preaching has been taking place in the old town church of St. Georgen since 1528, and Catholicism was tolerated in the new town church of St. Mary until 1540, so that the civil parish was divided in matters of faith and this resulted in some displeasure in the city . Although Parchim was the seat of an archdeacon, there was no majority for the Lutheran Reformation among the citizens until 1530. In the visitation protocol of 1535 it was noted that the pastor ynn the newstatt zu Parchim blib stubbornly ynn his old hecheley , but the Franciscans were not mentioned at all .

Only after Johann Riebling was appointed superintendent in Parchim in 1540, the tense social situation in church matters was unbundled. Evangelical preachers were installed at both parish churches, and now the Franciscans have been banned from the Catholic liturgy . The brothers were allowed to stay in the monastery.

When Duke Johann Albrecht took office , the monastery was finally secularized in 1552. A school was set up there for a short time. The still existing altar devices and vestments of the monastery were picked up in 1553 by the princely Mecklenburg rent master Sigismund von Eßfeld and handed over to the Protestant heads of the churches of St. Georgen and St. Marien in Parchim. Several parts of it were later sold according to Kuttenplan in Bohemia in the Pilsen district. It was assumed that the expelled Parchim Franciscans were staying there.

In 1560, Duke Johann Albrecht I had the buildings of the monastery, which were about to collapse, demolished. In the Chronicon Parchimense of 1670 it is reported about the Franciscan convent: anitzo nothing more than a desolate place with several heaps of stones, called the Münch-Hof, between the Elden-Strohm divided there. It is possible that stones from the monastery were used in the construction of the Dömitz fortress , because the transport could have taken place on the waterways of the Elde. In 1670 there was nothing left of the monastery but a desolate place with several stone caves, called the Münch Hof, between the Elden-Strohm, which was divided there.

In 1890 the Fritz Reuter School was built on the monastery grounds, and the remains of the monastery church foundations and wooden coffins with skeletons came to light.

Offices in the monastery

Overall, the names of three guardians and two lecturers are known.

Guardians

  • Frater Wernerus (around 1260)
  • Christian (Kristianus) (early 14th century)
  • Johannes von Raden (1375)

Editors

  • Hermann (around 1350)
  • Johannes Zachteleuent (1391)

literature

  • Michael Cordes (Cordesius): Chronicon Parchimense. 1670, p. 16.
  • David Franck : Of the old and new Mecklenburgs ninth book of Mecklenburgs purification in state and church circumstances. Güstrow 1755, pp. 266-267.
  • Friedrich Johann Christoph Cleemann : Chronicle and documents of the Mecklenburg-Schwerin front town Parchim, together with an imprint of myself. Cordesii Chronicle from 1670, drawn from diplomatic sources. Parchim 1825, pp. 95, 203-205, 335-338.
  • Friedrich Schlie : The art and history monuments of the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. IV. Volume: The district court districts of Schwaan, Bützow, Sternberg, Güstrow, Krakow, Goldberg, Parchim, Lübz and Plau . Schwerin 1901, ISBN 3-910179-08-8 , pp. 421, 425.
  • Karl Schmaltz: Church history of Mecklenburg. Volume I., Schwerin 1935, pp. 151, 198,267.
  • Ursula Creutz: Bibliography of the former monasteries and monasteries in the area of ​​the diocese of Berlin, the episcopal office of Schwerin and adjacent areas. St. Benno Verlag, Leipzig 1988, ISBN 3-7462-0163-2 , pp. 411-413.
  • Lucius Teichmann : The Franciscan Monasteries in Central and Eastern Germany 1223–1993. St. Benno Verlag, Leipzig 1995, ISBN 3-89543-021-8 , p. 169.
  • Ingo Ulpts: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg. A contribution to the history of the Franciscans, Poor Clares, Dominicans and Augustinian Hermits in the Middle Ages. (Saxonia Franciscana Volume 6) Werl 1995, ISBN 3-87163-216-3 , pp. 44-49, 288-307, 381-418, 512-513.
  • Martin Ebert: Monasteries. Rostock 2009. ISBN 978-3-356-01333-7 , p. 71.
  • Ingo Ulpts-Stöckmann: Parchim. Monastery (Ordo Fratrum Minorum / Franciscans). In: Wolfgang Huschner , Ernst Münch, Cornelia Neustadt, Wolfgang Eric Wagner: Mecklenburg monastery book. Handbook of the monasteries, monasteries, coming and priories (10th / 11th - 16th centuries) Volume I., Rostock 2016, ISBN 978-3-356-01514-0 , pp. 645-649.

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Printed sources

Unprinted sources

  • State Main Archive Schwerin (LHAS)
    • LHAS 1.4-2 documents of the city of Parchim. Generalia eccl. Acta Franciscan monk monastery in Parchim
    • LHAS 2.12-3 / 2 Monasteries and orders of knights. Franciscan monastery in Parchim
    • LHAS 2.12-3 / 4 churches and schools. Generalia No. 1351.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Ingo Ulpts-Stöckmann: Parchim. Monastery (Ordo Fratrum Minorum / Franciscans). In: Wolfgang Huschner, Ernst Münch, Cornelia Neustadt, Wolfgang Eric Wagner: Mecklenburg monastery book. Volume I., Rostock 2016, pp. 645–649, here p. 646.
  2. ↑ MJB 27 (1862) Friedrich Lisch : Audacia, wife of Count Heinrich I of Schwerin. Schwerin 1862, pp. 131-162.
  3. ↑ Ursula Creutz: Bibliography of the former monasteries and monasteries in the area of ​​the diocese of Berlin, the episcopal office of Schwerin and adjacent areas. Leipzig 1988, p. 411.
  4. ^ Ingo Ulpts: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg. Werl 1995, p. 44f.
  5. ↑ MUB I. (1863) No. 312: 1240-1260; Ingo Ulpts: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg. Werl 1995, p. 45: 1256-1265.
  6. ^ Ingo Ulpts: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg. Werl 1995, pp. 45f. 48.
  7. ^ Friedrich Johann Christoph Cleemann: Chronicle and documents of the Mecklenburg-Schwerin front town Parchim. Parchim 1825, p. 99.204.
  8. ^ Friedrich Schlie: The art and history monuments of the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. IV. Volume, Schwerin 1901, p. 421.
  9. ^ Ingo Ulpts: The terminating system of the Mecklenburg Mendikantenkonvente. In: Ders .: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg. Werl 1995, p. 49.
  10. ↑ MUB XIX (1899) No. 11219, MUB XX (1900) No. 11623.
    Ingo Ulpts-Stöckmann: Parchim. Monastery (Ordo Fratrum Minorum / Franciscans). In: Wolfgang Huschner, Ernst Münch, Cornelia Neustadt, Wolfgang Eric Wagner: Mecklenburg monastery book. Volume I., Rostock 2016, pp. 645–649, here p. 646, partly verbatim.
  11. ↑ Ingo Ulpts: Foundation system and economic situation. In: Ders .: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg. Werl 1995, p. 288.
  12. ↑ MUB V. (1869) No. 3524.
  13. ^ Ingo Ulpts: The terminating system of the Mecklenburg Mendikantenkonvente. In: Ders .: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg. Werl 1995, p. 308.312; Ingo Ulpts-Stöckmann: Parchim, monastery (Ordo Fratrum Minorum / Franziskaner). In: Wolfgang Huschner, Ernst Münch, Cornelia Neustadt, Wolfgang Eric Wagner: Mecklenburg monastery book. Volume I., Rostock 2016, p. 647.
  14. ↑ MUB XXV. A (1936) No. 14623.
  15. ^ Ingo Ulpts: The terminating system of the Mecklenburg Mendikantenkonvente. In: Ders .: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg. Werl 1995, p. 314.
  16. ↑ MUB I. (1863) No. 311, 312, 313, 319.
  17. ↑ MUB XXII. (1907) No. 12352.
  18. ↑ MUB X (1877) No. 6807.
  19. ^ Ingo Ulpts: Political-social effectiveness and conflict situations. In: Ders .: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg. Werl 1995, pp. 295-303.
  20. ↑ MUB X (1877) No. 6807.
  21. ^ MJB 50 (1885) Friedrich Wigger: Family tables of the Grand Ducal House of Mecklenburg. P. 249.
  22. ↑ LHAS Acta re. Franciscaner-Mönchs-Kloster Parchim, unprinted, seal removed.
  23. ^ Regest of the Lübeck Citizens Wills 2, No. 422.
  24. ↑ MUB VIII. (1873) No. 5291.
  25. ↑ MUB XIX. (1899) No. 11219.
  26. ^ Ingo Ulpts-Stöckmann: Parchim, Kloster (Ordo Fratrum Minorum / Franziskaner). In: Wolfgang Huschner, Ernst Münch, Cornelia Neustadt, Wolfgang Eric Wagner: Mecklenburg monastery book. Volume I., Rostock 2016, p. 646.
  27. ^ Ingo Ulpts: The abolition of the convention. In: Ders .: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg. Werl 1995, pp. 387-388.
    Ingo Ulpts-Stöckmann: Parchim, monastery (Ordo Fratrum Minorum / Franziskaner). In: Wolfgang Huschner, Ernst Münch, Cornelia Neustadt, Wolfgang Eric Wagner: Mecklenburg monastery book. Volume I., Rostock 2016, pp. 646–647.
  28. ↑ David Franck: Des old and new Mecklenburgs ninth book of Mecklenburgs cleaning in state and church circumstances. Güstrow 1755, pp. 266-267.
  29. ^ Friedrich Johann Christoph Cleemann: Chronicle and documents of the Mecklenburg-Schwerin front town Parchim Parchim 1825, pp. 204-205.
  30. ^ MJB I. (1836) Activities of the association . Pp. 31-32.
  31. ↑ Dietrich Schröder: Alphabet of the Mecklenburg Church History of Papist Mecklenburg I. Wismar 1741, p. 520.
  32. ^ Ingo Ulpts-Stöckmann: Parchim, Kloster (Ordo Fratrum Minorum / Franziskaner). In: Wolfgang Huschner, Ernst Münch, Cornelia Neustadt, Wolfgang Eric Wagner: Mecklenburg monastery book. Volume I., Rostock 2016, p. 647.
  33. ↑ stadt-parchim.de ( Memento of the original from March 9, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.stadt-parchim.de
  34. ↑ Ingo Ulpts-Stöckmann: Parchim. Monastery (Ordo Fratrum Minorum / Franciscans). In: Wolfgang Huschner, Ernst Münch, Cornelia Neustadt, Wolfgang Eric Wagner: Mecklenburg monastery book. Volume I., Rostock 2016, pp. 645–649, here pp. 647f.
  35. ↑ MUB I. (1863) No. 319.
  36. ↑ MUB II. (1864) No. 1036.
  37. ↑ MUB XVIII. (1897) No. 10801.
  38. ↑ MUB XX. (1900) No. 12352.

Coordinates: 53 ° 25 ′ 38 "  N , 11 ° 50 ′ 38.4"  E