Black Monastery (Wismar)

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The choir of the former monastery church
1878–1890 newly built community school on the monastery grounds, today: Integrated comprehensive school "Johann Wolfgang von Goethe"

The Black Monastery was a Dominican monastery founded in 1292/1293 in the Hanseatic city of Wismar . It is named after the habit of the Dominicans, who are also called "black brothers" in contrast to the Franciscans , the "gray brothers".

History of the monastery and monastery church

founding

The monastery was founded at the time when Prince Heinrich the Pilgrim from Mecklenburg was still in captivity with the Arabs. A first documentary mention of the Dominicans ( fratres praedicatores "preacher brothers") in Wismar on the occasion of a donation bequeathed to them comes from the year 1292; In that year there were already a few Dominicans in Wismar. The general chapter of the order founded in 1215 in Lille decided in 1293 that the new branch should be approved under canon law. It initially belonged to the Dominican Province of Teutonia , from 1303 to the Saxon Province ( Saxonia ).

Dietrich von Hameln is named as one of the first Dominicans in Wismar. The Mecklenburg sovereign donated the property to the monastery building, as can be seen from an inscription in the Dominican church. The Dominicans were incorporated into the legal structure of the city by the city council in an approval contract dated June 27, 1294 and obliged to build roads and bridges in the vicinity of their monastery. They were not allowed to brew beer. Since they did not have their own church at the beginning, they were responsible for regular sermons in St. Mary's Church . In the period that followed, the Dominicans repeatedly appeared as witnesses in legal proceedings and certified documents; before 1352 the Dominican Johannes Blomberg officiated as town clerk. If the city were to become involved in conflicts over church affairs ( gravari aliquo gravamine spirituali ), they should act as ambassadors for the city ( nuncii eius ), albeit while maintaining their religious orientation ( secundum suum ordinem et secundum deum ). The historian Ingo Ulpts sees this contractual relationship as a clever “ecclesiastical move by the city to preserve its inner-city ecclesiastical position”, especially in times of political disputes between the municipality and the Mecklenburg territorial authorities. Nevertheless, the Dominican Johann Blomenberg, provincial vicar of the Saxon Order Province, was the confessor of Duke Albrecht II in the 14th century .

Map of Wismar with the location of the Black Monastery

The Dominicans enlarged the area donated to them by purchasing land. It was located in the southeast of the city, southeast of today's Mecklenburger Strasse ( platea Magnopolensis , then one of the city's busiest streets), south of today's Strasse bei der Klosterkirche (at that time probably apud / iuxta fratres praedicatores ), and bordered the city fortifications in the southeast, close to two city gates. The market and town hall were not far away. In 1297 the men of the order began building the monastery in brick. From 1305 they had their own brickworks at their disposal. The convent must have had a certain size, since it was the place for a council meeting as early as 1325; In 1357 the final negotiation in the dispute between the Schwerin bishop Albrecht and the von Bülow family took place in the refectory of the monastery . In 1365 the Saxon Order Province held its provincial chapter in Wismar, also in 1404, 1439 and 1515, when an extraordinary chapter decided to unite the observant and the conventual directions among the monasteries.

Church and monastery building

A provisional church soon belonged to the monastery. A large east-facing monastery church in the style of a mendicant order church was built in the 14th century. Its three-bay, high-Gothic choir with a polygonal 5/8 end, built by Martin Kremer (Cremer), was completed as the last construction phase and is the only part of the church that has been preserved; its asymmetrical floor plan results from the need to adapt the church structure to the existing city wall. The nave had three aisles and five bays ; it was possibly created around 1320/1330. 1397 took Ratzeburger Bishop Detlef von Berkentin the consecration before, namely in honorem sanctorum Apostolorum Petri et Pauli, trium regum, decem millium martyrum, vndecim millium virginum ( "in honor of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul , the three kings , the ten thousand Martyrs and the Eleven Thousand Virgins ”). The main patronage was that of the apostles Peter and Paul.

To the south of the church was the square monastery complex with a cloister . The east wing adjoined the choir of the church, which - like the west wing - 7.4 meters wide, single-story south wing has been partially preserved; in it were the summer refectory and the heatable calefactorium as a winter refectory. Some remains of the elaborate wall paintings in the south wing can be seen. There was a brewery south of the west wing in the 15th century, and south-east of the convent, separate and parallel to the city wall, there was a 20 × 10 meter building built in the first half of the 14th century with a full basement and initially as an infirmarium was used.

In 1398 the town clerk Heinrich von Balsee had a chapel built on the north-east side of the church, which was consecrated to the Virgin Mary and the Dominican theologian Thomas Aquinas, who was canonized in 1323 , and in which Holy Mass was to be celebrated daily by the priests employed for this purpose .

The monastery and church were popular burial places for donors, especially council members and wealthy merchants. In 1405, master builder Martin Cremer was buried in the choir of the church he had built, and in 1429 the murdered mayor Heinrich von Haren was buried there. Sophie von Pommern (* around 1460; † April 26, 1504 in Wismar), Duchess of Mecklenburg from 1478 to 1504, was buried under a monumental tombstone in front of the high altar in 1504, according to her request , and her sister Margarethe in 1526.

The monastery from the 13th to the 15th centuries

Among the first brothers were numerous sons from wealthy Wismar bourgeois families, while the Franciscan monastery was closer to the craftsman families . The Dominicans received foundations and real estate as gifts; individual brothers received pensions which they sold to the convent. Citizens of Wismar donated money, wax and lamp oil, clothing and food (fish, malt, wine, rolls) and increasingly expected the fathers to celebrate masses for the salvation of the benefactors ( pro salute anime sue , “soul masses”). The vow of poverty was apparently interpreted widely in Wismar. Not only the convent, but also individual brothers received money and pensions. The Dominicans were obliged by the city to sell donated buildings and land to citizens of Wismar within a year. When doing business, they called in "tutors" or "procurators", who legally represented the monastery and administered its assets. In the 13th century, the Dominican monastery in Wismar probably had at least one appointment as a base for collecting alms, in Sternberg, 30 km away . Until the 16th century, Dominicans from Wismar repeatedly held patronage rights and parish positions, for example in Warnemünde , at the Marienkirche in Rostock, in Lübow and most recently in Neubukow .

The poverty rules were tightened in 1468 when the Wismar Dominican Convention, at the insistence of the order's leadership, joined the observant Congregatio Hollandiae of the order and several observant brothers from the Dutch reform convents came to Wismar. The prior Adriaan van Meer had studied in Rostock and was one of the leading figures of the reform; In 1478 he became vicar general of the Congregatio Hollandiae . The citizens also support the realignment of the Dominican Convention, as they may not like the growing wealth of the monastery. After Duke Heinrich IV had issued them a letter of protection on March 20, 1469, the Dominicans vowed the dukes and the magistrate not to abandon the observance any more. The acceptance of sums of money by individual members of the convention apparently ceased in the following period, but the convention continued to receive pensions and joint property. As early as 1462, however, some Dominicans, under the leadership of Prior Johann Brakel, had brought valuables to Lübeck in order to secure them from being pledged to the city council; it was reliquaries , monstrances , gilded goblets and godparents as well as cross reliquaries . This reform did not last long; From 1517 the convent, like the monasteries in Röbel and Rostock , belonged again to the Saxon order province of Saxonia , and the strict rules of the order were repealed.

Since the 14th century there has been a religious study at the convent in Wismar for theological training of the next generation of the order. A first reading master ( lector theologie in conventu Wismar ) in Wismar is on record in 1369, in the following decades the office of magister studentium , responsible for looking after the studying brothers, appears repeatedly . Especially during the time of the observant orientation of the convent, Wismar was a place of training for the entire Congregatio Hollandiae , brothers from the Lower Lands and the Lower Rhine came to study here, first of theology, from around 1480 also of philosophy and logic.

The Marian shrine from the Dominican Church in St. Nikolai

On February 1, 1400, Pope Boniface IX awarded the Wismar Dominicans the right to distribute an indulgence on certain feast days with a relic of the skirt of St. Mary , which was kept in the monastery , which increased the attraction of the Dominican Church for the faithful and also paid off economically for the brothers. Towards the end of the 15th century, the Dominicans in Europe promulgated rosary brotherhoods to deepen piety through rosary prayer , in Germany for the first time in 1475 in Cologne. As early as 1483 there was such a brotherhood in Wismar, the "Brotherhood of Our Dear Women and their Rosary with the Preachers". A carved Virgin Mary shrine donated by the brotherhood, the "Virgin Retable", is now in the Wismar Nikolaikirche .

Management positions

The year numbers indicate the verifiable mention.

Priors

The superior of a Dominican convent is the prior , his deputy is the subprior.

  • John (1294)
    • Thomas (Subprior, 1294)
  • Gerhard (1301 (?) - 1305)
  • Albert von Gramekow (1306)
  • Henricus (1322)
  • Gerlacus (Gerlach) of Rostock (1333)
  • Gerhard (Johannes) von Schwaan (1336)
  • John (1354 - (?) 1363)
  • Johannes Blomenberg (1365, around 1380 Provincial Vicar)
  • Bernhardus (Bernhard) Volmer (1366)
  • Eilardus (Eilard) von Schönefeld (1381, later Inquisitor , 1397 Vicar General of the Magisterium, 1404 Provincial Prior of Saxonia )
    • Hartwig (Subprior, 1381)
  • Arnold Straussberg (1397)
    • Nicolaus Rughesee (Subprior, 1397)
  • Hermannus (Hermann) Basse (1407)
    • Hermann Klynt (Clynt) (Subprior, 1407)
  • Bernhard Rohde (Rode) (1417–1419)
    • Henricus of Peyne (Subprior, 1417)
  • Philippus (Philipp) Schulte (1446)
  • Johannes Brakel (1462–1468)
  • Martin (?) (1469)
  • Reynold of Dortmund (1470–1471, 1487 - (?) 1492)
  • Nikolaus Waesche (Utesche) (1471)
    • Gerard Balle (Gerhard Bull) (Subprior, 1472–1473)
    • Theodericus (Henricus) Theoderici (Subprior, 1473)
  • Adrianus de Mera (Adriaan van Meer) (1476–1478, then repeatedly Vicar General of the Congregatio Hollandiae until 1499 )
    • Johannes von Osnabrück (Subprior, 1476)
  • Henricus (Heinrich) Lobusch (1494 - (?) 1496)
  • Erasmus Bere (1500–1505)
    • Henricus Bliden (Subprior, 1500)
  • Johannes von Kampen (1506 - (?) 1510, doctorate theologiae in 1507 in Rostock , 1518 vicar of the natio orientalis )
  • Bernhard Sweder (around 1521–1528 †)
    • Georgius (Jürgen) Bolte (Subprior, 1521)
    • Ulricus Stedinck (Subprior, 1526)
  • Dietrich Haker (1528–1545 †)
  • Johannes Hoppener (1546–1562)

Editors

Lecturers or reading masters were active in the in-house study for the training of the next generation of the Order, which existed temporarily in the convent in Wismar.

  • Arnold of Wittenburg (1369)
  • Arnold (1381)
  • Johannes Brandenburg (1397–1417, later inquisitor and professor of theology)
  • Bernhard Rode (1407)
  • Albertus Hazeldorp (around 1418-1430)
  • John (1454)
  • Johannes of Osnabrück (1475)
  • Michael de Meerle (1479, 1490 praedicator generalis of the order)
  • Albertus de Bolswardia (1508–1528)
  • Johannes Hoppener (1523)
  • Matthäus Worsterman (Forsterman, Johannes Wortermann) (1526–1534, 1542 vicar of the natio orientalis )

Reformation and continued use of the buildings

The monastery initially outlived the Reformation in Wismar , which was implemented early on by the Franciscan Heinrich Never . In contrast to the Wismar Franciscan Convent, the Dominicans stayed on the side of the Catholic faith. The city council forbade them to worship in public, but tolerated their staying together as a convent and worshiping internally, and granted them lifelong right to live in the convent buildings. From 1535 the Wismar monasteries were visited by the council in order to inventory the monastery property and prepare for expropriation. In the spring of 1536 the city council confiscated objects of value from the Dominicans to the value of 80 silver marks. The Dominicans, who had a close relationship with the Mecklenburg princely family even before the Reformation, turned to the rulers Heinrich and Albrecht of Mecklenburg for protection and applied for benefices that became available . Because of this protection they managed to elect a new prior , Johannes Hoppener, in 1546 , who remained in office until 1562. In 1553, Dominican brother Joachim Tancke received an inheritance. However, in 1533 the magistrate appointed a Protestant preacher at the Dominican Church.

In the same year, 1533, a poor house was set up in part of the monastery after it had lost its supporter with the death of Duke Henry V in 1552. In the 1550s, Protestantism grew stronger in Wismar. As the first superintendent officiated from 1556 Johann Frederus , who was conciliatory with the remaining religious. His successor Johann Wigand consistently enforced the uniform Protestant church order and achieved the dissolution of the monastery in 1562. Against the promise of lifelong care by the city council, Prior Johannes Hoppener and another remaining Dominican, Heinrich, gave up the monastery on December 4, 1562; They did not accept an invitation from the superintendent to talk to them in order to convince them of the new faith. Wigand judged the two brothers: "I consider the godless prior and the pulsant to be cursed, they bit converted." Hoppener died in 1575. In the church from 1566 an evangelical pastor preached.

The Thomas Altar, today in the St. Nikolai Church

In 1689 it became an orphanage, while the choir continued to be used as a sacred space for church services. The furnishings of the church, but also the grave slabs and stones, were distributed among the other churches in the city of Wismar. The pulpit from the late 17th century was placed in the prayer room of the Black Monastery hospital . Other items ended up in the Wismar City Museum. The grave slab of Duchess Sophie came to the Marienkirche and has been in one of the north side chapels of the Nikolaikirche since its destruction . In the Nikolaikirche there is also a triumphal cross group as well as the remarkable Thomas altar and the virgin retable from the Dominican church, both made around 1500.

Recent building history

Towards the end of the 19th century, only the three-aisled monastery church of the former Black Monastery remained of the monastery, the west facade of which had been remodeled in the Renaissance period to look like the gable of a representative town house. In 1879 the nave had to give way to the new building of a community school because it was in disrepair and was demolished. At that time, only the high Gothic choir of the former church remained, into which a false ceiling was inserted. The upper part under the medieval cross vaults served the school as an auditorium, the lower part as a gym.

In the former hospital there is now a residential complex for the elderly.

The former community school now houses the integrated comprehensive school "Johann Wolfgang von Goethe". Around 400 students and 34 teachers learn and work here. The former choir of the church is still used as an auditorium and as a sports hall. In the oldest building of the monastery (annex), a modern art and music hall with studio windows and a stage was built in the 2010s. In the second adjoining building, a dining room, the work rooms for the school social worker and rooms and workshops for remedial teaching were set up.

literature

  • Friedrich Schlie : The art and history monuments of the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Volume II: The district court districts of Wismar, Grevesmühlen, Rehna, Gadebusch and Schwerin. Schwerin 1898, reprint Schwerin 1992, pp. 161ff. ISBN 3-910179-06-1
  • Rudolf Kleiminger : The Black Monastery in Seestadt Wismar: A contribution to culture u. Building history d. North German Dominican monasteries in the Middle Ages. Munich 1938, Neuer Filser-Verlag
  • Ingo Ulpts: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg. A contribution to the history of the Franciscans, Poor Clares, Dominicans and Augustinian Hermits in the Middle Ages. ( Saxonia Franciscana Volume 6.) Werl 1995, ISBN 3-87163-216-3 , pp. 95-110, 261-284, 326-334, 345-366.
  • Ingo Ulpts-Stöckmann, Torsten Rütz, Tilo Schöfbeck, Anke Huschner: Wismar, Monastery of S. Peter and Paul (Ordo Fratrum Praedicatorum / Dominican). In: Wolfgang Huschner , Ernst Münch , Cornelia Neustadt, Wolfgang Eric Wagner: Mecklenburg monastery book. Handbook of the monasteries, monasteries, coming and priories (10th / 11th - 16th centuries). Volume II., Rostock 2016, ISBN 978-3-356-01514-0 , pp. 1179-1201.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Ingo Ulpts-Stöckmann: Wismar, Kloster S. Peter and Paul. 3. Constitutional order. In: Wolfgang Huschner, Ernst Münch, Cornelia Neustadt, Wolfgang Eric Wagner: Mecklenburg monastery book. Volume II., Rostock 2016, pp. 1179–1201, here pp. 1183f.
  2. ^ Ingo Ulpts: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg. Werl 1995, pp. 95-98.107.109.276.281.
    Ingo Ulpts-Stöckmann: Wismar, Monastery S. Peter and Paul. 1. General and 6. Administrative work. In: Wolfgang Huschner, Ernst Münch, Cornelia Neustadt, Wolfgang Eric Wagner: Mecklenburg monastery book. Volume II., Rostock 2016, pp. 1179–1201, here p. 1180.1187.
  3. ^ Ingo Ulpts-Stöckmann: Wismar, Kloster S. Peter and Paul. 1. General. In: Wolfgang Huschner, Ernst Münch, Cornelia Neustadt, Wolfgang Eric Wagner: Mecklenburg monastery book. Volume II., Rostock 2016, pp. 1179–1201, here p. 1179.
  4. ↑ Torsten Rütz, Tilo Schöfbeck: Wismar, Monastery S. Peter and Paul. 7. History of architecture and art. In: Wolfgang Huschner, Ernst Münch, Cornelia Neustadt, Wolfgang Eric Wagner: Mecklenburg monastery book. Volume II., Rostock 2016, pp. 1179–1201, here pp. 1188–1195.
  5. ^ Ingo Ulpts: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg. Werl 1995, pp. 99-103.264.266.276ff.
  6. ^ Ingo Ulpts: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg. Werl 1995, pp. 266.270f.284.
  7. ^ Ingo Ulpts-Stöckmann: Wismar, Kloster S. Peter and Paul. 5. Religious and spiritual work. In: Wolfgang Huschner, Ernst Münch, Cornelia Neustadt, Wolfgang Eric Wagner: Mecklenburg monastery book. Volume II., Rostock 2016, pp. 1179–1201, here p. 1185.
  8. ^ Ingo Ulpts: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg. Werl 1995, pp. 106ff.110.261f.264.266.273.284.311f.327f.
    Ingo Ulpts-Stöckmann: Wismar, Monastery S. Peter and Paul. 2nd story. In: Wolfgang Huschner, Ernst Münch, Cornelia Neustadt, Wolfgang Eric Wagner: Mecklenburg monastery book. Volume II., Rostock 2016, pp. 1179–1201, here p. 1182.
  9. ^ Ingo Ulpts: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg. Werl 1995, pp. 279f.
  10. ^ Ingo Ulpts-Stöckmann: Wismar, Kloster S. Peter and Paul. 5. Religious and spiritual work. In: Wolfgang Huschner, Ernst Münch, Cornelia Neustadt, Wolfgang Eric Wagner: Mecklenburg monastery book. Volume II., Rostock 2016, p. 1179–1201, here p. 118 &.
    Ingo Ulpts: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg. Werl 1995, p. 269.
  11. ^ Ingo Ulpts-Stöckmann: Wismar, Kloster S. Peter and Paul. 3.3 Dignities and offices and 5. Religious and spiritual work. In: Wolfgang Huschner, Ernst Münch, Cornelia Neustadt, Wolfgang Eric Wagner: Mecklenburg monastery book. Volume II., Rostock 2016, pp. 1179–1201, here pp. 1184f.
  12. ^ Ingo Ulpts-Stöckmann: Wismar, Kloster S. Peter and Paul. 2nd story. In: Wolfgang Huschner, Ernst Münch, Cornelia Neustadt, Wolfgang Eric Wagner: Mecklenburg monastery book. Volume II., Rostock 2016, pp. 1179–1201, here pp. 1182f.
  13. ^ Ingo Ulpts: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg. Werl 1995, pp. 362-366.
    Ingo Ulpts-Stöckmann: Wismar, Monastery S. Peter and Paul. 2nd story. In: Wolfgang Huschner, Ernst Münch, Cornelia Neustadt, Wolfgang Eric Wagner: Mecklenburg monastery book. Volume II., Rostock 2016, pp. 1179–1201, here p. 1183.
  14. ↑ igs-wismar.de

Coordinates: 53 ° 53 ′ 20.7 "  N , 11 ° 27 ′ 56.9"  E