Johanniskloster (Rostock)
The Johanniskloster in Rostock was a convent of the Dominican Order founded in 1215 within the medieval city walls of the Hanseatic city . It was founded in 1256 and existed until 1534. The buildings were completely demolished in the 1830s. In addition to the Franciscan monastery of St. Katharinen and the Cistercian monastery of the Holy Cross , it was one of the three monasteries within the city.
location
The monastery was located on the southern, initially long undeveloped edge of the city center of Rostock between Buchbinderstrasse in the west and Steinstrasse in the east, thus in Rostock's Mittelstadt . The stone road was an important country road from the southern hinterland of the city that led to the market. The cloister with the cloister was attached to the monastery church to the south in the direction of the city wall . There were farm buildings to the west of the monastery church. In the north, the monastery complex was bordered by the street near St. Johannes (now Johannisstraße ) named after it . The entire complex was located in close proximity to the city wall, as was customary in Rostock monasteries, close to the stone gate .
founding
The Dominicans ( Ordo fratrum praedicatorum , preachers) probably came from the monastery in Lübeck and gained a foothold in Rostock at the latest in 1256; In 1260 the settlement was first mentioned in a will in a will; In 1265 a prior was named for the first time , in 1306 a convent with prior, subprior and lecturer was named. The monastery was probably founded by Heinrich Borwin III. , Herr zu Rostock , promoted. The Dominicans of Lübeck were commissioned by Pope Alexander IV in 1256 to hold crusade sermons against the pagans in Prussia and Livonia in the diocese of Schwerin ; the Dominicans could also have had an interest in establishing a location in Mecklenburg because the Franciscan order was expanding in Mecklenburg at the same time . In the first years Rostock Dominicans were confessors in the Werle house ; Since the Werles also had a seat in Röbel , a Dominican monastery was founded there from Rostock in 1285 , to which the convent in Rostock delegated some brothers.
The first monastery church was possibly a simple wooden church. A stone monastery church and the monastery must have been essentially completed by 1306, because in that year the brick yard, which the Dominicans had leased in 1270, was sold to the Kreuzkloster ( Cistercian Sisters ). In 1305 the provincial chapter of the Dominican Province of Saxonia, founded in 1303, met in Rostock, which required sufficiently large buildings. The Saxonia was separated from the province of Teutonia in 1303 due to the expansion of the order in Germany . The convent in Rostock, together with Lübeck, Hamburg , Stralsund , Wismar , Röbel and Meldorf, formed the nation of Slavia within Saxonia . The Dominican monastery has also repeatedly served as a conference venue for citizens' meetings and legal disputes.
Church and furnishings
The church, which was similar to that of the St. Catherine's Monastery of the Franciscans, but was larger, was possibly converted in the 1310s into a three-aisled hall church 44.5 m long and about 20 m wide with four bays and was not closed until 1329 by Bishop Johann II Putlitz was consecrated to the triple patronage of John the Baptist , John the Evangelist and the Three Wise Men. In 1314, Nikolaus the child , Herr zu Rostock, was buried in the polygonal, two-bay long choir of the church . As a mendicant order church , the building did not have a steeple, but had a roof turret . There were up to 20 altars in the monastery church, parts of which have been preserved from the Three Kings Altar and the Marien Altar . The last gentleman from Rostock , Nikolaus , was buried in it.
The high altar of the church, the important altar of the three kings , was created around 1425 in a Rostock workshop. It consisted of a fixed central shrine adorned with sculptures depicting the crucifixion of Jesus and two movable pairs of wings, painted on both sides, with scenes from the biblical legend of the Three Kings and 16 carved figures. Several parts of the altar can be seen today in the cultural history museum in the monastery of the Holy Cross . There are two panels in the Märkisches Museum in Berlin. Also in the Kulturhistorisches Museum there is a crucifix from the triumphal cross group in the church, which was created around 1260 and is considered the oldest surviving crucifix in Mecklenburg, as well as a carved altarpiece from the St. Mary's altar, which is assigned to the rosary brotherhood at the monastery . It shows Mary in a halo, standing on the crescent moon ( Rev 12 : 1-5 EU ), and typological representations of the Immaculate Conception of Mary in the four corners : Moses in front of the burning bush ( Ex 3.2 EU ), Augustine and Sibyl , die the Porta clausa (the locked gate) of the prophet Ezekiel ( Ez 44-3 EU ) and Gideon with the dewed fleece ( Ri 6,33-40 EU ).
In the 15th century, a free space west of the church along Johannisstrasse was bordered with a second cloister as the entrance area to the church. This connected the St. Luke Chapel, also built around the middle of the 15th century on Johannisstraße, with the church. This chapel, about 16 m long and 7.5 m wide, was mentioned in 1476 as the “chapel behind the new cloister in the west”. A building with a representative stepped gable is said to have stood between the east wing of the monastery and the lively Steinstrasse , which served as a confessional and possibly the library on the upper floor.
Way of life and task
The Dominicans, also known as the Black Brothers because of the color of their habit , were a mendicant order . Their main task was the public preaching, for which the preaching brothers had to be sufficiently trained. In the Rostock convent there was a home study for the training of the next generation of the order by lecturers , for 1280 a testamentary legacy for the purchase of books is documented. The monastery probably had an extensive library and a bookbinding shop since the end of the 15th century . Some brothers worked at the university founded in 1419 ; the first meeting of the university took place in the Dominican monastery, and with the establishment of the theological faculty in 1433, the Dominicans' in-house study was integrated into it and thereby upgraded. The spirituality of the Dominicans was shaped by devotion to Mary and the promotion of the rosary . The patron of the rosary, the French Dominican Alanus de Rupe , stayed in Rostock from 1470 to 1473, after which a rosary fraternity was formed, which was confirmed by the order's leadership in 1501. Prior Cornelius van Sneek published a collection of sermons on the Rosary in Paris in 1514. In addition, there was a brotherhood of the Three Kings ( fraternitas trium regum ) at the Dominican monastery in Rostock , which donated the altar of the three kings, a brotherhood of the Holy Corpse (attested in 1451), an annenbruderschaft (attested in 1502) and a supraregional brotherhood of the Holy Trinity founded in 1466 and to which mainly merchants belonged.
The monastery's primary source of income was alms, but in the 14th century it had become customary to also use fixed sources of income, such as Seelgerät foundations and measuring grants . Increasingly, individual brothers also had personal property, received personal inheritances and did private business, which was favored by family relationships between Dominicans and townspeople. For collecting alms, the monastery had Terminien as bases in Teterow , Laage , Güstrow , Ribnitz and Falsterbo on the island of Skåne .
Introduction of observance
From 1468 the monastery was subjected to a thorough reform initiated by the Dutch monasteries at the instigation of the order's leadership; it was spun off from the province of Saxonia and placed under the observant Congragatio Hollandiae , in which emphasis was placed on strict adherence to the vow of poverty . Duke Heinrich IV (Mecklenburg) and the City Council of Rostock supported the efforts. Dominicans unwilling to reform - including Prior Heinrich Bonhoff - had to leave the monastery; some of them tried from exile in 1471 and 1472 to gain influence over the convent and to force their return through petitions to the senate and citizenship. Bishop Werner von Schwerin stopped these efforts. The Rostock convent has now become a center of the Dutch Congregation in Northern Germany. Prior Cornelius van Sneek became vicar general of the Congregatio Hollandiae in 1505 , and the study of the order in the Rostock monastery and at the university was the general study of the congregation. In the following years there was a rapprochement between reformed and non-reformed convents, so that the Rostock convent was again subordinated to the province of Saxonia in May 1517 , where the Johanniskloster with Magdeburg , Bremen , Röbel, Wismar and Norden formed the obeservant orientated nation Orientalia . In 1516, because of their commitment to the indulgence trade, the Rostock Dominicans were given the privilege of having a carrying altar by the papal nuncio Johannes Angelus Arcimbolus and being allowed to consume butter and cheese during Lent.
Reformation and abolition of the Convention
The Reformation resulted from about 1525 in Rostock riots and attacks against the monastery and some Dominicans. Together with the Franciscans, they were among the most resolute opponents of the Reformation in the city and fought against the new doctrine through preaching and journalism. After the Reformation was implemented in Rostock in 1531, Catholic services and the wearing of religious dress in public were forbidden, and church assets were inventoried by the authorities and taken into custody. Several Dominicans left the monastery and went to convents in other cities. In 1534 the von Bülow family complained unsuccessfully to the city council about the closure of the Dominican convent and the confiscation of the property. In the same year, a Latin school was initially set up in the buildings, but the remaining Dominicans retained a right of residence. The university used parts of the building for apartments, for free meals for students and as a detention center . The Dominicans continued to feel like a convent, elected a prior in 1548 and in 1565 took in some monks from the demolished Carthusian monastery of Marienehe . On March 27, 1575, the last prior of the Johanniskloster Hermann Otto died.
The monastery church became a Protestant church in 1578. After the east and south wings of the monastery complex together with parts of the city wall were demolished in 1566 on the orders of Duke Johann Albrecht the First in order to gain stones for building the fortress, the Great City School was founded in the west wing in 1580 . The cloister was used as a cemetery from now; There were still burials in the church. In 1831 the dilapidated monastery church was demolished. The school got a new building on Wallstrasse in 1867 . The former monastery building has since served other schools as accommodation and was removed in 1954 as part of the reconstruction of the war-torn Steinstraße.
Apart from a few utensils, as well as remains of the cellar and foundations, nothing has been preserved from the Johanniskloster.
The St. Johannis parish was incorporated into the St. Nikolai parish . The church registers were kept separately until 1901.
Brothers in leadership
Names and years indicate the verifiable mention.
Priors and subpriorities
A prior is the superior of a convent in the Dominican order , the subprior his deputy.
|
Priors Johannes (1265) |
Subpriores |
Lecturers and Masters degree
The lecturers instructed the next generation of the order in philosophy and theology, the Magistri studentium supervised the students.
|
Editors Walther (1306) |
Student |
literature
- Hans Bernitt : On the history of the city of Rostock. Hinstorff Verlag, Rostock 1956. (Reprint: Rostock 2001, ISBN 3-935171-40-4 )
- Ingo Ulpts: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg. A contribution to the history of the Franciscans, Poor Clares, Dominicans and Augustinian Hermits in the Middle Ages. (= Saxonia Franciscana. Volume 6). Werl 1995, ISBN 3-87163-216-3 , pp. 80-87, 237-261, 367-374.
- Bodo Keipke, Ralf Mulsow, Steffen Stuth: Rostock, Monastery of S. John the Baptist, S. Johannes Evangelist (Ordo Fratrum Praedicatorum / Dominican). In: Wolfgang Huschner , Ernst Münch , Cornelia Neustadt, Wolfgang Eric Wagner: Mecklenburg monastery book. Handbook of the monasteries, monasteries, coming and priories (10th / 11th - 16th centuries). Volume II, Rostock 2016, ISBN 978-3-356-01514-0 , pp. 847-871.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Bodo Keipke: Rostock, Monastery of S. John the Baptist, S. Johannes Evangelist. 2nd story. In: Wolfgang Huschner, Ernst Münch, Cornelia Neustadt, Wolfgang Eric Wagner: Mecklenburg monastery book. Volume II, Rostock 2016, pp. 848f.
- ↑ Bodo Keipke: Rostock, Monastery of S. John the Baptist, S. Johannes Evangelist. 5. Religious and spiritual work. In: Wolfgang Huschner, Ernst Münch, Cornelia Neustadt, Wolfgang Eric Wagner: Mecklenburg monastery book. Volume II, Rostock 2016, pp. 854f.
- ↑ Bodo Keipke: Rostock, Monastery of S. John the Baptist, S. Johannes Evangelist. 2. History and Ralf Mulsow: 7. History of architecture and art. In: Wolfgang Huschner, Ernst Münch, Cornelia Neustadt, Wolfgang Eric Wagner: Mecklenburg monastery book. Volume II, Rostock 2016, pp. 849 and 858f.
- ↑ Steffen Stuth: Rostock, Monastery S. Johannes the Baptist, S. Johannes Evangelist. 7.5. Art-historical classification. In: Wolfgang Huschner, Ernst Münch, Cornelia Neustadt, Wolfgang Eric Wagner: Mecklenburg monastery book. Volume II, Rostock 2016, p. 864ff.
- ↑ Ralf Mulsow: Rostock, Monastery S. John the Baptist, S. Johannes Evangelist. 7. History of architecture and art. In: Wolfgang Huschner, Ernst Münch, Cornelia Neustadt, Wolfgang Eric Wagner: Mecklenburg monastery book. Volume II, Rostock 2016, pp. 860–864.
- ↑ Bodo Keipke: Rostock, Monastery of S. John the Baptist, S. Johannes Evangelist. 5. Religious and spiritual work. In: Wolfgang Huschner, Ernst Münch, Cornelia Neustadt, Wolfgang Eric Wagner: Mecklenburg monastery book. Volume II, Rostock 2016, pp. 855f.
- ↑ Bodo Keipke: Rostock, Monastery of S. John the Baptist, S. Johannes Evangelist. 2nd story. 3. Constitutional order. In: Wolfgang Huschner, Ernst Münch, Cornelia Neustadt, Wolfgang Eric Wagner: Mecklenburg monastery book. Volume II, Rostock 2016, pp. 853f.
- ↑ Bodo Keipke: Rostock, Monastery of S. John the Baptist, S. Johannes Evangelist. 2nd story. 3. Constitutional order. In: Wolfgang Huschner, Ernst Münch, Cornelia Neustadt, Wolfgang Eric Wagner: Mecklenburg monastery book. Volume II, Rostock 2016, pp. 849f.852.
- ↑ Bodo Keipke: Rostock, Monastery of S. John the Baptist, S. Johannes Evangelist. 2nd story. In: Wolfgang Huschner, Ernst Münch, Cornelia Neustadt, Wolfgang Eric Wagner: Mecklenburg monastery book. Volume II, Rostock 2016, pp. 850f.
- ↑ Gustav Willgeroth : The Mecklenburg-Schwerin Parishes since the Thirty Years' War: with comments on the previous pastors since the Reformation. 3rd volume. In self-rel. d. Ed., Wismar 1925, p. 1456.
- ^ Friedrich Stuhr : The church books Meklenburg. In: Yearbooks of the Association for Mecklenburg History and Archeology. Volume 60 (1895), p. 82. ( Full text LBMV )
- ↑ Evangelical Church in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania: List of church books reading room (PDF).
- ↑ Bodo Keipke: Rostock, Monastery of S. John the Baptist, S. Johannes Evangelist. 3. Constitutional order. In: Wolfgang Huschner, Ernst Münch, Cornelia Neustadt, Wolfgang Eric Wagner: Mecklenburg monastery book. Volume II, Rostock 2016, p. 852.
Coordinates: 54 ° 5 ′ 13 ″ N , 12 ° 8 ′ 22 ″ E