Alignment (mining)

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In mining, alignment is understood to mean the construction of pits or their driving through which the deposit is made accessible and divided into levels and construction departments. A deposit is oriented according to its extension in length, width, height and depth. A deposit is generally considered to be aligned when the hanging and lying or at least one of both is completely exposed. In addition, it must be possible to remove the painting and the falling of the deposit, or at least the painting.

Basics

The term alignment means first of all to make a corridor visible. Thus, the alignment serves first of all to find the usable minerals of the deposit. The orientation of the deposit occurs before the removal of minerals. The way in which the deposit is made accessible from the day is decisive for the alignment. A distinction is made here between the alignment via shafts , the alignment via incident lines and the alignment via tunnels . How the entire mine building is aligned, especially between the floors, depends on the regularity of the storage and the collapse of the layers . In the case of seam-like deposits, the distance between the seams must also be taken into account. The horizontal pit structures can be aligned both in the deposit and in the adjacent rock. In the case of the alignment in the deposit, this is called a seam-guided alignment; in the case of the alignment in the adjacent rock, this is called a rock-guided alignment. As a rule, the alignment takes place in the adjacent rock, only where it is necessary or expedient, the alignment takes place in the deposit.

Alignment via shafts

Shafts have the advantage that their construction is not tied to the shape of the earth's surface. The shafts are used for alignment below the bottom of the tunnel and for alignment in unscratched mountains . The transition to civil engineering occurs through the alignment below the tunnel sole . With this type of alignment, the individual shafts are first sunk starting from a shaft starting point . During the drilling at specific intervals which are soles attached and as the lowest point is the shaft sump created. If only one sole is used, the miner calls it a single-sole construction, otherwise he calls it multi-sole construction. The main pits are aligned based on the individual filling points. For this purpose, straightening sections and cross passages are first driven . Each level therefore consists of a route network of main routes. These serve to convey away the mined mineral . In addition, deep pit structures such as blind shafts and inclined ones such as conveyor peaks or spiral sections are created. These pits are used for secular alignment, they connect the individual floors with one another.

Alignment over incident lines

Alignment over inclined stretches is very often practiced in ore mining. Connections to the mineral-bearing strata are established from the earth's surface by means of ramp sections or spiral sections. This type of alignment makes it possible to make material conveyance more economical.

Orientation via studs

The alignment via tunnels is linked to the shape of the earth's surface. This is due to the way of the dewatering , which takes place in tunnels by means of natural slope. Alignment by means of studs is more cost-effective and can be accomplished more quickly than alignment via shafts. Depending on the structure of the deposit, however, alignment by means of tunnels often precedes alignment by means of shafts. The alignment begins with the creation of the tunnel mouth hole . The individual tunnels are then driven . In order to accelerate the completion, especially of longer tunnels, these are then driven from several points of attack. For this purpose, light holes are first created where the overburden is thin . The tunnels are driven in both directions from these light holes. In order to reach or connect neighboring mine workings, wing sites are excavated from the main tunnel.

literature

  • Horst Roschlau, Wolfram Heinze: Knowledge storage mining technology. Leipzig 1974.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Tilo Cramm, Joachim Huske: Miners' language in the Ruhr area. 5th revised and redesigned edition, Regio-Verlag, Werne 2002, ISBN 3-929158-14-0 .
  2. ↑ Carl von Scheuchenstuel : IDIOTICON the Austrian mining and metallurgy language. kk court bookseller Wilhelm Braumüller, Vienna 1856.
  3. ^ A b Heinrich Veith: German mountain dictionary with evidence. Published by Wilhelm Gottlieb Korn, Breslau 1871.
  4. ^ Johann Christoph Stößel (Ed.): Mining dictionary. Chemnitz 1778.
  5. ↑ a b c d e Ernst-Ulrich Reuther: Introduction to mining. 1st edition, Verlag Glückauf GmbH, Essen, 1982, ISBN 3-7739-0390-1 .
  6. ^ A b c d e Carl Hellmut Fritzsche: Textbook of mining science. Second volume, 10th edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin / Göttingen / Heidelberg 1962.
  7. ^ Walter Bischoff , Heinz Bramann, Westfälische Berggewerkschaftskasse Bochum: The small mining dictionary. 7th edition, Verlag Glückauf GmbH, Essen 1988, ISBN 3-7739-0501-7 .
  8. ↑ a b c Albert Serlo: Guide to mining science. First volume, fourth revised and up to the most recent edition supplemented, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1884.
  9. ↑ a b c d Wirtschaftsvereinigung Bergbau eV: The mining manual. 5th edition, Verlag Glückauf GmbH, Essen, 1994, ISBN 3-7739-0567-X .

See also