Expulsion of Jews from Arab and Islamic countries

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Iraqi Jews leave Lod Airport (Israel) on their way to the Ma'abara transit camp (1951).
Bet Lid Refugee Camp (Israel 1950)

The expulsion of Jews from Arab and Islamic countries ( Hebrew יציאת יהודים ממדינות ערב Yetziat yehudim mi-medinot Arav ; Arabic التهجير الجماعي لليهود من الدول العربية والإسلامية at-tahdschīr al-Jamāʻī lil-yahūd min ad-duwal al-ʻarabīya wal-islāmīya ) comprised both the flight and expulsion of 850,000 Jews, mainly of Sephardic and Mizrachian origin, from Arab and Islamic countries from 1948 to the 1970s, which attenuated continues to this day. As a result, Jewish communities that were thousands of years old became extinct. It is also known as the Jewish Nakba .

background

Jews in Islamic countries have always been tolerated and protected according to the law of the Dhimma like other non-Muslims. The idea of Zionism and the Jewish state made an impression on the Jews of these countries. Although Jewish migration from the Middle East and North Africa began as early as the late 19th century and Jews left some Arab countries in the 1930s and 1940s, emigration was not particularly significant until the 1948 Israeli-Arab War . After the Palestine War and the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, however, the living conditions of Jews in these countries deteriorated considerably; In many states there were bomb attacks , such as the attack on the Menarsha synagogue , pogroms such as the Tripoli pogrom in 1948 , arrests, torture , expropriations and mass expulsions of Jews. A threatening speech by high Islamic clergy at al-Azhar University immediately after the UN partition plan in 1947 triggered acts of violence against Jewish communities in many Arab and Islamic states.

From the beginning of the war between Israel and the Arab states in 1948 until the early 1970s, between 800,000 and one million Jews were expelled from their home areas in the Arab states or had to flee; 260,000 of them reached Israel between 1948 and 1951 and accounted for 56% of the total immigration of the newly established state of Israel. 600,000 Jews from Arab and Muslim countries were able to reach Israel by 1972.

At the time of the 1973 Yom Kippur War , almost all Jewish communities in the entire Arab world, as well as in Pakistan and Afghanistan , were virtually non-existent. By 2002, Jews from Arab countries and their descendants made up almost half of Israel's population.

causes

In addition to fleeing anti-Judaism , anti-Semitism , military coercive measures, political instability, persecution and displacement , many emigrants also wanted to satisfy their Zionist longing or achieve a better economic status and a secure home in Europe and America . A significant part of the Jews fled because of political uncertainty and the rise of Arab nationalism , and later because of the policies of the Arab governments, which tried to portray the expulsions of Jews as a mass-driven retaliation for the Arab refugees from Palestine .

There were also economic reasons for the systematic expulsion policy. Many Jews were encouraged to sell or give up their property in their home countries from which they fled, and some were also expropriated by the state.

Jews in Arab countries from 1947

Most Libyan Jews fled to Israel by 1951, while in 1961 the Libyan citizenship of those who remained was revoked and the remainder of the community was eventually evacuated to Italy as a result of the Six Day War . Almost all Yemeni Jews were evacuated in Operation Magic Carpet from 1949 to 1950 for fear of their safety . Iraqi and Kurdish Jews were initially encouraged to leave the country in 1950 by the Iraqi government, which had finally ordered in 1951 "the expulsion of those Jews who refused to sign a declaration of anti-Zionism ". The Jews of Egypt were forced to emigrate as early as 1948 , and most of the remaining, around 21,000, were openly expelled by the state in 1956. Algerian Jews had French citizenship since 1870 , which is why most of them moved to France as a result of the Algerian War . As a result of the Oujda and Jerada pogroms , Moroccan Jews began to leave their country in 1948; however, most of the community did not flee to France, Canada and Israel until the 1960s. Tunisian Jews left Tunisia between 1948 and 1973, but most between 1956 and 1966. Many established themselves in France, some in Israel and Canada. Jews from North Africa who emigrated to France automatically enjoyed French citizenship.

Jewish population of Arab Muslim countries and territories:
1948, 1972 and 2000 to date
Country or territory Jewish
population in
1948 		Jewish
population in
1972 		Jewish
population
2000 to date
Morocco 250,000-265,000 31,000 2,500–2,700 (2006)
Algeria 140,000 1,000 <50
Tunisia 50,000-105,000 8,000 900–1,000 (2008)
Libya 35,000-38,000 50 0
Maghreb as a whole 475,000-548,000 40,050 3,400-3,700
Iraq 135,000-140,000 500 5
Egypt 75,000-80,000 500 100
Yemen and Aden 53,000-63,000 500 <50
Syria 15,000-30,000 4,000 100 (2006)
Lebanon 5,000-20,000 2,000 20-40
Bahrain 550-600 50
Sudan 350 ≈0
Total Arab countries
(including Maghreb) 		758.350-881.350 <4,000

The Lebanon was the only Arab country which experienced its Jewish population by 1948, a temporary increase, which was due to the influx of refugees from other Arab countries. However, Lebanon's Jewish community also shrank due to hostilities in Lebanon's civil war .

Expulsion from other Muslim countries

Among the non-Arab Muslim countries, the wave of refugees from Iranian Jews peaked after the Islamic Revolution in 1979, when over 80% of the Jews in Iran fled to the United States and Israel in the course of the war with Iraq . Turkish Jews emigrated mainly for economic reasons and Zionist aspirations, however increasing terrorist attacks against Jews in the 1990s caused security concerns, with the result that many Jews emigrated to Israel again.

Jewish population of non-Arab Muslim countries and territories:
1948, 1972, 2000, and 2008
Country or territory Jewish
population in
1948 		Jewish
population in
1971 		Jewish
population
2008
Afghanistan 5,000 500 1 ( Zebulon Simentov )
Bangladesh unknown 175 to 3,500
Iran 140,000-150,000 80,000 10,800
Pakistan 2,000-2,500 250 small community in Karachi , about 200.
Turkey 80,000 30,000 17,800
total 202,000-282,500 110,750 32,100

Recorded in Israel

After arriving in Israel, numerous Jews from Arab and Islamic countries were resettled in reception camps ( Ma'abarot ) and development cities.

The evictions are sometimes referred to as the Jewish Nakba with a political catchphrase . Ben-Dror Yemini, an Israeli journalist of Yemeni descent , Egyptian-born writer and peace researcher Ada Aharoni, and former Canadian Justice Minister Irwin Cotler use the term Jewish nakba, or double nakba . This draws attention to parallels between the expulsion of Jews from Arab countries and the flight and expulsion of the approximately 700,000 Arab Palestinians when the State of Israel was founded, which the Palestinians commemorate annually on Nakba Day.

Commemoration

On June 23, 2014, the Israeli parliament passed a law setting November 30 as the annual nationwide commemoration day for the expulsion of Jews from Arab countries and Iran in the 20th century.

UN resolutions on Jewish and Palestinian refugees

Since 1947 over 1,000 UN resolutions on the Arab-Israeli conflict have been passed. More than 170 of them deal with the fate of the 750,000 Palestinian refugees and their descendants. Not a single one deals with the fate of the million Jewish refugees from Arab countries and Iran and their descendants.

The political scientist Stephan Grigat sees this as an "anti-Israeli action by the United Nations"

Movies

  • I Miss The Sun (1984), USA, produced and directed by Mary Hilawani.
  • The Dhimmis: To Be a Jew in Arab Lands (1987), director Baruch Gitlis and David Goldstein as producer.
  • The Forgotten Refugees (2005) is a documentary from The David Project .
  • The Silent Exodus (2004) by Pierre Rehov.
  • The Last Jews of Libya (2007).
  • The Farhud (2008) is a documentary by Itzhak Halutzi.

See also

literature

  • Georges Bensoussan: The Jews of the Arab World. The forbidden question. Hentrich & Hentrich, Leipzig 2019, ISBN 978-3-95565-327-9 .
  • Nathan Weinstock: The broken thread. How the Arab world lost its Jews. 1947-1967 . Verlag ça ira, Freiburg 2019, ISBN 978-3-86259-111-4 .

proof

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Warren Hoge: Group seeks justice for 'forgotten' Jews. In: The New York Times . November 5, 2007, accessed December 3, 2012 .
  2. ↑ The resolution of the United Nations to establish the State of Israel and the reaction of the Arab states to Zionismus.info from haGalil e. V.
  3. ↑ Shindler, Colin. A history of modern Israel. Cambridge University Press 2008. Pages 63-64.
  4. ↑ Adi Schwartz: All I Wanted was Justice. In: Haaretz . January 4, 2001, accessed January 20, 2015 .
  5. ^ Malka Hillel Shulewitz, The Forgotten Millions: The Modern Jewish Exodus from Arab Lands , Continuum 2001, pp. 139 and 155.
  6. ^ A b Ada Aharoni “The Forced Migration of Jews from Arab Countries” ( Memento February 13, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), Historical Society of Jews from Egypt website. Retrieved February 1, 2009.
  7. ↑ Middle East: Why Jews fled the Arab Countries by Ya'akov Meron
  8. ↑ The Palestinian Refugee Issue: Rhetoric vs. Reality by Sidney Zabludoff
  9. ^ Malka Hillel Shulewitz, The Forgotten Millions: The Modern Jewish Exodus from Arab Lands , Continuum 2001, pp. 52, 71, 87, 92, 100, 110, 113-114, 116, 135, 139.
  10. ↑ Rayyum al-Schawaf, Iraqi Jews: A story of mass exodus , Democratiya 7 2006.
  11. ^ A history of modern Palestine: one land, two peoples, by Ilan Pappé, 2004, p. 176 in the Google book search
  12. ↑ Racheline Barda. The modern Exodus of the Jews of Egypt . ( MS Word ; 351 kB) "The 1948 War triggered their first exodus, forced or otherwise. In fact, the Jewish Agency records showed that 20,000 Jews, a sizable 25% of the total Jewish population of about 75,000 to 85,000, left during 1949–1950 of whom 14,299 settled in Israel. "
  13. ↑ The Sephardim of Sydney: coping with political processes and social pressures by Naomi Gale, p. 34 in the Google book search
  14. ↑ a b c d e f g h Stearns, 2001, p. 966.
  15. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Aryeh L. Avneri: The claim of dispossession: Jewish land-settlement and the Arabs, 1878-1948 . Yad Tabenkin Institute, 1984, ISBN 0-87855-964-7 , pp. 276 ( here in the Google book search).
  16. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Leon Shapiro, World Jewish Population, 1972 Estimates. American Jewish Year Book vol. 73 (1973), pp. 522-529.
  17. ↑ a b Sergio Della Pergola, World Jewish population , 2012, p. 62
  18. ^ Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved February 29, 2020 .
  19. ^ New York Times, Keep the Iraqi Jews' Legacy Safe - in America, November 2013
  20. ↑ https://www.juedische-allgemeine.de/juedische-welt/trauer-um-eine-der-letzt-juedinnen-aegyptens/
  21. ^ Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved February 29, 2020 .
  22. ↑ a b c Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved November 13, 2014 .
  23. ^ Jews of Lebanon. Retrieved January 16, 2015 .
  24. ^ The Jews of Lebanon: Another Perspective .
  25. ^ Beirut's last Jews - Israel Jewish Scene . Ynetnews
  26. ^ The Virtual Jewish History Tour - Bahrain. Retrieved January 16, 2015 .
  27. ^ Bahrain Names Jewish Ambassador. BBC News, May 29, 2008, accessed May 29, 2008 .
  28. ^ M. Cohen: Know your people, Survey of the world Jewish population. 1962.
  29. ^ Parfitt, Tudor. (2000) p. 91.
  30. ↑ 'Only one Jew' now in Afghanistan. In: BBC News. January 25, 2001, accessed January 5, 2010 .
  31. ↑ a b Americanchronicle.com ( Memento from September 23, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  32. ↑ Iranian Jews in US recall their own difficult exodus as they cling to heritage, building new communities. Retrieved December 28, 2012 .
  33. ^ Jews and Judaism in Pakistan ( Memento from December 27, 2012 in the web archive archive.today )
  34. ^ World Jewish Population. (PDF; 105 kB) Accessed December 28, 2012 .
  35. ↑ Ben Dror Yemini: The Jewish Nakba: Expulsions, Massacres and Forced Conversions. In: Maariv. March 16, 2009, Retrieved June 23, 2009 (Hebrew). German version (PDF).
  36. ↑ Newsletter of the Embassy of the State of Israel of November 27, 2014
  37. ↑ Stephan Grigat , The forgotten suffering of the Arab Jews , NZZ, May 15, 2019. Retrieved on August 29, 2019.
  38. ↑ The expulsion nobody talks about - The “Naqba” of the Jews , Audiaturonline, August 7, 2017. Accessed August 30, 2019.
  39. ↑ Alex Feuerherdt , Florian Markl: "United Nations against Israel". Hentrich and Hentrich, Berlin 2018, ISBN 3-95565-249-1 .
  40. ↑ Stephan Grigat: The forgotten suffering of the Arab Jews. In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung. May 15, 2019. Retrieved October 19, 2019 .