Autonomous parking

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Demonstration of autonomous parking

Autonomous parking is a maneuver that moves a vehicle independently from a lane into a parking space and thereby performs either parallel, vertical or angled parking .

An automatic parking system aims to increase the comfort and safety when driving in tight spaces where a lot of attention and experience is required to drive the vehicle. The parking maneuver is achieved through a coordinated control of the steering angle and the driving speed, which takes into account the situation of the surroundings, in order to guarantee a collision-free movement within the available space.

One of the first assistance systems for parking cars was manual. It used four wheeled jacks to raise the car and then move it sideways into the available parking space. This mechanical system was proposed in 1934 but was never offered for a production model .

development

One of the world's first experimental prototypes of automatic parallel parking was developed at INRIA for an electric car from Ligier in the mid-1990s . The underlying technology was adopted by major automobile manufacturers who now offer an automatic parking option in their vehicles.

The algorithm of automatic parallel parking locates a sufficient parking space on the roadside, reaches a favorable starting position for the car in front of the parking lot and carries out a parallel parking maneuver. Automatic maneuvering involves locating an available space for the car to move within the parking lot, placing the car in a suitable location at the far end of the parking lot, and performing a maneuver to pull out of the parking lot onto the lane.

The key concept of automatic parking is to plan and parameterize the basic control profiles of steering angle and speed in order to achieve the desired shape of the vehicle path within the available space. The parking maneuver is carried out as a sequence of controlled movements using sensor data from the car servo systems and range measurements over the surroundings. The steering and speed controls are calculated and executed in real time. The approach leads to different path shapes that are required for the implementation of the parking maneuver.

In 1992, in its concept vehicle Futura from the IRVW (Integrated Research Volkswagen) , Volkswagen proposed an automatic parking technology with four-wheel steering , in which the vehicle can move sideways for parallel parking. However, a commercial version of this technology was never offered. The idea of ​​four-wheel steering was taken up again in an electric vehicle ROboMObil from the German Aerospace Center . The vehicle stops in front of an empty parking space and realigns its four wheels in the vertical direction (leaves rubber tracks on the road surface) in order to prepare for the subsequent sideways movement.

In 2004 a group of students from Linköping University worked with Volvo to develop the Evolve project . The Evolve vehicle can automatically perform parallel parking by using sensors and a computer to control the steering, acceleration and braking of the Volvo S60 .

An automated parking system uses several methods to detect objects around the vehicle. Sensors installed on the front and rear bumpers can act as both transmitters and receivers. These sensors send out a signal that is reflected when it hits an obstacle near the vehicle. The vehicle then uses the flight time to determine the position of the obstacle. Other systems use cameras, e.g. B. Omniview technology, or radar devices to detect obstacles and measure the size of the parking space and the distance to the roadside.

It has been shown that an automatic parking system improves comfort and safety by reducing the stress that people experience during manual steering maneuvers for parallel parking and parking garage parking processes.

Commercial systems

In 2003 Toyota began selling its Japanese hybrid vehicle Prius with automatic parallel parking function, which was offered as an option under the name "Intelligent Parking Assistant". In 2006 Lexus added a self-parking system to the redesigned Lexus LS sedan; it parks both parallel and at an angle. In 2009 Ford introduced its "Active Park Assist", which began with the Lincoln models and made parallel parking possible. In 2010, BMW introduced a system called “Park Assistant” in the revised 5 Series, which enables parallel parking.

By 2012, several automobile manufacturers had developed automatic parking systems. Ford and Lincoln offered active parking aids for Ford Focus , Fusion , Escape , Explorer as well as Flex and Lincoln MKS and MKT . Toyota and Lexus had an advanced parking assistant in the Toyota Prius V Five and Lexus LS460 and LS460 L. The all-new sixth generation BMW 3- series used a system called "parking assistant". Audi had a parking aid system in the Audi A6 . Mercedes-Benz also offered "Parktronic" for the C-Class , the CLS-Class Coupé, the M-Class SUV, the E-Class, the S-Class, the GL350, the GL450 SUV (standard on the GL550) and the R -Class at different prices.

Jeep introduced an automatic parallel and right angle parking system called ParkSense in its 2014 Cherokee . Chrysler unveiled an all new 2015-200 sedan and offered ParkSense as part of a SafetyTec package.

The BMW i3's parking assistant can be activated via a smartwatch .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Paromtchik, Igor; Laugier, Christian: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. Minneapolis, MN, USA. April 1996, p. 3117-3122 .
  2. ↑ Four Wheels On Jack's Park Car . In: Popular Science . Number 3, Volume 125. Popular Science Publishing, New York September 1934, pp. 58 ( google.com ).
  3. ↑ Patromtchik Igor: Autonomous Parallel Parking of a Nonholonomic Vehicle. Proceedings of the IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium. In: PDF. Pp. 13–18 , accessed on July 1, 2020 (English).
  4. ↑ Automatic Parallel Parking and Returning to Traffic. In: YouTube. November 7, 2006, accessed July 1, 2020 .
  5. ^ Fashion of Cyber ​​Class. In: YouTube. November 20, 2006, accessed July 1, 2020 .
  6. ↑ Volkswagen Futura. In: YouTube. November 23, 2014, accessed July 1, 2020 .
  7. ↑ YouTube. March 23, 2018, accessed July 1, 2020 .
  8. ^ Evolve project 2004. In: YouTube. January 24, 2013, accessed July 1, 2020 .
  9. ↑ How Self-parking Cars Work. August 17, 2006, accessed July 1, 2020 .
  10. ↑ MIT researchers test automatic parallel parking. Retrieved July 1, 2020 .
  11. ↑ MIT researchers test automatic parallel parking. Retrieved July 1, 2020 .
  12. ^ Ford's Self Parking System. Retrieved July 1, 2020 .
  13. ↑ Bengt Halvorson Senior Editor: BMW Debuts New Parking Assistant In 2011 5-Series. Retrieved July 1, 2020 .
  14. ↑ 2012 Family Cars with Self Parking Technology. Retrieved July 1, 2020 .
  15. ↑ 2014 Cherokee Park Assist. In: YouTube. Retrieved July 1, 2020 .
  16. ^ Chrysler Active Park Assistant Demo. In: YouTube. November 6, 2014, accessed July 1, 2020 .
  17. ^ The BMW i3 that drives and parks itself at the touch of a smartwatch. In: Driving.co.uk from The Sunday Times. December 17, 2014, accessed July 1, 2020 (UK English).