Bartolome Flores

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bartolomé Flores (actually Bartholomé ; * 1506 in Nuremberg ; † 1585 in Talagante , Chile ), who came from a Nuremberg family named Blum , Blümlein or Blümel and later Hispanicized his name, was a German trader in the early transatlantic trade, adventurer and conquistador in Spanish services and is considered to be the first immigrant of German origin in Chile .

He learned the trade of a carpenter and worked as a trader. In 1526 he ran a trading post in Santo Domingo on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola on behalf of Lazarus Nürnberger and then went to Nicaragua . In 1537 he came to Peru to support Francisco Pizarro and then took part in the disastrously failed conquista in Gran Chaco in what is now Bolivia. In 1540 he joined Pedro de Valdivia on his expedition to Chile. Soon after the founding of Santiago in 1541, he was appointed city procurator. As an honored conquistador, he received several encomiendas , with which Pedro de Valdivia Indios assigned him to work as forced laborers and land to cultivate. He lived with Elvira, the daughter of an important cacique and former Inca governor of Talagante , an Inca settlement near Santiago, and acquired their lands. Their daughter married the Águeda from Worms originating Captain Pedro Lisperguer and founded the encomendero family Lisperguer. Flores worked in agriculture and viticulture in the area of ​​Santiago near Viña del Mar , on his estates near Talagante and in Putagán in the Maule area . He ran a flour mill in Santiago, was the builder of the new capital's church, which was completed in 1557, and was one of the wealthy men of Santiago. Flores wrote his will on November 11, 1585 and died soon after.

Life

origin

According to his own statements, Bartholomäus was born in the Free Imperial City of Nuremberg in 1506 as the son of a "Juan Flores" ( Hans Blum or Blümlein , also called "Blumenthal" in older literature) and an "Agueda Juberi" or "Jubert" (probably Agatha, as Last name is also called Wel (t) zer ) born. He stated this in 1565 when he stated that he was 59 years old, or in 1585 in his will. On another occasion, however, he also stated that he was born in 1511. Numerous variations of its name are known. The first name was originally Bartholomäus or Barthel. In addition to “Blumenthal”, the reconstruction of “Flowers” ​​(literal back translation from Flores ), as well as the variants Plum, Plümlein or Plümel (these surnames can be traced in Nuremberg) can be found as last names. He called himself "Bartolomé Flores" in Spanish according to the custom of the time .

Dealers in the Caribbean

Bartholomew had learned the trade of carpenter. In 1525, Lazarus Nürnberger and Jakob Cromberger were the first Germans to receive a trading license from the emperor for transatlantic trade in Seville and America. Nürnberger sent Bartholomäus as a factor (managing director) to Santo Domingo on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola . He arrived there towards the end of 1526 and, alongside Diego de Mendieta and Juan Francisco, was the third factor in the Nürnberger / Cromberger society. In the Caribbean he mainly traded in pearls, precious stones, sugar, gold and with "white, yellow and black slaves". In 1527 he bought a mirror set with pearls and an emerald, which was exported to Europe. The emerald turned out to be fake and Bartholomew was involved in a lawsuit with the other traders involved. Also in 1527 he sold Nuremberg's ship La Librera , probably to Ambrosius Ehinger .

Around 1530 he went to the mainland and probably received his own trade patent for Central America in 1531. He then stayed in Seville for two years, then returned to Santo Domingo and finally came to Nicaragua , from where he left for Peru with other conquistadors . Around this time he Hispanicized his name and called himself Bartolomé Flores from then on .

Conquest in Peru and Bolivia

In 1537 Bartolomé Flores was in Peru. He stayed in the area where Diego de Fuenmayor landed with 400 soldiers from the Caribbean in support of Governor Francisco Pizarro . It was probably on this occasion that he met the conquistador Pedro de Valdivia , the future governor of Chile. Five years earlier, Francisco Pizarro had brought the center of the Inca Empire in Peru under his control. Now the Inca had organized an uprising and were fighting the Spanish occupiers quite successfully. In the Nazca Valley , Flores joined Pizarro's troops and moved with them to Cusco . The Incas uprising had meanwhile collapsed, and in April 1538 a long civil war between the Spanish conquistadors began with the battle of Las Salinas between the Pizarro brothers and the conquistador Diego de Almagro, who had returned from Chile . In the same year Bartolomé Flores joined an expedition led by Pedro de Candía and Diego de Rojas to the Gran Chaco . It also took Francisco de Villagra and Rodrigo de Quiroga part, both future governors of Chile. The expedition led to the discovery of the Tarija Valley and the Chiriguanos people and ended in disaster.

Conquista in Chile

Map of the Valdivias expedition. Flores was one of the conquistadors who met Valdivia during the two-month stopover in Tarapacá before crossing the Atacama Desert .

Pedro de Valdivia had received a license to be the conquista of Chile from Francisco Pizarro and from January 1540 he was traveling south with a small train from Cuzco. The hapless expeditionaries in Gran Chaco found out about this, and about 110 of them, including Flores, joined Valdivia in March in Tarapacá . This increased the number of soldiers in the Chile Expeditionary Corps to around 170. Flores is said to have lent Valdivia 12,000 gold pesos (1 gold peso corresponds to about 1/100 pound of fine gold), 30 yanaconas (Inca servants / slaves), two slaves and valuable horses and immediately received an office. Because he could write, he became the administrator of the deceased who left no wills.

On February 12, 1541, Santiago del Nuevo Extremo , today's capital of Chile, was founded. Pedro de Valdivia had asked the Picunche natives to submit to him - if not voluntarily, then by force. He asked the Kaziken Huelén-Huara to clear the area at the foot of the Huelén hill with his people and to move to the Inca settlement Talagante, about 40 km southwest on the Río Maipo , because he wanted to found the city at the foot of the hill. Flores was the only one of Valdivia's captains who did not attend the founding ceremony because he had not returned from a ride with a group of soldiers the day before. Bartolomé Flores was first mentioned in the minutes of the Cabildo , the colonial city government of Santiago, on June 10, 1541. On August 11, 1541, he was appointed city procurator, a kind of city treasurer, by the Cabildo as the successor to the executed Antonio de Pastrana .

On January 12, 1544, Flores was among the first 60 conquistadors who were assigned an encomienda by Pedro de Valdivia . This meant that he was assigned a certain area with a fixed number of Indians who had to work for him. Because more land was usually distributed on this occasion than was actually available, there were soon disputes among the conquistadors and on July 6, 1546, Flores presented the Cabildo with a proposal to revise the allocations. Valdiva then reduced the number of encomenderos to 32 on July 25, 1546, with Flores remaining one of the beneficiaries.

Flores' encomienda was located in one of the most desirable areas north of the city on the Santa Lucía hill . The land that belonged to the cacique Pualpilla was considered particularly attractive and easy to cultivate because it was located on an irrigation canal that the Incas had already built. Flores later enlarged its lands through acquisitions from other conquistadors in Quilicura (1555) and Tobalaba. He ran viticulture, raised livestock (horses, pigs) and grew crops (wheat, barley, maize, beans).

On August 29, 1548, Flores received a license from the Cabildo to build a water-powered flour mill, which he built on the northeast side of the Santa Lucía hill .

On January 2, 1549, Flores gave up his office as procurator to Pedro de Miranda and was appointed by the Cabildo to the church mayor of Santiago.

On August 1, 1549, Pedro de Valdivia assigned him further encomiendas in Talagante and Putagán near Linares in the Maule region . For the residents of these areas, this meant, in addition to the regular forced labor, that Flores claimed the best locations for itself and the Indians were forcibly relocated to inferior land away from their traditional quarters. That was the standard practice in colonizing South America.

A little later he made a trip to Lima . In Talagante he had six Indian overseers tend his vineyards. In 1553 he was back in Santiago.

From 1550 Flores began to build wagons, which was promoted by the city government by building bridges in Santiago.

In 1552 Flores was commissioned with Antonio Bobadilla, Sebastián de Segovia and Francisco de Gálvez to rebuild the church of Santiago for 9,000 gold pesos. On March 31, 1556, the Cabildo told him to finally finish the church before winter would fall. He was threatened that if he did not employ enough carpenters, city officials could take matters into their own hands and hire more workers at his expense. Completion took until 1557.

Since 1547 he was "married" to a chief's daughter called Elvira, the only daughter of a cacique whom the Spaniards called Don Bartolomé de Talagante and who had been an important governor of the Incas. Elvira administered the property of her family in Aculeo south of Talagante and is considered one of only two known female caciques in Chile. She remained the formal owner of the land under Pedro de Valdivia. As a "husband", Bartolomé Flores gained considerable authority on his encomienda and added that of his wife to his estate. He treated his "father-in-law" generously and gave him land and several servants. Bartolomé and Elvira had a daughter, Águeda Flores (* 1541, † 1632), who later married the conquistador Pedro Lisperguer (Peter Lisperger) from Worms , who was mayor of Santiago at that time. One of the granddaughters of this couple is the encomienda owner Catalina de los Ríos y Lisperguer , known as "La Quintrala", who is said to have murdered or had more than 40 people murdered and who remained in consciousness centuries later as a notorious horror figure because of her sadistic torture practices. Bartolomé Flores is said to have had a second daughter named Barbola or Bartola, whom he allegedly poisoned himself, and a son named Bartolomé. These two children were born in Peru.

In March 1554 the Hospital del Socorro was founded, for which Flores donated 160 gold pesos.

In 1563 Pedro de Villagra, the successor to Pedro de Valdivias, granted Flores ownership of the Mallarauco Valley north of Talagante. The area was owned by the Talagante Indians, who were under Flores' encomienda, and he had established an estancia there .

In 1567 he donated his flour mill on the Santa Lucía hill to the San Juan de Dios Hospital.

His extensive possessions also included the Estancia Arbol Copado , on whose territory the Viña del Mar settlement was built, which grew into a city from 1855 onwards. This estancia was also known as Las Siete Hermanas ("The Seven Sisters") because of the seven hills that bordered it.

On November 11, 1585, Bartolomé Flores drew up his will, with which he recognized his illegitimate daughter Águeda and established him as his sole heir. Soon afterwards he died in Talagante . Bartolomé Flores was considered one of the richest residents of Santiago.

swell

  • Diego Barros Arana: Historia general de Chile . Editorial Universitaria, Santiago de Chile 2000 ( memoriachilena.cl ).
  • Luis de Cartagena: Actas del Cabildo de Santiago de 1541 a 1557. in Colección de historiadores de Chile y de documentos relativos a la historia nacional . tape 1 . Imprenta del Ferrocarril, Santiago de Chile 1861 ( memoriachilena.cl ).
  • Jaime Eyzaguirre: Ventura de Pedro de Valdivia . Ercilla, Santiago de Chile 1942 ( memoriachilena.cl ).
  • Hermann Kellenbenz , Rolf Walter: Upper German merchants in Seville and Cadiz (1525–1560): An edition of notarial files from the archives there . Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-515-07740-5 ( limited preview in the Google book search).
  • José Toribio Medina : Diccionario biográfico colonial de Chile . Imprenta Elziviriana, Santiago de Chile 1906 ( memoriachilena.cl ).
  • Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna: Los Lisperguer y la Quintrala: (Doña Catalina de los Ríos): episodio histórico-social con numerosos documentos inéditos . Imprenta del Mercurio, Valparaiso 1877 ( memoriachilena.cl ).
  • Gerd Wunder : Bartolomé Flores, an early American driver from Nuremberg. In: Mitteilungen des Verein für Geschichte der Stadt Nürnberg, Vol. 48 (1958), pp. 115–124 ( digitized version ).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Gerd Wunder : Bartolomé Flores, an early American driver from Nuremberg , p. 115.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k José Toribio Medina : Diccionario biográfico colonial de Chile , p. 311 f.
  3. ↑ a b c Benjamin Vicuña Mackenna: Los Lisperguer y la Quintrala. Pp. 22, 224 f.
  4. ↑ a b c d Kellenbenz and Walter: Upper German merchants in Seville and Cadiz (1525–1560). 2001, p. 21.
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna: Los Lisperguer y la Quintrala. Pp. 19-25.
  6. ↑ a b Kellenbenz and Walter: Upper German merchants in Seville and Cadiz (1525–1560). 2001, p. 19.
  7. ↑ a b Kellenbenz and Walter: Upper German merchants in Seville and Cadiz (1525–1560). 2001, p. 25.
  8. ↑ a b Kellenbenz and Walter: Upper German merchants in Seville and Cadiz (1525–1560). 2001, p. 23.
  9. ↑ Jaime Eyzaguirre, 1942, pp. 54, 62.
  10. ↑ Pedro Mariño de Lobera: Crónica del reino de Chile. In: Colección de historiadores de Chile y de documentos relativos a la historia nacional . tape 6 . Imprenta del Ferrocarril, Santiago de Chile 1865, p. 38 ( memoriachilena.cl ).
  11. ^ Heinz Stoob , Friedrich Bernward Fahlbusch , Helmut Jäger, Bernd-Ulrich Hergemöller, Franz Petri, Heinz Quirin: Civitatum Communitas: Studies on European Urbanism: Festschrift Heinz Stoob on the 65th birthday . Böhlau, 1984, ISBN 3-412-05884-X , p. 597 .
  12. ↑ Jaime Eyzaguirre: 1942, p. 80
  13. ^ Weldon Vernon, Ida Stevenson: Pedro de Valdivia, Conquistador of Chile: Conquistador of Chile . Greenwood Press, 1969, pp. 77 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  14. ↑ Luis de Cartagena: 1861, p. 80
  15. ^ Diego Barros Arana: Historia General de Chile. Volume 1, p. 101.
  16. ↑ Jaime Eyzaguirre: 1942, p. 123.
  17. ^ Diego Barros Arana: Historia General de Chile. Volume 1, p. 220.
  18. ↑ Juan Guillermo Muñoz Correa: La viña de Quilicura en el reino de Chile, 1545-1744 . tape 2 , no. 20 . Revista Universum, 2005, ISSN  0718-2376 , p. 34-41 ( scielo.cl ).
  19. ↑ a b Loveman, Brian: Chile: The Legacy of Hispanic Capitalism . Oxford University Press US, 2001, ISBN 0-19-512020-5 , pp. 84 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  20. ↑ Luis de Cartagena: 1861, p. 151.
  21. ^ Piwonka Figueroa, Gonzalo: Las aguas de Santiago de Chile, 1541-1999 . Editorial Universitaria, Santiago de Chile 1999, ISBN 956-244-102-4 , p. 80 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  22. ^ Claudio Gay: Historia de Chile . 1: 1844-1854. 8 v. En casa del autor / Museo de Historia Natural de Santiago, S. 200 ( memoriachilena.cl ).
  23. ↑ Luis de Cartagena: 1861, p. 164 f.
  24. ↑ Imelda Cano Roldán: La mujer en el Reyno de Chile . Municipalidad de Santiago, 1981, pp. 426 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  25. ^ Borde Jean, Gongora Mario: Evolución de la propiedad rural en el Valle de Puangue. Universitaria, Santiago de Chile 1956, p. 32 ( memoriachilena.cl ).
  26. ^ Cortés Olivares, Hernán F .: El origen, producción y comercio del pisco chileno, 1546-1931 . tape 2 , no. 20 . Revista Universum, 2005, ISSN  0718-2376 , p. 42-81 ( scielo.cl ).
  27. ^ Lacoste, Pablo: Carretas y transporte terrestre bioceánico: la ruta Buenos Aires-Mendoza en el siglo XVIII . No. 1 . Estudios Ibero-Americanos. PUCRSBdnd = Volume XXXI, June 2005, p. 7–34 , here p. 10 ( revistaseletronicas.pucrs.br ).
  28. ↑ Benavides Rodríguez, Alfredo: La arquitectura en el Virreinato del Perú y en la Capitanía General de Chile . Editorial Andrés Bello, 1961, p. 124 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  29. ↑ Luis de Cartagena: 1861, p. 515.
  30. ↑ Benavides Rodríguez, Alfredo: La arquitectura en el Virreinato del Perú y en la Capitanía General de Chile . Editorial Andrés Bello, 1961, p. 125 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
  31. ↑ Vega, Carlos B .: Conquistadoras: Mujeres heroicas de la conquista de America . McFarland, 2003, ISBN 0-7864-1601-7 , pp. 20 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  32. ↑ a b Luis Aguirre Echiburu: Españoles chilenos: Historia, cultura, instituciones, actualidad, personalidades . Sasilla, Valparaíso 1959, p. 35 ( limited preview in Google Book Search - excerpts).
  33. ↑ José Toribio Medina: Diccionario biográfico colonial de Chile , p. 463.
  34. ^ A b Charles Ralph Boxer: Women in Iberian Expansion Overseas, 1415-1815: Some Facts, Fancies and Personalities. Oxford University Press, New York 1975, ISBN 0-19-519817-4 , pp. 45-47 in Google Book Search.
  35. ↑ Imelda Cano Roldán: La mujer en el Reyno de Chile . Municipalidad de Santiago, 1981, pp. 248 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  36. ↑ Nelson A. Vargas Catalán: Historia de la Pediatría Chilena: Crónica de un alegría . Editorial Universitaria, Santiago de Chile 2002, ISBN 956-11-1611-1 , p. 212 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  37. ^ Jean Borde, Mario Gongora: Evolución de la propiedad rural en el Valle de Puangue . tape 2 . Universitaria, Santiago de Chile 1956, p. 43 ( memoriachilena.cl ).
  38. ↑ Benjamin Vicuña Mackenna: De Valparaíso a Santiago: datos, impresiones, noticias, episodios de viaje . Imprenta de la Librería del Mercurio, Santiago de Chile 1877, p. 48 ( memoriachilena.cl ).
  39. ↑ Luis Aguirre Echiburu: Españoles chilenos: Historia, cultura, instituciones, actualidad, personalidades. Sasilla, Valparaíso 1959, p. 63.
  40. ^ Diego Barros Arana: Historia General de Chile. Volume 3, p. 297.

Web links

personal data
SURNAME Flores, Bartolome
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Blümlein, Bartholomäus; Blümlein, Barthel; Blum, Bartholomäus; Blumenthal, Bartolome
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German colonizer in Chile
DATE OF BIRTH 1506
PLACE OF BIRTH Nuremberg
DATE OF DEATH 1585
Place of death Talagante , Chile