Block 104 (Berlin)
The block 104 designates a municipal building complex in Berlin, in Kreuzberg (SO 36) , which originally consisted of old buildings for residential and commercial purposes. From 1977 to May 1981 , two-thirds of block 104 was demolished as part of the renovation work and should be completely rebuilt. This planning was ultimately prevented by the residents of the surrounding blocks in connection with the tactical skill of the "IBA-Altbau" in 1983 and was blocked from 1980 by the occupied house at Oranienstrasse 198 on Heinrichplatz .
The block 104 then stood with the neighboring block 103 in the focus of the careful urban renewal in Berlin and marks the end of the area renovation.
The alternative concept of greening the open spaces created by the demolition was implemented from 1990. The park is located on Skalitzer Straße near the U-Bahn station Görlitzer Bahnhof .
location
Block 104 is bounded by the intersection of Skalitzer Strasse and Mariannenstrasse to the north to the intersection with Oranienstrasse at Heinrichplatz . Oranienstrasse and Skalitzer Strasse form an acute angle to the east of the Görlitzer Bahnhof subway station, which is known as the "Blockspitze".
The old districts of Berlin are traditionally divided into blocks in their floor plans. During the founding years , the newly emerging or expanded city districts were planned, numbered and built in these block structures. The numbering was not carried out according to plan in the area, but according to the order of the development. Since they were built almost simultaneously, block 103 connects to the north of Oranienstrasse between Mariannenstrasse, Manteuffelstrasse and Naunynstrasse.
History of block 104
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Original location
The area in the southeast of Berlin, directly outside the city walls, was irregularly built up to the level of today's Moritzplatz around 1750 and was called "Cöpenicker Vorstadt". The adjoining "Cöpenicker Feld" stretched from the still walled city center north along the Spree ( Köpenicker Straße ) to the Schlesisches Tor and was bordered to the south by the excise wall ("Zollmauer"), which extends from there along the route of today's Elevated railway U 1 moved to Hallesches Tor . The area was later named Luisenstadt and was smaller than today's Kreuzberg SO 36, but part of today's eastern Kreuzberg 61 was also included. After the planning for the Cöpenicker Feld had not made progress for a long time, the 'Schmid Plan' from 1825 also determined streets for the first time and the triangle of the later block 104 can be seen here.
City expansion in the south of Berlin
As early as 1812, Interior Minister Sack issued an order to Police President LeCoq to draw up a development plan for the Köpenicker Feld. Obviously, however, nothing happened for the time being.
"The occupation with this urban expansion to the south up to the Excise and the Landwehrgraben goes back to the year 1820, when one began to provide for urban expansion for the rapidly growing population."
"The resistance to the development was considerable, because this area [...] represented the largest agricultural area belonging to the city."
An initial plan by August Ferdinand Mandel was revised two years later by Johann Carl Schmid (1825) on behalf of the (Prussian) Trade Minister von Bülow and and in 1826 by the Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm III. adopted. For reasons of cost (compensation), the plan was based on existing field boundaries, but the decisive prerequisite was the “separation of the fields from the old agricultural system. This process lasted from 1820 until after 1845, as the landowners did not yet know how to assess the economic potential of their land as building land and therefore registered resistance. "
The king as a planner
Meanwhile, Crown Prince Friedrich Wilhelm intervened with a completely different approach, "by providing for a spacious garden city with villas and decorative areas, boulevards, watercourses, recreational areas for the population and large intact agricultural areas."
After he took office as Friedrich Wilhelm IV in 1840 , the royal new planner commissioned the garden architect Peter Joseph Lenné to further develop his ideas for the "Luisenstadt" to be established here. The new king had surprisingly appointed Lenné to the public as “chief urban planner” of Berlin, succeeding Karl Friedrich Schinkel .
Now, in 1843, Lenné created a differentiated floor plan for the development - as a “villa-like suburb area with a recreational character”.
The police chief as the client
The two generous visionaries - the king and his planner - on the one hand did not consider the requirements of the time, which arose from the mass immigration of the (rural) population in the course of the beginning industrialization , on the other hand not the fact that “the Prussian City order of Baron von Stein [...] had passed Berlin without a trace. Berlin did not enjoy self-government because it was the Hohenzollern residence ; and the residences were excluded from self-government. In all other cities the police were subordinate to the magistrate. In Berlin there was a state police that was superordinate to the magistrate [...] and thus (was) the chief of police in charge of the building. The Berlin police chief [...] quickly drove out the noble character [the new planner] by ordering rear buildings and side wings. [...] The courtyard had to be five and a half meters square, but the houses were allowed to rise over twenty meters high. "
This led to the peculiarity of a lordly floor plan in Luisenstadt with the development of a "police architecture". Commentary by Walter Kiaulehn : “For the people of the new cosmopolitan city, only the master masons built. They carried out the order of the police chief to build the largest tenement city in the world. "
According to the police regulations of 1853, "the construction activity then began rapidly." Another, "much more restrictive building regulation" followed (1887), tightened again in 1897 - with the intention and effect of being able to accommodate more and more people on the same floor area. And “the speculative possibilities in terms of density, land use and number of floors” were used intensively.
In 1861 (corrected in 1865) the Hobrecht Plan finally put the new realities on paper. In 1867 the excise wall was torn down and the area up to the “ Landwehrgraben ” was included - the Görlitz train station, built in 1866, was already there .
“In the late 1980s the edge of the block [of block 104] was built on in a closed manner. [...] Only the Straube plan from 1902-1910 shows the maximum density of the block: with side wings, transverse buildings, sheds, multi-storey factories. "
Block 104 in the 20th century
Presumably due to the intensification of construction by the police regulations from 1877 and the gradually stifled generosity of the original floor plan with boulevards and open spaces ...
“... (move out) between 1874 and 1914 [...] many of the wealthier people move out. [...] There is an indescribable tightness and hustle and bustle, the living conditions are often catastrophic. [...] Many rentals are illegal, but the building police can't get over it. Only the parts of the house around the squares, including the buildings [.. of the] block on Heinrichplatz, are of a more elegant paintwork. "
The area was connected to the water and gas supply until 1890, in 1894 two horse-drawn tram lines ran through Oranienstrasse, and later several tram lines. From 1896 the elevated railway line between Warschauer Brücke and the Berlin Zoologischer Garten station was built - in 1902 the eastern section went into operation.
Lifeworlds
In the memories of the residents - as recorded by Butlar / Endlich -, in addition to the cramped circumstances, there are also "social manageability and intensive neighborhood relationships [...] of the block's inner life, while hectic traffic, a variety of shops, restaurants and bars," finer "front-building apartments and - Facades The cityscape and atmosphere at Heinrichplatz and along the traditional streets that intersect there determine. ”Oranienstrasse is known as the“ Kudamm of Luisenstadt ”. Electrification began in 1928/29 .
The memories are animated by the childhood: "Wild cliques" (mostly boys, but also a few girls), played, raged and fought each other according to block affiliation, later the KPD , SPD and NSDAP fought until finally the Nazis from 1933 on Resistance of their opponents suffocated and the violence was directed towards the Jewish roommates.
The Jewish life was developed in and around the block 104 as everywhere in Berlin, the fates and events were similar - "the Jewish citizens of the block and the neighborhood experienced the postwar not years. They emigrated early or were deported and killed. [...] The removal of building files from this period [...] suggests that [...] interested parties tried to completely eliminate burdensome processes after the war. "
In many aspects it is “a typical block”: it “has created exactly the social and structural mix of living and business, as it is known to this day under the name of“ Kreuzberg Mixture ”."
In conclusion, it can also be stated that the starting position with the floor plan planning as a 'villa district' and the realization as a tenement town led to a peculiar mixture of 'stately spaciousness' and narrowness, which despite all the circumstances from then to now led to a high level of identification with the Residents with their 'neighborhoods' or blocks.
Second World War
The building damage caused by the bombing of Berlin remained relatively low west of the Kottbusser Tor - also because the fighting in the Battle of Berlin , which was accompanied by high use of artillery , concentrated on the Görlitz train station and the surrounding city areas were largely spared. The Soviet troops had quickly crossed the quarter on their way to the center of Berlin.
“With the exception of 195, the buildings along Heinrichsplatz and Oranienstrasse have remained practically intact.” The row on Skalitzer Strasse was damaged, the large corner building on Blockspitze was destroyed and was cleared in 1956, and complicated inheritance relationships prevented new developments.
Post-war planning
Modern planners ( Scharoun Plan, 1946 ) wanted to use the destruction to build a “loosened up city”, “the old center was to be replaced by three ribbon-like urban areas with no different functions.” A mesh-like expressway network was to run through Berlin and a motorway junction the Luisenstadt almost completely destroyed the Oranienplatz - between the Landwehr Canal and the Bethanien (which was granted to continue to exist) only “work areas” were planned. The realities of rubble, housing shortages and city repairs, battered infrastructure and the desolate state of industry overturned this building craze - progress in the inner city quarters was rather leisurely until the end of the 1960s. Werner Orlowsky , later Kreuzberg City Councilor: “They probably didn't take such plans seriously.” The newly emerging construction industry in East and West moved up outside - in the “periphery” - satellite towns . It was only when the infrastructure that had to be built there had too much of an impact on profits did the idea of 'building' on the city's existing transport and supply networks take hold - to tear down the old as completely as possible and replace it with new buildings: Consciousness "- as the IBA wrote in retrospect in 1982 -" that the redevelopment areas are the wrong uses, the wrong houses are and the wrong people live. "
"However, letting, demolition and new construction took much longer than planned in the large, small-scale blocks of the Kottbusser Tor redevelopment area with numerous individual owners [...]."
"Nevertheless, the demolition progressed and the new building complex" Neues Kreuzberger Zentrum "[...], a private, publicly funded speculative object that was created in 1974 under reprehensible conditions, partly with illegal methods, had shown the residents drastically how the new reality in their neighborhood was would look like. Mr. Orlowsky: [...] That was the spark. "
Block 104 was planned for the next stage in the 'clear-cutting program' - it once again presented the future of the “little Kreuzberg” drastically, and the renovation work was finally stopped there.
The 1970 / 80s
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The destruction
From the mid-1970s, block 104 was de-leased, as it was planned to be completely demolished and rebuilt as part of the renovation work. Differences in the quality of the building fabric were not taken into account. The demolitions were carried out between July 1977 and May 1981.
At the end of 1979 only a few tenants lived in the houses on Skalitzer Strasse (110 to 120) - No. 118: “A Turkish family lives on the 5th floor, but the US Army devastated the whole house. […] A homeowner has probably given up (112). But the 114 is still rented and is defending itself. "
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After it was rented out, the US Army's 'quarter', which had already been badly ruined by the destruction of the structural structures and supply lines, was released for house-to-house fighting in the winter of 1979/1980:
“At the end of December, City Councilor Gramatzky announced that there would be no more military exercises by the US Army in Skalitzer Strasse. In mid-January the time had come: a GI raid was raging in the former houses - now ruins. Contrary to all promises of the district office to the population, war was played and practiced. No advance warning, no discreet notice to the residents. "
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At the beginning of 1981 all that was left was the abandoned and ruinous row of houses along Heinrichplatz and Oranienstrasse. The row of houses on Skalitzer Strasse was cleared - only the owner of the house at Skalitzer Strasse 114 had refused to sell it to GSW (Gemeinnützige Siedlungs- und Wohnungsbaugesellschaft Berlin mbH), so this building was still fully inhabited. In retrospect, those involved see that it was too early for effective resistance in the block - “too few young people” - and already too many foreigners as temporary tenants.
House Oranienstrasse 198
The representative house was built in 1861 by a master craftsman with two side wings, a transverse building, stables and shed and, after several changes of ownership, was bought in 1878 by the metal manufacturer Arlt, who built a multi-storey factory in 1882. In the following decades, many other businesses were added to the property. It is unclear when a Ms. Sara Abrahamson bought the building, which was then “taken over” in 1940 by the innkeeper Schünemann, who had been running a pub downstairs since 1928. "In 1954, a document indicated that the house was returned to the legal heirs of the Abrahamson family." In 1958 the factory building was converted into apartments. The next message will then be that the house has been occupied.
occupation
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“The house was occupied on October 10, 1980.” As a result of the evacuation threats by the police, there were still 'escape movements', but “In mid-May [1981] a solid core was formed again”, the contacts to urban development organizations and the TU Berlin (for practical support).
In particular, “going it alone” by the police had promoted consolidation, as no criminal acts could be identified: “7. April 1981: At dawn, two occupied houses are searched: Turm (Leuschner Damm 9) and Oranienstrasse. 198 (Heinrichplatz). The squatters are temporarily arrested, household effects are being demolished. ”The fear of the squatters and the numerous supporters who appeared that an evacuation would take place later did not come true.
The "winter festival" 1981/1982 was "financed by the Senate."
Eviction and camp
But “on June 18, 1983, the police evacuated the house.” The occasion was a demonstration by the Conservative Action on Heinrichsplatz, during which there were clashes with the police. “According to their information, stones flew out of our house. This later turned out to be wrong, but initially resulted in a police search. About 35 of our people were taken out to be checked and held for up to 8 hours. [...] Then we were told that the house had been cleared. "
“The occupiers found shelter in“ 10-person tents from the Senate's holdings ”, which were organized by the St. Thomas Parish on the church grounds on Mariannenplatz. [...] After almost 10 weeks of camp, we were able to return to the house on August 27th, 1983, and were finally given usage contracts from Stattbau. "
The Stattbau GmbH , which was founded after tough negotiations with the Berlin Senate as a redevelopment agency to squats by the new restructuring plan to legalize, should their work in the adjacent block 103 with 12 houses and in June 1983 O 198 record in the block 104th From Stattbau's point of view :
“It was clear to everyone that this evacuation was the signal that the construction concept should be prevented. [...] In Kreuzberg all forces were mobilized to get Oranienstrasse 198 back for the evacuated occupiers and to implement the Stattbau model for Block 103. [...] They [the occupiers] lived in the tents for 10 weeks, 8 of them were allowed to do 8 hours of maintenance work in the house every day under the supervision of a group of architects. The perseverance and good behavior of the Occupation A-Eck people was, as it were, a kind of trial by fire for Stattbau. "
The process was of considerable importance in Berlin city politics and led to a "Senate resolution" in mid-July 1983, which Senators Ulrich Rastemborski and Heinrich Lummer announced : "It is now official: Stattbau is accepted by the Senate as the sponsoring association for Block 103". For the time being, there was no talk of the O 198 .
Shortly afterwards, Senators Rastemborski and Lummer jointly stated at the beginning of August 1983 "that they had no fundamental reservations about transferring the property on Heinrichplatz to the redevelopment agency Stattbau GmbH." After Senator Rastemborski resigned, the new Building Senator Franke signed the contract . This made it clear that the building at Oranienstrasse 198 would also be included in Stattbau's renovation and legalization ' package ' .
Legalization of the "O 198"
"5. September 1983: The building senator signs the redevelopment contract, which employs STATTBAU as redevelopment agency for the twelve former SAMOG houses in block 103 and for one in block 104 (Oranienstrasse 198) and obliges, according to the twelve principles of careful urban renewal and the concepts of the IBA to act. In addition, the contract contains a privatization clause, which states that the land should be left to the user groups for the longest possible use after the renovation and heritable building rights should be granted. "
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“Together with 'Stattbau' and the architecture faculty of the Technical University, supported by STERN and many individuals, the residents developed a new usage concept for large communal apartments and loft conversions [...] on their own. At the initiative of 'Stattbau', most of the residents were employed in a project that was covered by Paragraph 19.1. of the Federal Social Welfare Act ('Help for Work') and ABM funds. The house was transferred to the 'Genossenschaft Luisenstadt eG' in 1986. "
“The residents of the Stattbau houses founded the Luisenstadt eG cooperative in 1986.” On January 1, 1990, the land from Stattbau was transferred to the cooperative on a long lease .
Further development of the block
When it became clear in the early 1980s that the building was standing still due to the resistance of the owner of Skalitzer Straße 114 and that the 'Blockspitze' had to remain vacant due to complicated ownership, the current new building plans were abandoned and the so-called “Integra program” ( Integrated living and working) from 1972 reset. Although this contained a 'structural error' and could not be implemented due to the further development of the legal situation, the IBA also stuck to the program until 1983, which also provided for new buildings along the Skalitzer Straße.
Hardt-Waltherr Hämer , planning director of the IBA later said that they had stuck to it because “the model funds for careful urban renewal were tied to it. The federal government would have angrily withdrawn from Heinrichplatz, it would have refused to pay out the model funds for the other blocks if we had prevented Integra, because it was already angry about our ideas of extensive retention in the other areas. "
In the meantime, however, it has come to bear that the residents of the surrounding blocks (especially from block 103) resisted a new development of '104'. Economic concerns were also raised, as the apartments facing the subway and the general lack of space would have required “all kinds of special facilities”.
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"In a joint meeting in 1983, the district, the Senate , GSW and IBA decided to drop the Integra project."
In the meantime, there was also a park concept under the heading “Block history as a basis for green planning”, which was developed by the landscape architect Hermann Barges together with residents from the block, on behalf of the STERN-Gesellschaft, in cooperation with the Kreuzberg horticultural authority: “One large "plant wall" along Skalitzer Straße [... and] elements of the earlier internal block development should be taken up again in the form of wall boundaries and level jumps in the park. "
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The concept was adopted by the district planning committee in 1986 and implemented in 1987 after the land of Berlin had bought the undeveloped land on the corner of the block. In 1988 the Senator for Urban Development and Environmental Protection called for new residential buildings to be built again in place of the park and “the majority in the House of Representatives at that time decided in a rushed manner to block the funds for the block park.” The new red-green coalition from the spring of 1989 these resolutions were repealed. The park was realized from 1990.
“At 4.3 million DM, it was almost three times as expensive as planned. The planned town square [on the Blockspitze] does not come into its own in terms of urban space and is more of a kind of spacer [...] Today it is used by a snack bar and by outdoor dining areas in neighboring restaurants. "
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The area today
“Block 104 is an example of how failed planning does not always mean a loss, but also opens up opportunities for new concepts 'from below'. The buildings in Block 104 are all in comparatively good condition and have a solid tenant base, the park looks well used, but there are also signs of the usual pollution and vandalism problems that are common to the entire quarter. Noteworthy is the high utility value of the limitations of gabions (wire baskets filled with stones) for Skalitzer street that shield the park effective against noise and traffic. "
literature
- Work report: Projects Luisenstadt , building exhibition, urban renewal work group, Berlin 1982 (revised version February 1992).
- Florian von Buttlar, Stefanie Finally: Lenné in the backyard. The story of a Berlin block of flats , publisher: Deutscher Werkbund Berlin eV in collaboration with the STERN Society of Cautious Urban Renewal, Transit Buchverlag, Berlin 1989.
- Walter Kiaulehn : Berlin. Fate of a cosmopolitan city , Biederstein Verlag, Munich Berlin 1958.
- Bernd Laurisch: No outline under this number , Werkbund-Archiv 7, Anabas Verlag, Giessen 1981. ISBN 3-87038-088-8 .
- Luisenstädter Chronik in:
- Siegfried Kleimeier: Instead of building . A pilot project with a future , in: Urban renewal Berlin. Ed .: Senate Department for Building and Housing, Berlin 1990.
- Südost Express - The Kreuzberg local newspaper from citizens from SO 36. Ed .: Association SO 36.
- Ed .: Stattbau Stadtentwicklungs GmbH: Stattbau informs , Volume 2, Stattbau and October printing , Berlin 1984. ISBN 3-924536-00-7 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Florian von Buttlar, Stefanie Endlich: Lenné in the backyard. The story of a Berlin block of flats , publisher: Deutscher Werkbund Berlin eV in cooperation with the STERN Society of Cautious Urban Renewal, Transit Buchverlag, Berlin 1989, p. 14. Most of the descriptions are based on this volume. Comparable literature on the subject is not known. A variety of reports from the 1970s can be found in local newspapers, for example the monthly “Südost-Express”.
- ↑ Butlar / Finally, 12
- ↑ Butlar / Finally, 15
- ↑ Butlar / Finally, 15
- ↑ Butlar / Finally, 16
- ↑ The measure resulted from the turning circle of a fire brigade syringe at that time, the gates to the courtyards had to be correspondingly wide.
- ^ Walter Kiaulehn : Berlin. Fate of a cosmopolitan city , Biederstein Verlag, Munich Berlin 1958, p. 84 ff.
- ↑ Kiaulehn, 87
- ^ Butlar / Finally, 18
- ↑ It is a mistake when Butlar / Endlich interpret the “profitable conditions” as a consequence of the “influence of the building contractors on the magistrate” (p. 20) - the police chief dictated all conditions down to the last detail. The magistrate had turned against this method of planning in vain. The room height in the old building floors, which appeared generous in later times, was also a consequence of the regulations due to the emissions of the interior lighting operated with petroleum.
- ↑ Florian von Buttlar, Stefanie Endlich: Lenné im Hinterhof , p. 21.
- ^ Butlar / Finally, 24.
- ↑ Florian Butlar / Stefanie Endlich: Lenné im Hinterhof , p. 42 ff.
- ^ Butlar / Finally, 21.
- ↑ Butlar / Endlich, 47 f.
- ↑ Butlar / Endlich, 52 ff.
- ↑ Butlar / Endlich, 56.
- ^ Südost Express - The Kreuzberg local newspaper from citizens from SO 36: Rehabilitation of Skalitzer Strasse , December 1979, p. 25.
- ↑ after Butlar / Endlich, 100 ff.
- ↑ Bernd Laurisch: No abstract under this number , 215 f.
- ↑ Harry: '' BesetzA-Eck. A short biography of the house at Oranienstrasse 198 '' in: "Kiez-Depesche" from April 1984 ": Repro page in Butlar / Endlich, p. 103.
- ↑ Kiez-Depesche, April 1984.
- ↑ There was a deep split in the government and the CDU at that time. While the Senator for Construction Ulrich Rastemborski supported the understanding, the Senator for the Interior Heinrich Lummer pursued a "tough" clearing course.
- ^ The daily newspaper : Stattbau can start , July 18, 1983, in: Ed .: Stattbau Stadtentwicklungs GmbH: Stattbau informs , Stattbau und Oktoberdruck , Berlin 1984, p. 331.
- ^ Der Tagesspiegel : A solution is in the making for Oranienstrasse 198 , August 1983, in: Stattbau informed , p. 345.
- ↑ Luisenstädter Chronik: Geschichte 1983 ( Memento of the original from March 24, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .
- ↑ Buttlar / Endlich, 45.
- ↑ Siegfried Meier Klei: Stattbau. A pilot project with a future , in: Urban renewal Berlin. Ed .: Senate Department for Building and Housing, Berlin 1990, p. 164.
- ↑ Butlar / Endlich, 75.
- ↑ Butlar / Endlich, 76.
- ↑ Butlar / Endlich, 77.
- ↑ Butlar / Endlich, 78 ff.
- ↑ Work report: Projects Luisenstadt , building exhibition, urban renewal work group, Berlin 1982 (revised version February 1992).
Coordinates: 52 ° 29 ′ 58.3 " N , 13 ° 25 ′ 27.1" E