Broadly lined dwarf tensioner

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Broadly lined dwarf tensioner
Broad-lined dwarf fly (Idaea biselata)

Broad-lined dwarf fly ( Idaea biselata )

Systematics
Order : Butterflies (Lepidoptera)
Family : Spanner (Geometridae)
Subfamily : Sterrhinae
Tribe : Sterrhini
Genre : Idaea
Type : Broadly lined dwarf tensioner
Scientific name
Idaea biselata
( Hufnagel , 1767)
Broadly lined dwarf tensioner

The Breitgesäumte Zwergspanner ( Idaea biselata ), also known as Breitgesäumter Gebüsch-Kleinspanner , is a butterfly ( moth ) from the Spanner family (Geometridae).

features

The moths reach a wingspan of 16 to 21 millimeters, those of the second generation a wingspan of 15 to 17 millimeters. The basic coloring and drawing of the wings are comparatively little variable. The basic color is yellowish white to slightly brownish white, the drawing elements are brown to dark brown. On the forewing, the inner transverse line and / or the middle shadow are usually indistinctly drawn. In contrast, the outer transverse line is usually clearly developed. There is a light wavy line on the fringing area, which is darkly lined on the inside and outside. Fore and hind wings have black discal points . On the forewings, the middle transverse line encircles these towards the hem; on the hind wings, the inner transverse line is clearly withdrawn towards the roots. The spots on the edge are dark brown in color, but some of them are only indistinctly developed.

The form f. fimbriolata has a wider and more darkened fringing area and is common in the United Kingdom , while rarely found in continental Europe . The darkening is induced by higher humidity.

The oval egg is blunted, the surface covered with shallow depressions. It is initially light yellow, later light red with dark spots.

The slender, tapered caterpillars reach a length of about 22 millimeters. They are gray or gray-brown and have a dark V-shaped back markings and a notched, very small head. The caterpillar is provided with short hair bristles. There is also a pale yellowish-brown shape that has a similar pattern.

The pupa measures 6.1 to 8.0 mm in length and 2.0 to 2.2 mm in diameter. It is light brown, the head and wing sheaths greenish in color. The cremaster is seen from the back and belly side approximately rectangular, wedge-shaped in side view. It is studded with four pairs of hook-shaped bristles that are slightly longer than the cremaster.

Similar species

Geographical occurrence and habitat

The species is widespread from Western Europe to the Urals . In the north of Europe, the distribution area extends to central Fennoscandia . In the south the distribution area extends into central Portugal , Corsica , the northern Apennines and northern Greece . Isolated occurrences are known from Calabria and the Peloponnese . Outside of Europe, the broad-lined dwarf tension is widespread in the Caucasus , Transcaucasus , northern Turkey , Siberia , northern Kazakhstan and the Far East . In Korea and the Ussuri region, the nominotypical subspecies is represented by the subspecies Idaea biselata extincta (Staudinger, 1897).

The species is usually found at altitudes from 0 to 800 meters, rarely up to 1,200 meters. In the Alps, it rises to around 1,700 meters. It can be found south of the Alps from 600 to 1,500 meters and is rarely found below this area.

The species is moisture-loving and inhabits predominantly wooded habitats. It prefers moist mixed forests, forest edges, dense hedges and rows of hedges. But the species is also widespread in cultivated land. It is limited to the beech zone south of the Alps.

Phenology and way of life

The broad-lined dwarf spanner forms one generation a year north of the Alps, whose moths fly from late June to early September. Under favorable conditions, a second generation can arise from the beginning of August to mid-September; south of the Alps, the adults of this generation are observed from mid-September to early October. The moths are active at dawn and are often found near artificial light sources or on bait . The moths were found sucking nectar on pipegrasses ( Molinia ), thistles ( Cirsium ), common water dregs ( Eupatorium cannabinum ), common rush ( Eleocharis palustris ) and dwarf elder ( Sambucus ebulus ). During the day the moths hide in the shrub layer.

Various acetates of alkenes are known as pheromone components.

The females lay the eggs in July, the caterpillars hatch in August. The caterpillars live individually and feed primarily on fallen withered or dry leaves of various deciduous trees as well as herbaceous plants and grasses. In mild weather, the caterpillars also feed during the winter months. The following food plants are mentioned in the literature:

If the caterpillars are disturbed, they drop to the ground and remain in a hook-shaped position for a while. The caterpillars develop slowly and unevenly.

The caterpillars overwinter and finish developing in May the following year. In the southern parts of western Siberia, the species also overwinters as a pupa.

Systematics

The species was first scientifically described in 1767 by Johann Siegfried Hufnagel under the name Phalaena biselata . However, further descriptions were made under other names. Michael Denis and Ignaz Schiffermüller described it in 1775 under Geometra fimbriata , Stephens published it in 1831 as Ptychopoda fimbriolata , Walker described it in 1861 as Acidalia plumipedata Walker, in 1861 and Matsmura in 1925 as Ptychopoda shimizuensis . The latter names are more recent synonyms of Idaea biselata (Linné, 1758). Currently, a distinction is made between two subspecies, the nominotypical subspecies Idaea biselata biselata (Linné, 1758) in the greater part of the distribution area and Idaea biselata extincta (Staudinger, 1897) in the Far East. The subspecies is smaller with a wingspan of 15 to 19 millimeters and the drawing is less pronounced.

Danger

The species is not endangered in Germany.

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Red Lists at science4you
  2. ^ Bergmann, p. 150
  3. ↑ Jan Pactočka: The pupae of the tensioners (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) Central Europe: subfamily Sterrhinae. Bonn zoological contributions, 51 (4): 269-296, Bonn 2002 ISSN  0006-7172 PDF ( Memento of the original from May 17, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (2.9 MB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.zfmk.de
  4. ↑ a b c d Hausmann, pp. 187–189
  5. ↑ Junwei Zhu, Nils Ryrholm, Håkan Ljungberg, Bill S. Hansson, David Hall, Darwin Reed and Christer Löfstedt: Olefinic acetates, Δ-9,11-14: OAc and Δ-7,9-12: OAc used as sex pheromone components in three geometrid moths, Idaea aversata, I. straminata, and I. biselata (Geometridae, Lepidoptera). Journal of Chemical Ecology, 22 (8): 1505-1526, 1996 doi : 10.1007 / BF02027728
  6. ↑ David J. Carter, Brian Hargreaves: Caterpillars and Butterflies of Europe and their Forage Plants. Blackwell Wissenschaftsverlag 1987, ISBN 3-8263-8139-4
  7. ↑ Arno Bergmann: The large butterflies of Central Germany. Volume 5/1: Spanner. Distribution, forms and communities. Urania-Verlag, Jena 1955, DNB 450378403 .
  8. ↑ Manfred Koch , Wolfgang Heinicke, Bernd Müller: We determine butterflies. Volume 4: Spanner. 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. Neumann, Leipzig / Radebeul 1976, DNB 780451570 .
  9. ↑ Malcolm J. Scoble: Geometrid moths of the world. A catalog (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 1999, ISBN 0-643-06304-8

literature

  • Arno Bergmann: The large butterflies of Central Germany. Volume 5/1: Spanner. Distribution, forms and communities. Urania-Verlag, Jena 1955, DNB 450378403 .
  • Günter Ebert (Ed.): The butterflies of Baden-Württemberg Volume 8, Nachtfalter VI (Spanner (Geometridae) 1st part), Ulmer Verlag Stuttgart 2001. ISBN 3-8001-3497-7
  • Axel Hausmann: The Geometrid moths of Europe, 2nd Sterrhinae. Apollo Books, Stenstrup 2004, ISBN 87-88757-37-4
  • Axel Hausmann, Michael A. Miller: Atlas of the caterpillars of European and Asia Minor butterflies, photographed by Burkhard Nippe , Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munich, 2000, ISBN 3-931516-79-2
  • Bernard Skinner: Color Identification Guide to Moths of the British Isles , Penguin UK 1999, ISBN 0-670-87978-9

Web links

Commons : Broadly lined miniature  album with pictures, videos and audio files