Bronze-tailed Buffon Hummingbird

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Bronze-tailed Buffon Hummingbird
Bronze-tailed Buffon Hummingbird ♂

Bronze-tailed Buffon Hummingbird ♂

Systematics
Class : Birds (aves)
Order : Sailor birds (Apodiformes)
Family : Hummingbirds (Trochilidae)
Genre : Buffon hummingbirds ( Chalybura )
Type : Bronze-tailed Buffon Hummingbird
Scientific name
Chalybura urochrysia
( Gould , 1861)

The bronze-tailed buffalo hummingbird ( Chalybura urochrysia ) is a species of bird in the hummingbird family (Trochilidae). The species has a large range that includes parts of Nicaragua , Costa Rica , Panama , Colombia, and Ecuador . The IUCN assesses the population as Least Concern .

features

The bronze-tailed Buffon hummingbird reaches a body length of about 10 to 12 cm with a weight of the males of 7.1 g and the females of 6.1 g. He has red or pink legs. The beak is black with about half of the lower mandible pale pink in color from the base. The male is metallic green on top. The underside glitters green with the tail being bronze green. The fluffy, elongated under tail blankets are white. The female is gray on the underside with green spots on the sides. The under tail-coverts are grayish white, the lateral control feathers are grayish mottled. Male juveniles are typically a little more dull than adult specimens. In both sexes, juveniles have yellow-brown to cinnamon-colored fringes on the top of the head, neck and rump.

Behavior and nutrition

They get their nectar mainly from the flowers of large herbs such as Renealmia , Costus and especially heliconias as well as bushes of the genus Carapichea , Malvaviscus and the acanthus family . In addition, they fly to forest epiphytes of the middle strata , the lower treetops of heather , Gesneria and bromeliad plants as well as trees from the undergrowth at forest edges or forest gaps of the genus Inga , Symphonia and Hamelia . The bronze-tailed Buffon hummingbirds act extremely aggressively and dominantly at their nectar springs. The males in particular defend their rich territory with all their might . It is not uncommon for them to catch mosquitoes by storming from their seats on the branches of the upper undergrowth while hunting. Occasionally they also peck arthropods from the leaves. The females in particular are less frequent in the hovering flight to prey on insects. The arthropods they eat mostly include flies and smaller wasps. Ants, Schnabelkerfen or spiders are less common among their prey.

Vocalizations

Presumably is her singing of soft, nasal, raspy and trilling tones as ter-TWII-ii-ii-ii-ii-ter .... TWII-ii-ii ... sound. When hunting, the call sounds like a drawn-out, diminishing chatter. Other tones of the bronze-tailed Buffon hummingbird include a loud chup and chip , as well as shorter chatter.

Reproduction

In Costa Rica, the breeding season is in December and, more often, from February to May. In western Colombia there are breeding activities from February to April. Brooding males also attack females who roam their territory in search of food. The goblet-like deep nest consists of light-colored plants and fibers as well as cobwebs. The outside is heavily decorated with green moss and a few lichen. They place their nests 0.5 to 1.5 meters above the ground in the undergrowth near rivers or paths. C. u. melanorrhoa builds its nest in the undergrowth of the forest.

distribution and habitat

Distribution area of ​​the bronze-tailed Buffon hummingbird

The bronze-tailed buffalo hummingbird lives in the middle strata of moist forests, on forest edges, adjacent secondary vegetation and semi-open areas such as cocoa plantations, shady gardens, etc. It avoids open terrain. In Cosat Rica it moves at altitudes between sea level and 700 meters. In Colombia it is present at altitudes around 900 meters.

Subspecies

There are three known subspecies:

  • Chalybura urochrysia melanorrhoa Salvin , 1865 occurs in Nicaragua and Costa Rica. The male glitters dark green on the underside, the belly is dark bronze in color. The under tail-coverts are sooty black and less elongated as in the nominate form . The top is dark bronze-green, the upper tail-coverts purple bronze-colored and the tail purple-black. The female is dark gray on the underside and has significantly more green spots than the nominate form. The tail is like that of the males, only that the lateral control feathers are also spotted gray.
  • Chalybura urochrysia isaurae ( Gould , 1861) occurs in eastern and western Panama, as well as in northwest Colombia. The male has a bluish green glint on the underside. Throat and chest are blue. The tail looks light bronze. The females are paler overall, the gray of the underside shows no spots.
  • Chalybura urochrysia urochrysia ( Gould , 1861) occurs in southeastern Panama, northern central and western Colombia to northwestern Ecuador.

Chalybura urochrysa incognita Griscom , 1928 is considered a synonym for Chalybura urochrysia isaurae . Chalybura urochrysa intermedia Hartert, E & Hartert, C , 1894 is considered by some authors to be a subspecies of the blue-tailed buffon hummingbird , while others even consider it a separate species. Chalybura carnioli , a species described by George Newbold Lawrence in 1865, is now a synonym for C. u. melanorrhoa considered.

migration

From C. u. melanorrhoa is known to migrate to other areas as a line bird depending on the inflorescence. Nothing is known about the migration behavior of the other subspecies.

Etymology and history of research

John Gould originally described the bronze-tailed buffalo hummingbird under the name Hypuroptila urochrysia . The type specimen was collected by Józef Warszewicz Ritter von Rawicz (1812–1866) in the vicinity of Panama City . In 1854 Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig Reichenbach introduced the new generic name Chalybura u. a. for the blue-tailed Buffon hummingbird . This name is a word formation from the Greek »chalyps, chalybos χαλυβος « for »steel« and »-ouros, oura -ουρος, ουρα « for »-tailed, tail«. The species name is made up of "oura ουρα " for "tail" and "chryseos, chrysos χρυσεος, χρυσος " for "golden, gold". Isaurae was proposed to Gould by Charles Lucien Jules Laurent Bonaparte (1803-1857) and is dedicated to Elisabeth Isaure Guéneau de Montbeillard Baronesse de La Fresnaye (1802-1893), the second wife of Frédéric de Lafresnaye . Melanorrhoa is derived from "melas, melanos μελας, μελανος " for "black" and "orrhos ορρος " for "rump, rump". Intermedia is derived from the Latin word "intermedius" for "intermediary, in between". Incognita, incognitus is the Latin word for "unknown not identified". It is made up of the words "in-" for "not" and "cognitus, cognoscere" for "known, to recognize". Carnioli is dedicated to the German-born collector Julian Garnigohl Grasneck (1807–1885).

literature

  • Frank Garfield Stiles III, Peter Boesman in: Josep del Hoyo , Andrew Elliott, Jordi Sargatal, David Andrew Christie , Eduardo de Juana: Bronze-tailed Plumeleteer (Chalybura urochrysia). In: Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive . Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
  • James A. Jobling: Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . Christopher Helm, London 2010, ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4 .
  • John Gould: Descriptions of two new species of Humming-Bird, belonging to the Genus Hypuroptila . In: Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London for the Year 1861 . 1861, p. 198-199 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • John Gould: A monograph of the Trochilidæ, or family of humming-birds . tape 2 , delivery 12. Taylor and Francis, London 1861 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Osbert Salvin: Descriptions of seventeen new species of birds from Cosa Rica . In: Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London for the Year 1964 . 1864, p. 579-199 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Ludlow Griscom: New birds from Mexico and Panama . In: American Museum novitates . No. 293 , 1928, pp. 1–6 ( digitallibrary.amnh.org [PDF; 626 kB ]).
  • Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig Reichenbach: Enumeration of the hummingbirds or trochilids in their true natural relationship, including the key to their systematics . In: Journal of Ornithology . tape 2 : Extraheft , 1854, p. 1-24 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Ernst Hartert, Claudia Bernadine Elisabeth Hartert: On a collection of Humming Birds from Ecuador and Mexico . In: Novitates Zoologicae . tape 1 , no. 1 , 1894, p. 43-64 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Frederick Herschel Waterhouse: The dates of publication of some of the zoological works of the late John Gould, FRS RH Porter, London 1885 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • George Newbold Lawrence: Description of new species of Birds of the families Paridae, Vireonidae, Tirannidae and Trochilidae, with notes on Myiarchus Panamensis . In: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia . tape 17 , 1865, pp. 37-39 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).

Web links

Commons : Bronze-tailed Buffon Hummingbird ( Chalybura urochrysia )  - Collection of images, videos, and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. a b c d e f g h Frank Garfield Stiles III u. a.
  2. ^ IOC World Bird List Hummingbirds
  3. ^ Osbert Salvin, p. 585.
  4. a b John Gould, p. 199.
  5. ^ John Gould, p. 198.
  6. Ludlow Griscom, p. 3.
  7. Ernst Hartert u. a., p. 44.
  8. a b George Newbold Lawrence, p. 39.
  9. ^ John Gould, text on plate 90.
  10. Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig Reichenbach, p. 10.
  11. James A. Jobling, p. 99.
  12. James A. Jobling, p. 396.
  13. James A. Jobling, p. 248.
  14. James A. Jobling, p. 206.
  15. James A. Jobling, p. 204.

Remarks

  1. According to Frederick Herschel Waterhouse p. 51, plate 90 with text in A monograph of the Trochilidæ, or family of humming-birds appeared as part of delivery 12 also in 1861.
  2. Also, Reichenbach the had Emerald Mango Hummingbird ( Anthracothorax viridis Audebert & Vieillot , 1801), the Weißkinn sapphire Kolibri ( Hylocharis cyanus ( Vieillot , 1818)) and the green Kolibri ( Lepidopyga goudoti ( Bourcier assigned, 1843)) of the new genus.