White-chin sapphire hummingbird

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White-chin sapphire hummingbird
White-chin sapphire hummingbird ♂

White-chin sapphire hummingbird ♂

Systematics
Class : Birds (aves)
Order : Sailor birds (Apodiformes)
Family : Hummingbirds (Trochilidae)
Tribe : Emeralds (Trochilini)
Genre : Sponge Hummingbirds ( Hylocharis )
Type : White-chin sapphire hummingbird
Scientific name
Hylocharis cyanus
( Vieillot , 1818)

The Weißkinn Sapphire Hummingbird ( Hylocharis cyanus ) or Weißkinn Sapphire is a species of bird in the family of hummingbirds (Trochilidae) in Colombia , Venezuela , Guyana , Suriname , French Guiana , Peru , Bolivia , Brazil , Argentina and Paraguay occurs. The IUCN assesses the population as Least Concern .

features

White-chin sapphire hummingbird ♀

The white-chin sapphire hummingbird reaches a body length of about 8.0 to 9.0 cm, with a weight of about 2.8 to 3.5 g. The male has a medium-length, 17.5 mm long, coral-red bill with a black tip. The front of the skull, the skull, the cheeks and the throat are brilliant purple-blue, a color that occasionally extends into the nape of the neck. The golden-green color of the upper side changes to the copper-colored towards the rump . The chin feathers are whitish at the base. The sides of the neck and the lower part of the throat are bluish in color. The belly and the flanks are golden green, the middle towards the belly rather greyish. The upper tail-coverts are deep copper-colored to purple, the lower-tail coverts are dark bronze-green and are copper-colored or violet. The tail is steel blue to bluish black, the middle feathers sometimes deep bronze green. The female lacks the violet-blue color on the head and throat. The top is a little lighter golden-green, the rump is less colored. The center of the bottom is grayish. The under tail- coverts are white, the outer tail-feathers with a gray subterminal band. In male juveniles , the head and throat are partly bluish green. The belly is grayer, the under tail-coverts dark gray.

Behavior and nutrition

The Weißkinn Sapphire Hummingbird takes its nectar of various plant species of the families of verbena plants , which loranthaceae , the mallow , the mint , the legumes , the myrtle , the Rautengewächse , the wind plants , the redness plants , the Acanthaceae , the Larkspur trees and bromeliads . Its diet also includes spiders, beetles and two-winged birds , which it either hunts or gathers from the vegetation. He collects practically in all strata , from near the ground to the treetops. Occasionally you can see him collecting together with other hummingbirds, but mostly he acts more territorially on the plants.

Vocalizations

The singing is similar to that of the red throated sapphire hummingbird . The male sits alone on relatively high, rather open, leaf-free branches. The sounds sound like insects like buzzing tones and consist of a series of squeaky phrases that he utters at a frequency of two to three tones per second. The series occasionally last for several minutes and sound like tsa-sik or twii-chit .

Reproduction

The breeding season lasts most of the year. So H. c. cyanus from September to November in southeastern Brazil, H. c. viridiventris from November to February in the northern Amazon and H. c. rostrata from December to March in the southern Amazon. The goblet-like nest consists of plant fibers and is built on horizontal branches 1.5 to 4 meters above the ground. The outside is decorated with cobwebs and braids. The two eggs weighing approximately 0.42 to 0.43 g are approximately 14.0 to 14.3 × 8.5 to 9.0 mm in size. The incubation period is approx. 14 to 15 days and the eggs are hatched by the female. The nestlings fledge after 20 to 26 days.

distribution and habitat

Distribution area (green) of the white-chin sapphire hummingbird

The white-chin sapphire hummingbird prefers the edges of tropical evergreen lowland forest, gallery forests , floodplain forest areas, clearings with isolated trees, plantations and secondary forest, the so-called capoeíra. In the Amazon and southeastern Brazil it is also found in white sandy forests and restinga . The range of altitudes in which it occurs extends from lowlands to mountain foothills at altitudes between 200 and 1250 meters. In the southeast of Brazil this reaches almost down to sea level.

Subspecies

So far, five subspecies are known:

  • Hylocharis cyanus viridiventris von Berlepsch , 1880 occurs in Colombia, the south of Venezuela, the Guyanas and the north of Brazil. This subspecies has a shorter 16 mm long beak. The male has a darker emerald blue-green belly, the under tail-coverts are steel blue to dark purple. In the female, the belly and under tail-coverts are sometimes drawn in dark gray.
  • Hylocharis cyanus rostrata Boucard , 1895 is distributed in eastern Peru, northeastern Bolivia and western Brazil. This subspecies is common in all morphometric properties, such as B. the wing size, slightly larger.
  • Hylocharis cyanus conversa Zimmer, JT , 1950 occurs in eastern Bolivia, northern Paraguay and southwestern Brazil. This subspecies has a beak 18.5 mm long. The males' belly and tail-coverts are pale green to greyish. The under tail coverts are more patterned.
  • Hylocharis cyanus cyanus ( Vieillot , 1818) is widespread in eastern Brazil.
  • Hylocharis cyanus griseiventris Grantsau , 1988 occurs in southeastern Brazil and northeastern Argentina. This subspecies has a 17 mm long beak. The skull and throat of the male are bluish green, the belly greyish. and the rear part of the rump is generally a bit more copper-colored to wine-red.

The fire-rump sapphire hummingbird, Eucephala pyropygia Salvin & Godman , 1881, is considered today as a hybrid between the white-chin sapphire hummingbird and gold-bellied emerald hummingbird , Eucephala hypocyanea Gould , 1860 as a hybrid between the blue-chin emerald hummingbird and the white-chin sapphire.

migration

The white-cheeked sapphire hummingbird shows some local migratory movements, especially in the eastern part of its range. In Venezuela this appears to be relatively dynamic, where it is abundant locally and appears to be completely absent in other months. In Bolivia too, observations are based on regional migration, but too few details are known about them.

Etymology and history of research

The white-chin sapphire hummingbird was first described in 1818 by Louis Pierre Vieillot under the scientific name of Trochilus cyanus . The type specimen for the description came from the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle and was sent to it by Pierre Antoine Delalande (1787–1823) from Brazil. In 1831 Friedrich Boie introduced the new generic names Basilinna and Hylocharis . "Cyanus" comes from the Greek word "cyanos κυανος " for "dark blue". "Viridiventris" is a Latin combination of "viridis, virere" for "green, to be green" and "venter, ventris" for "belly". "Rostrata" is derived from the Latin "rostratus, rostrum" for "beak-shaped, beak". "Conversa" is also of Latin origin and is derived from "conversus, converrere" for "swept together, to come together", as Zimmer uses the subspecies H. c. rostrata from Mato Grosso and Chaco with its type specimen from Bolivia. "Griseiventris" is a Latin word formation from "griseum" for "gray" and "venter, ventris" for "belly".

"Pyropygia" is a Greek word formation from "Pyr, pyros πυρ, πυρος " for "fire" and "-pygios, pygē -πυγιος, πυγη " for "-steißig, rump". »Hypocyanea« is made up of the Greek words »hypo ὑπο « for »below« and »cyaneos κυανεος « for »dark blue«.

literature

  • André-Alexander Weller , Guy Maxwell Kirwan in: Josep del Hoyo , Andrew Elliott, Jordi Sargatal, David Andrew Christie , Eduardo de Juana: White-chinned Sapphire (Hylocharis cyanus) In: Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive . Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
  • James A. Jobling: Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . Christopher Helm, London 2010, ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4 .
  • Louis Pierre Vieillot: Nouveau dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle, appliquée aux arts, à l'agriculture, à l'économie rurale et domestique, à la médecine, etc. Par une société de naturalistes et d'agriculteurs . tape 23 . Deterville, Paris 1818 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Hans Hermann Carl Ludwig von Berlepsch: Preliminary Descriptions of new Birds from South America, and Remarks on some described Species . In: The Ibis (=  4 ). tape 4 , no. 13 , 1880, p. 112-114 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Adolphe Boucard: Genera of humming birds: being also a complete monograph of these birds . Pardy & Son, Bournemouth 1895, pp. 207-412 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • John Todd Zimmer : Studies of Peruvian birds. No. 58, The genera Chlorostilbon, Thalurania, Hylocharis, and Chrysuronia . In: American Museum novitates . No. 1474 , 1950, pp. 1–32 ( digitallibrary.amnh.org [PDF; 2.9 MB ]).
  • Rolf Grantsau: The hummingbirds of Brazil . Expressão e Cultura, Rio de Janeiro 1988, ISBN 978-85-208-0101-7 .
  • Friedrich Boie: Comments on species and some ornithological families and clans . In: Isis von Oken . tape 24 , 1831, pp. 538-548 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Osbert Salvin, Frederick DuCane Godman: On some new and little-known Species of Trochilidæ . In: The Ibis (=  4 ). tape 5 , no. 20 , 1881, p. 595-597 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • John Gould: Description of Twenty-two new Species of Humming Birds . In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . tape 28 , no. 3 , 1860, p. 304-312 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).

Web links

Commons : White-chin sapphire hummingbird ( Hylocharis cyanus )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j André-Alexander Weller u. a.
  2. ^ IOC World Bird List Hummingbirds
  3. ^ Hans Hermann Carl Ludwig von Berlepsch (1880), p. 113.
  4. ↑ Adolphe Boucard (1895), p. 400.
  5. ^ John Todd Zimmer (1895), p. 24.
  6. ^ A b Louis Pierre Vieillot (1818), p. 426.
  7. ↑ Rolf Grantsau (1988), p. 93.
  8. ^ Osbert Salvin (1881) and a., p. 596.
  9. ^ John Gould (1860), p. 306.
  10. ^ Friedrich Boie, p. 546.
  11. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 128.
  12. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 404.
  13. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 338.
  14. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 117.
  15. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 178.
  16. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 326.
  17. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 199.

Remarks

  1. ↑ Boie arranged the genus the purple end sapphire Hummingbird ( Basilinna leucotis ( Vieillot , 1818)) (Syn: Trochilus leucotis ), the white-throated Hummingbird ( Leucochloris albicollis ( Vieillot , 1818)) (Syn: Trochilus albicollis ), the white neck Kolibri ( Florisuga mellivora ( Linnaeus , 1758)) (Syn: Trochilus mellivorus ) which Glitzeramazilie ( Amazilia fimbriata tephrocephala ( Vieillot , 1818)) (Syn: Trochilus tephrocephalus ), the Blauschwanz Emerald Hummingbird ( Chlorostilbon mellisugus ( Linnaeus , 1758)) (Syn: Trochilus leucogaster ) and the black-breasted mango ( Anthracothorax nigricollis ( Vieillot , 1817)) (Syn: Trochilus albus ).
  2. ↑ Boie arranged the genus the Rotkehl sapphire Kolibri ( Hylocharis sapphirina ( Gmelin, JF , 1788)) (Syn: Trochilus sapphirinus and Trochilus latirostris ), the Weißkinn sapphire Hummingbird ( Hylocharis cyanus ( Vieillot , 1818)) (Syn: Trochilus cyanus ), the Red-Sabrewing ( Campylopterus falcatus ( Swainson , 1821)) (Syn: Trochilus lazulus ), the blue-chinned sapphire ( Chlorestes notata ( Reich , 1793)) (Syn: Trochilus cyanotropus ) and the blue head Kolibri ( Cyanophaia bicolor ( Gmelin, JF , 1788)) (Syn: Trochilus bicolor ) to. In the case of T. cyanotropus , Boie probably confused Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied's T. cyanogenys with his name Procnias cyanotropus for the fork-tailed kotinga .