Red-throated sapphire hummingbird

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Red-throated sapphire hummingbird
Red-throated sapphire hummingbird ♀

Red-throated sapphire hummingbird ♀

Systematics
Class : Birds (aves)
Order : Sailor birds (Apodiformes)
Family : Hummingbirds (Trochilidae)
Tribe : Emeralds (Trochilini)
Genre : Sponge Hummingbirds ( Hylocharis )
Type : Red-throated sapphire hummingbird
Scientific name
Hylocharis sapphirina
( Gmelin, JF , 1788)

The Rotkehl Sapphire Hummingbird ( Hylocharis sapphirina or Amazilia sapphirina ) or Rotkehlsaphir is a species of bird in the family of hummingbirds (Trochilidae), which in Colombia , Venezuela , Guyana , Suriname , French Guiana , Brazil , Paraguay , Argentina , Ecuador , Peru and Bolivia occurs. The IUCN assesses the population as Least Concern .

features

Redthroat sapphire hummingbird illustrated by John Gould

The red-throated sapphire hummingbird reaches a body length of about 8.4 to 9.1 cm, with a weight of the males from about 4.1 to 4.5 g and the females from about 3.9 to 4.3 g. The male has a medium-long coral-red bill with a black tip. The upper side is dark green, the upper tail-coverts copper-colored violet. The chin is colored intensely reddish brown, the throat and chest shimmer violet blue. The under tail-coverts are chestnut-colored, the central control feathers copper-colored with a purple tint. The rest is chestnut in color with dark gray spots. The female resembles the male on the upper side. The chin is light reddish brown, the underside greyish with large glittering blue-green sequins on the throat and chest. The under tail-coverts are yellow-brown, the tail similar to that of the male, but the outer tail-feathers have pale hems. Young birds are similar in color to the females, but they have reddish brown fringes on their heads. The female can easily be confused with the white-chin sapphire hummingbird ( Hylocharis cyanus ) or the bronze-tailed sapphire hummingbird ( Chrysuronia oenone ).

Behavior and nutrition

The red-throated sapphire hummingbird gets its nectar from flowering undergrowth and smaller trees. These include a. Legumes , rhombuses , redness plants , myrtle plants , belt flower plants , passion flower plants and bromeliad plants . They are mostly seen on the flowers of plants in the ground-level to lower strata . During the flowering time in the Amazon you can see them collecting in the treetops with other hummingbirds. In addition, in some areas they also like to visit artificial feeders such as B. in the southeast of Brazil. He catches insects in flight by chasing them. He takes spiders from leaves, branches or their cobwebs. Males establish a feeding territory that they aggressively defend against intruders.

Vocalizations

A chant consisting of a series of six to seven light to high-pitched tones has been reported from Venezuela. It emits this at a frequency of 4 tones per two seconds and repeats it every few minutes. These sound like sping ... sping ... sping or more two-syllable like sping ... spewi..spewi..spewi ... In the Amazon in eastern Brazil, the singing is probably very different and consists of irregular repetitions of long, high-pitched sounds and contracted siiii tones that last about 0.5 to 0.8 seconds at eight to ten kilohertz . There are also reports of repeated dry warbling with high-pitched sip tones.

Reproduction

In the Guyanas it breeds from July to January, in Brazil including the Atlantic forests from August to February. The goblet-like nest consists of plant fibers lined with soft, fallen seeds. The outer wall is often decorated with lichen and leaf parts. They place this on a horizontal branch in the undergrowth and on trees that are protected by overhanging leaves and are usually 4 to 6 meters above the ground. Occasionally this can vary between 3 and 10 meters above the ground. The clutch of two eggs weighing approximately 0.48 to 0.50 g are approximately 14.5 to 15.0 × 9.0 to 9.3 mm in size. The breeding period is about 14 to 16 days and is carried out by the female. The chicks are blackish with a little yellow-brown in the back area. The nestlings fledge after 22 to 27 days. After the young animals have fledged, the females continue to feed them for a certain time.

distribution and habitat

Distribution area (green) of the red throated sapphire hummingbird

The red-throated sapphire hummingbird prefers the edges and treetops of the lowland forests. Savannas with scattered bushes and existing trees, clearings on granite rocks, coffee plantations and, less often, open coastal vegetation. It is most often found at altitudes between 200 and 500 meters, but it has also been observed at altitudes up to 1850 meters.

Subspecies

The species is considered to be monotypical . Hylocharis guianensis Boucard , 1891 and Hylocharis brasiliensis Boucard , 1893 are not recognized as subspecies due to the slight difference in color compared to the nominate form . However, the red-throated sapphire hummingbirds from Ecuador could form another subspecies.

migration

The red-throated sapphire hummingbird is a resident bird , but there are seasonal migrations in southeast Brazil. Something similar is reported from Venezuela, where its occurrence cannot be foreseen. The migratory pattern of the red throat sapphire hummingbird has not yet been researched.

Etymology and history of research

The first description of the red throated sapphire hummingbird was in 1788 by Johann Friedrich Gmelin under the scientific name Trochilus sapphirinus . The type specimen came from Guyana. In 1831 Friedrich Boie introduced the new generic names Basilinna and Hylocharis . "Hylocharis" is made up of the Greek words "hyle ὑλη " for "forest landscape" and "kharis χαρις " for "grace, beauty". "Sapphirina" is derived from the Latin "sapphirinus" for "sapphire-colored".

The word "Amazilia" comes from a novella by Jean-François Marmontel , who reported in Les Incas, Ou La Destruction De L'empire Du Pérou, of an Inca heroine named Amazili. Which genus the red-throated sapphire hummingbird is assigned cannot be clearly answered without further research, so that it is often found assigned to different genera in the literature.

literature

  • Karl-Ludwig Schuchmann , Guy Maxwell Kirwan, Peter Boesman in: Josep del Hoyo , Andrew Elliott, Jordi Sargatal , David Andrew Christie, Eduardo de Juana: Rufous-throated Hummingbird (Amazilia sapphirina) In: Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive . Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
  • James A. Jobling: Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . Christopher Helm, London 2010, ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4 .
  • Johann Friedrich Gmelin: Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, Cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis . tape 1 , no. 1 . Georg Emanuel Beer, Leipzig 1788 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Friedrich Boie: Comments on species and some ornithological families and clans . In: Isis von Oken . tape 24 , 1831, pp. 538-548 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • René Primevère Lesson , Prosper Garnot: Voyage autour du monde exécuté par Ordre du Roi, sur la Corvette de Sa Majesté, La Coquille pendant les années 1822, 1823, 1824 et 1825, sous le ministère et conformément aux instructions de SEM Marquis de Clermont- Tonnerre, ministre de la marine; et publié sou les auspices de son excellence Mgr le Cte ​​de Chabrol, ministre de la Marine et des colonies, par ML Dupppery, capitaine de frégate. chevalier de Saint-Louis et membre de la legion d'honaire, commandant de l'expédition (=  zoology . Volume 1 , no. 2 ). Arthus-Bertrand, Paris 1828 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Jimmy Adair McGuire, Christopher Cooper Witt, James Vanderbeek Remsen Jr, Robert Dudley, Douglas Leonard Altshuler: A higher-level taxonomy for hummingbird . In: Journal of Ornithology . tape 150 , no. 1 , 2008, p. 155–165 (English, biology.unm.edu [PDF; 314 kB ]).
  • Adolphe Boucard: Notes on rare species of Humming Birds and description of Several Supposed New Species in Boucard's Museum . In: The Humming Bird. A Monthly Scientific, Artistic and Industrial Review . tape 1 , no. 7 , 1891, p. 52-53 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Adolphe Boucard: Description of several supposed new species of humming birds . In: The Humming Bird. A quarterly Scientific, Artistic and Industrial Review . tape 3 , no. 1 , 1893, p. 6-10 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).

Web links

Commons : European Red-throated Sapphire Hummingbird ( Hylocharis sapphirina )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g Karl-Ludwig Schuchmann u. a.
  2. ^ IOC World Bird List Hummingbirds
  3. ^ Adolphe Boucard (1891), p. 52.
  4. ↑ Adolphe Boucard (1893), p. 7.
  5. ^ Johann Friedrich Gmelin, p. 496.
  6. ^ Friedrich Boie, p. 546.
  7. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 111.
  8. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 347.
  9. ↑ René Primevère Lesson u. a. (1827), p. 683 (plate 3).
  10. ↑ Jimmy Adair McGuire et al. a., p. 160.

Remarks

  1. ↑ Boie arranged the genus the purple end sapphire Hummingbird ( Basilinna leucotis ( Vieillot , 1818)) (Syn: Trochilus leucotis ), the white-throated Hummingbird ( Leucochloris albicollis ( Vieillot , 1818)) (Syn: Trochilus albicollis ), the white neck Kolibri ( Florisuga mellivora ( Linnaeus , 1758)) (Syn: Trochilus mellivorus ) which Glitzeramazilie ( Amazilia fimbriata tephrocephala ( Vieillot , 1818)) (Syn: Trochilus tephrocephalus ), the Blauschwanz Emerald Hummingbird ( Chlorostilbon mellisugus ( Linnaeus , 1758)) (Syn: Trochilus leucogaster ) and the black-breasted mango ( Anthracothorax nigricollis ( Vieillot , 1817)) (Syn: Trochilus albus ).
  2. ↑ Boie arranged the genus the Rotkehl sapphire Hummingbird ( Hylocharis sapphirina ( Gmelin, JF , 1788)) (Syn: Trochilus sapphirinus and Trochilus latirostris ), the Weißkinn sapphire Kolibri ( Hylocharis cyanus ( Vieillot , 1818)) (Syn: Trochilus cyanus ), the Red-Sabrewing ( Campylopterus falcatus ( Swainson , 1821)) (Syn: Trochilus lazulus ), the blue-chinned sapphire ( Chlorestes notata ( Reich , 1793)) (Syn: Trochilus cyanotropus ) and the blue head Kolibri ( Cyanophaia bicolor ( Gmelin, JF , 1788)) (Syn: Trochilus bicolor ) to. In the case of T. cyanotropus , Boie probably confused Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied's T. cyanogenys with his name Procnias cyanotropus for the fork-tailed kotinga .