Bronze Age fortification near Bernstorf

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Amber face in the Kranzberger Museum

The Bronze Age fortification near Bernstorf is an archaeological site in Bavaria , which is located on a hill about 500 meters west of Bernstorf as an estate in the municipality of Kranzberg / Upper Bavaria . With an area of ​​almost 13 hectares and a wood-earth wall over 1.6 kilometers long on the Bernstorfer Hill above the Amper River, it was the largest known Bronze Age fortification north of the Alps . Bernstorf is chronologically (through 14 C1 examinations ) for a period of between 1675 and 1510 BC. Dated. This period therefore falls within theBarrow culture , i.e. the Middle Bronze Age in Central Europe (from 1600 to 1300/1200 BC), which is roughly the same time as the Mycenaean period (1600-1050 BC) in Greece.

From 1998 finds of gold jewelry and amber artifacts caused a sensation . Whether the finds are genuine or whether they are forgeries has been the subject of heated debate since 2013.

discovery

A legend tells of a sunken city between Tünzhausen, Bernstorf and Kranzberg. The remnants of the Middle Bronze Age ramparts were discovered in 1904 by local researcher Josef Wenzl, but their time position and significance were apparently only recognized around 2000. More than half of the prehistoric fortifications have now been destroyed by gravel mining since the 1950s.

Hobby archaeologists Manfred Moosauer and Traudl Bachmaier reported gold and amber objects in the area of ​​Bernstorfer Hill in 1998. According to a memo from the Bavarian State Office for the Preservation of Monuments , supported by two eyewitnesses, gold was also discovered on August 21, 1998 with the help of an alleged clairvoyant. Manfred Moosauer then assured the BR that "the completely absurd construction [...] with the presence of a [...] clairvoyant is an insinuation and slander", he hoped "as an internist that [the state office employee] does not suffer from intermittent hallucinations". Moosauer also states that the other people present had "not seen anything like this", but withholding the confirmation of the memo from the excavation technician who was also present.

The authenticity of the finds was publicly questioned at the 6th Central German Archaeological Day from October 17 to 19, 2013 in Halle (Saale) due to new analysis results, which is explained in detail in the conference publication published in 2014.

Excavations

Archaeological excavations , which followed the first discoveries by Moosauer and Bachmaier, showed that the Bernstorfer Hügel was located around 1360 BC. There was a 13 hectare settlement surrounded by a 1.6 km long wood-earth wall. It was destroyed in a major fire. Slag finds documented a heat development of up to 1300 ° C. This suggests that the facility was systematically burned down.

On August 23, 2010 the University of Frankfurt started a new excavation campaign under the direction of Rüdiger Krause . Only a few traces of settlement were discovered during this excavation, only a few ceramic remains, which, like the gold and amber finds , were deposited near the wall . The history of the settlement cannot (yet) be reconstructed. The valuable finds suggest both an important role of fortification in the supra-regional exchange of goods and a cultic significance. The cause of the fire is also unclear.

Other sites from the Middle Bronze Age are known from the area around Bernstorf, and numerous grave systems were discovered. It is possible that Bernstorf was connected to the fortifications of the same age on the Domberg in Freising .

Finds

Objects made of gold

The gold finds discovered in 1998 included a diadem-shaped sheet of gold, a "crown", an ornate sheet with mounting holes, three pendants and a 33.2 centimeter long pin. The fragments of ornate gold sheets were partly bent and coated with clay, which protected them from the fire. This speaks in favor of deliberate resignation. The traces of incense and scraps of wood that adhered to the gold sheets suggest that it was the ornament of a figure of a god. Its design was initially paralleled with the famous gold mask of Agamemnon from Mycenae, which was generations older than the other finds from Bernstorf . Finally, the relationship with the Cycladic "Lady of Phylakopi " was highlighted. The origin of the gold should also point to the eastern Mediterranean, whereas the processing should point to the area north of the Alps. The gold find from Bernstorf is now in the possession of the State Archaeological Collection in Munich . A copy is shown in Kranzberg in the Bronze Age Bavaria Museum, which opened in 2014 .

Amber

Two engraved pieces of amber found in 2000 were allegedly also wrapped in clay. They carry texts in the Mycenaean-Greek linear font B and are intended to show historical connections to the Mediterranean region. The first piece of amber, which is said to have served as a seal, bears the inscription “pa-nwa-ti”, the second shows the face of a bearded man on one side, and on the other side there are signs that are sometimes called the linear B letters for "do-ka-me" can be interpreted. The meaning of these inscriptions is not clear. While the characters “pa-nwa-ti” read from right to left, ie “ti-nwa-pa”, have similarities to the word “Tinwa” (name of a people mentioned in Pylos ), the characters on the second piece of amber even show controversial whether it is even about characters. The most recent analysis of the amber and its traces of processing on the two objects mentioned, but also on the 54 other amber finds in the excavation area, some of which show traces of processing, comes to the conclusion that they cannot come from a Bronze Age context, but from a much more recent period.

Counterfeit controversy since October 2013

Because of the unusual purity of the gold jewelry, Ernst Pernicka , Professor of Archaeometry in Heidelberg, has expressed well-founded doubts about its assignment to the Bronze Age since October 2013. Gold of this purity can only be produced by electrolysis , so it is "modern imitations". In contrast, the head of the State Archaeological Collection in Munich, Rupert Gebhard, and the Frankfurt archaeologist responsible for the Bernstorf excavation, Rüdiger Krause , claim that these gold sheets are authentic gold objects from the Middle Bronze Age. They justify the degree of purity with the fact that gold was refined by cementation already in ancient times . The Bernstorfer find is chemically similar to the gold decoration on the so-called coffin of Akhenaten ( KV55 ). Pernicka's analyzes using laser ablation and mass spectrometry resulted in a fineness of 99.99 % for the Bernstorfer gold sheets  , which does not occur in nature, plus an average of 104 μg / g silver. This makes it very close to modern Degussa gold, which with a fineness of 99.99% contains exactly 102 μg / g silver. An almost high degree of purity has not been proven on any authentic gold object from antiquity - even when cemented with table salt. In the case of Akhenaten's coffin, the silver and copper content is orders of magnitude higher, and the same applies to Roman coins . The copper content of less than 0.02% is a clear indication of modern electrolysis, because it cannot be reduced so much with prehistoric processes. Small variations in the silver content indicate the presence of microsegregations , as they also occur in modern commercial gold from Degussa.

Gebhard and Krause's defense initially consisted in doubting the measurement results from Pernicka. To resolve the controversy, the State Archaeological Collection commissioned the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing to issue an arbitration report, for which the gold objects were re-analyzed at the highest technical level. The results of the report were published online in December 2016 in the specialist journal Archaeometry ; the print version of the article was finally published in October 2017. The publication fully confirms the measurement results that Ernst Pernicka made known in 2014. In addition, it refutes incorrect conclusions from earlier measurements that there are unusual trace elements such as antimony , bismuth , sulfur and mercury in the Bernstorfer objects for industrial gold . Even after this arbitration report was published, Gebhard and Krause confirmed their hypothesis of unequivocal authenticity in the “Brennpunkt / Goldfund Bernstorf” of the journal Archeology in Germany . Without discussing the new spectrometric analyzes, they come to the conclusion that there is “not a single conclusive evidence of a forgery of the gold and amber finds” .

On the occasion of a symposium in October 2014, well-founded doubts were expressed about the authenticity of the engraved amber objects found in Bernstorf and about the age of their sediment coating. A specialist article on the amber analyzes presented there was published in 2017.

An anthology published by Gebhard and Krause on the topic was presented in January 2017, it was designed as a long-prepared liberation against the allegations of forgery. However, the authenticity of the finds has been the subject of controversial debate even after this volume has been published. In September 2017, various essays and reviews were published that deal with the Bernstorfer finds and their presentation in the anthology of the Archäologische Staatssammlung. Several experts disagree with the conclusions of the anthology and explicitly speak of a bad forgery or even “handicrafts from lay hands”.

The thesis of forgery was further supported by the determination of the production technology by neutron scattering at the Technical University of Munich. All artifacts showed a cube-type {100} "001" texture that is typical of many cold rolled and subsequently annealed and recrystallized fcc metals. By comparing with laboratory-made reference samples, hammers with or without subsequent annealing or cross-rolling for the production of the gold foils could be excluded. However, similar microstructures as in Bernstorf could be created by cold rolling and subsequent annealing. The rolling of gold has only been documented since the Middle Ages. In summary, one gets dubious find conditions, very unusual material composition and manufacturing techniques unknown at the time in question.

See also

literature

  • Carlo Dietl, Astrid Röpke: The Bronze Age wall of Bernstorf (Kranzberg, Bavaria) - results of experiments on the firing temperature. Heidelberg University, Geoarchaeology Working Group - Annual Conference 2011
  • Michal Ernée : Review of Rupert Gebhard - Rüdiger Krause, Bernstorf Archaeological and scientific analyzes of the gold and amber finds from the Bernstorfer Berg near Kranzberg, Upper Bavaria. Bernstorf research 1. In: Památky Archeologické. Volume CVIII, pp. 298-303 ( online ).
  • Rupert Gebhard : The gold find from Bernstorf . in: Bavarian History Leaflets, Vol. 64, 1999, pp. 1-18. ( Reprint thereof online )
  • Rupert Gebhard, Rüdiger Krause : Bernstorf. Archaeological and scientific analyzes of the gold and amber finds from Bernstorfer Berg near Kranzberg, Upper Bavaria (= treatises and inventory catalogs of the State Archaeological Collection. Volume 3 / Bernstorf-Forschungen. Volume 1 / Frankfurter Archäologische Schriften . Volume 31). Habelt, Bonn 2016, ISBN 978-3-927806-43-6 .
  • Rupert Gebhard, Rüdiger Krause: Bernstorf. Studies on the prehistoric and early historical fortifications on the Bernstorfer Berg near Kranzberg, Upper Bavaria (= Bernstorf research. Volume 2 / Frankfurter Archäologische Schriften . Volume 34). Habelt, Bonn 2017, ISBN 978-3-7749-4109-0 .
  • Rupert Gebhard / W. Häusler / Manfred Moosauer / U. Wagner, Remnants of a Bronze Age Rampart in Upper Bavaria: A Mössbauer Study. In: Hyperfine Interactions 154, 2004, 181-197.
  • Rupert Gebhard / KH Rieder, two Bronze Age amber objects with symbols and characters from Bernstorf (Lkr. Freising) . In: Germania 80, 2002, 115-133.
  • Roland Gschlössl, next act in the Bernstorf drama . Bavarian Archeology 2, 2017, pp. 4–7.
  • Bernhard Hampp: Troy in the Ampertal . In: Süddeutsche Zeitung No. 178, August 4, 2001.
  • F. Herzig / A. Seim, Dendrochronological investigations on charcoal of the Middle Bronze Age ramparts of Bernstorf . In: Ber. Bayer. Ground monument care 52, 2011, 111–123.
  • Rüdiger Krause, Mediterranean Influences in the Early and Middle Bronze Age in Central Europe - Spaces of Interaction and Cultural Change . In: Ber. Bayer. Ground monument care 47/48, 2007, 53–64.
  • Rüdiger Krause, Bronze Age copper extraction in the Alps - considerations on the organization of the metal cycle . In: H. Meller / F. Bertemes (Ed.), The Reach for the Stars. How Europe's elites came to power and wealth. International symposium in Halle (Saale) 16. – 21. February 2005. Meetings of the Landesmus. for pre. Halle (Saale), Volume 05 / II 2010 (Halle [Saale] 2010) 845–864.
  • Rüdiger Krause, Rupert Gebhard, Vanessa Bähr: New research on the fortifications on the Bernstorfer Berg near Kranzberg, Freising district, Upper Bavaria . in: Bavarian History Leaflets Vol. 77, 2012, pp. 5–41.
  • Rüdiger Krause, Rupert Gebhard, Vanessa Bähr: gold, amber and many puzzles . in: Archeology in Germany Issue 3/2013, pp. 8–13.
  • Manfred Moosauer / G. Bachmaier / R. Gebhard / F. Schubert, The fortified settlement of the Bronze Age near Bernstorf, Ldkr. Freising. Preliminary report on the excavation 1995–1997 . In: H. Küster / A. Long / P. Schauer (Ed.), Archaeological research in prehistoric settlement landscapes. Festschr for Georg Kossack on his 75th birthday. Regensburg contribution prehist. Arch. 5 (Regensburg 1998) 269-280.
  • Manfred Moosauer, Traudl Bachmaier: Bernstorf, The Secret of the Bronze Age. Theiss, Stuttgart 2005 (2nd expanded edition), ISBN 3806219680
  • Christian Müller-Straten: The Kranzberg Finds: Disaster or Sensation? In: Museum Aktuell, edition October 2014, pp. 24–28. Similarly: The Kranzberg treasure: disaster or sensation? In: EXPOTIME !, Oct./Nov. issue 2014, p. 49-55.
  • Ernst Pernicka : On the authenticity of the gold finds from Bernstorf, community of Kranzberg, Freising district, Bavaria. In: Annual publication for Central German prehistory. Volume 94, 2014, pp. 517-526 ( online ).
  • Ernst Pernicka: On the question of the authenticity of the Bernstorfer gold finds. In: Harald Meller, Roberto Risch and Ernst Pernicka (eds.): Metals of Power - Early Gold and Silver. Metals of Power - Early Gold and Silver. 6th Central German Archaeological Day from October 17 to 19, 2013 in Halle (Saale). 6th Archaeological Conference of Central Germany October 17–19, 2013 in Halle (Saale) (= conferences of the State Museum for Prehistory Halle. Volume 11). State Office for Monument Preservation and Archeology Saxony-Anhalt / State Museum for Prehistory, Halle (Saale) 2014, ISBN 978-3-944507-13-2 , pp. 247-256 ( PDF; 981 KB ).
  • Ernst Pernicka: Real or Fake? An intermediate result of the dispute about the Bernstorf finds. In: Archeology in Germany. Volume 3/2016, pp. 62-65 ( [1] ).
  • Ernst Pernicka: Science versus Archeology? The Case of the Bernstorf Fakes. In: Metalla. Volume 24.2, 2018, pp. 73-80 ( online ).
  • Ernst Pernicka, Christian-Heinrich Wunderlich : Review: Rupert Gebhard and Rüdiger Krause: Bernstorf. Archaeological and scientific analyzes of the gold and amber finds from Bernstorfer Berg near Kranzberg, Upper Bavaria. With contributions by Barbara Armbruster, Vanessa Bähr, Ursula Baumer, Patrick Dietemann, Karl Thomas Fehr (†), Peter Freiberger, Jochen Haberstroh, Werner Häusler, Rupert Hochleitner, Helene Hoffmann, Bernd Kromer, Andrea Lazzaro, Paola Paoletti, Martin Pietsch, Martin Radtke, Christian Rewitzer, Astrid Röpke, Claudia Rohde, Harald Schulze, C. Sebastian Sommer, Friedrich E. Wagner, Ursel Wagner, Stefan Winghart. Treatises and inventory catalogs of the State Archaeological Collection, Volume 3 (Munich 2016) edited by Rupert Gebhard, also Frankfurter Archäologische Schriften, Volume 31, edited by Hans-Markus von Kaenel, Rüdiger Krause, Jan-Waalke Meyer and Wulf Raeck, hardcover, bound, 320 Pages. ISBN 978-3-927806-43-6 . In: Prehistoric Journal. Volume 92/2, 2017, pp. 428-444.
  • Alfred Reichenberger : Review of: Rupert Gebhard u. Rüdiger Krause: Bernstorf. Archaeological and scientific analyzes of the gold and amber finds from Bernstorfer Berg near Kranzberg, Upper Bavaria. In: Annual publication for Central German prehistory. Volume 96, 2017, pp. 543-550 ( online ).
  • KH Rieder, New investigations on the Bronze Age fortifications of Bernstorf, Ldkr. Freising . In: Arch. Landkr. Freising, 7, 2000, 81–85.
  • KH Rieder, On the status of the archaeological investigations on the Bronze Age fortifications of Bernstorf, Freising district . In: Arch. Landkr. Freising, 8, 2002, 137–141.
  • Astrid Röpke, Carlo Dietl: The burned, Bronze Age fortification of Bernstorf (Upper Bavaria): new geoarchaeological results. University of Leipzig, Joint Annual Meeting of the AK Geoarchäologie and AG Paläopedologie 2012 - Soil archives in a geoarchaeological context
  • Kate Verkooijen: Report and Catalog of the Amber found at Bernstorf, near Kranzberg, Freising district, Bavaria, Germany. In: Annual publication for Central German prehistory. Volume 96, 2017, pp. 139-230 ( online ).
  • Christian-Heinrich Wunderlich: Studies on the weathering of Baltic amber (succinite). In: Annual publication for Central German prehistory. Volume 96, 2017, pp. 231-246 ( online ).
  • Christian-Heinrich Wunderlich, Karoline Peisker: On the production technique of the gold finds from Bernstorf. In: Annual publication for Central German prehistory. Volume 96, 2017, pp. 247-268.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Manfred Moosauer u. a .: First edition on the fortified settlement of the Bronze Age near Bernstorf / Kranzberg ( Memento from February 27, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  2. ↑ Joseph Wenzl, handwritten records in the archives of the Historisches Verein Freising
  3. ↑ Kate Verkooijen: Report and Catalog of the Amber found at Bernstorf, near Kranzberg, Freising district, Bavaria, Germany. In: Annual publication for Central German prehistory. Volume 96, 2017, pp. 139–230, here: p. 140.
  4. ↑ Memorandum of the Bavarian. State Office for Monument Preservation, Dept. of Soil Monument Preservation, Ref. Upper Bavaria, on December 18, 2002 by Dr. Martin Pietsch, confirmed by Wolfgang Buchner on 04/04/2003
  5. ↑ Controversial: Doubts about authenticity remain (document at around 4:00)
  6. ↑ a b Ernst Pernicka: On the question of the authenticity of the Bernstorfer gold finds. In: Metals of Power - Early Gold and Silver. Metals of Power - Early Gold and Silver. 6th Central German Archaeological Day from October 17 to 19, 2013 in Halle (Saale). 6th Archaeological Conference of Central Germany October 17-19, 2013 in Halle (Saale). Edited by Harald Meller, Roberto Risch and Ernst Pernicka. Conferences of the State Museum for Prehistory Halle, Volume 11, 2014, ISBN 978-3-944507-13-2 , pp. 247–256.
  7. ↑ Is the gold find a forgery? ( Memento of May 20, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) BR website (accessed October 24, 2014)
  8. ^ Bernhard Hampp: Troja in Ampertal . In: Süddeutsche Zeitung No. 178, August 4, 2001.
  9. ↑ a b See Bernstorf - Kultplatz, economic and trading center of the European Bronze Age in Bavaria , accessed on December 30, 2012.
  10. ↑ On the trail of the Bernstorf riddle. New archaeological research in the largest fortification of the Middle Bronze Age (14th century BC) north of the Alps. (No longer available online.) Archeology Online / University of Frankfurt a. M., September 16, 2010, formerly in the original ; Retrieved July 20, 2011 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.archaeologie-online.de  
  11. ↑ The Bronze Age fortification Bernstorf and its settlement area in the Ampertal (Lkr. Freising, Upper Bavaria).
  12. ↑ Rupert Gebhart: Der Goldfund von Bernstorf ( Memento of the original from November 22, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kranznet.indi.de
  13. ↑ Martin Bernstein: The German Troy . In: PM History . No. 8/2011 . Gruner + Jahr , Hamburg 2011, p. 71-76 .
  14. ^ Rupert Gebhard , Rüdiger Krause : On the iconography of the representation of the face. In: Rupert Gebhard, Rüdiger Krause: Bernstorf. Archaeological and scientific analyzes of the gold and amber finds from Bernstorfer Berg near Kranzberg, Upper Bavaria (= treatises and inventory catalogs of the Munich State Archaeological Collection. 3 = Frankfurter Archäologische Schriften . 31 = Bernstorf research. 1). Archaeological State Collection Munich, Munich 2016, ISBN 978-3-927806-43-6 , p. 129.
  15. ↑ Kate Verkooijen: Report and Catalog of the Amber found at Bernstorf, near Kranzberg, Freising district, Bavaria, Germany. In: Annual publication for Central German prehistory. Volume 96, 2017, pp. 139–230, here: pp. 178–180.
  16. ^ Richard Janko: Amber inscribed in Linear B from Bernstorf in Bavaria. New light on the Mycenaean kingdom of Pylos. In: Bavarian history sheets . Volume 80, 2015, pp. 39-64 ( online ).
  17. ↑ Kate Verkooijen: Report and Catalog of the Amber found at Bernstorf, near Kranzberg, Freising district, Bavaria, Germany. In: Annual publication for Central German prehistory. Volume 96, 2017, pp. 139–230, here: pp. 182–183 ( online ).
  18. ↑ Günther Knoll: Too much gold to be true . In: Süddeutsche Zeitung , October 24, 2014, on sueddeutsche.de of October 24, 2014, accessed on October 24, 2014.
  19. ↑ M. Radtke, U. Reinholz, R. Gebhard: Synchrotron Radiation-Induced X-Ray Fluorescence (SRXRF) Analyzes Of The Bernstorf Gold . In: Archaeometry . 59, No. 5, 2017, ISSN  0003-813X , pp. 891-899. doi : 10.1111 / arcm.12294 .
  20. ↑ Archeology in Germany 1/2017 p. 54/55, accessed on February 21, 2017
  21. ↑ The gold discovery from Bernstorf does not come from the Bronze Age ( memento of the original from November 29, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. at: Archeology online from October 24, 2014; Trouble among archaeologists in: Süddeutsche Zeitung from October 30, 2014 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.archaeologie-online.de
  22. ↑ Suspected forgery in Bernstorf - Continued in: Archeology online from January 22, 2016
  23. ↑ Kate Verkooijen: Report and Catalog of the Amber found at Bernstorf, near Kranzberg, Freising district, Bavaria, Germany. In: Annual publication for Central German prehistory. Volume 96, 2017, pp. 139-230 ( online ).
  24. ^ Rupert Gebhard and Rüdiger Krause: Bernstorf. Archaeological and scientific analyzes of the gold and amber finds from Bernstorfer Berg near Kranzberg, Upper Bavaria . Archaeological State Collection Munich 2016
  25. ↑ Ulf von Rauchhaupt : Pure gold . In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung No. 2/2017 of January 15, 2017, p. 57.
  26. ↑ Christian-Heinrich Wunderlich, Karoline Peisker: On the production technique of the gold finds from Bernstorf. In: Annual publication for Central German prehistory. Volume 96, 2017, pp. 247-268.
  27. ↑ Christian-Heinrich Wunderlich: Studies on the weathering of Baltic amber (succinite). In: Annual publication for Central German prehistory. Volume 96, 2017, pp. 231–246 ( online )
  28. ^ Alfred Reichenberger: Review of: Rupert Gebhard u. Rüdiger Krause: Bernstorf. Archaeological and scientific analyzes of the gold and amber finds from Bernstorfer Berg near Kranzberg, Upper Bavaria. In: Annual publication for Central German prehistory. Volume 96, 2017, pp. 543-550 ( online )
  29. ^ Ernst Pernicka: Review of: Rupert Gebhard u. Rüdiger Krause: Bernstorf. Archaeological and scientific analyzes of the gold and amber finds from Bernstorfer Berg near Kranzberg, Upper Bavaria. In: Praehistorische Zeitschrift Ahead of Print, 2017 ( source )
  30. ^ Rainer-Maria Weiss: Book review: Rupert Gebhard u. Rüdiger Krause: Bernstorf. Archaeological and scientific analyzes of the gold and amber finds from Bernstorfer Berg near Kranzberg, Upper Bavaria. In: Hammaburg NF 17 2017 (in press), 2017
  31. ^ Anthony Harding, Helen Hughes-Brock: Mycenaeans in Bavaria? Amber and gold from the Bronze Age site of Bernstorf In: Antiquity Volume 91, Issue 359, October 2017, pp. 1382-1385 ( online ).
  32. ^ FE Wagner, R. Gebhard, WM Gan and M. Hofmann: The Metallurgical Texture of gold artefacts from the Bronze Age Rampart of Bernstorf (Bavaria) Studied by Neutron Diffraction. In: NINMACH 2017 Contribution. Retrieved May 13, 2019 . doi: 10.1016 / j.jasrep.2018.05.005
  33. ↑ Purest Gold in Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung on January 15, 2017, page 57

Coordinates: 48 ° 25 ′ 8 "  N , 11 ° 36 ′ 35.3"  E