Jumper monkeys

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jumper monkeys
White-tailed spring monkey (Plecturocebus discolor)

White-tailed spring monkey ( Plecturocebus discolor )

Systematics
Order : Primates (Primates)
Subordination : Dry- nosed primates (Haplorrhini)
Partial order : Monkey (anthropoidea)
without rank: New World Monkey (Platyrrhini)
Family : Sakia monkeys (Pitheciidae)
Subfamily : Jumper monkeys
Scientific name
Callicebinae
Pocock , 1925
White-eared spring monkey ( Callicebus donacophilus )

The titi monkeys (Callicebinae) are a subfamily of the family of pitheciidae (Pitheciidae) with about 35 species. They are small, forest-dwelling, predominantly fruit-eating primates, all of which live in South America .

features

Jumper monkeys reach a head body length of 23 to 46 centimeters, the tail is longer than the body and measures 26 to 56 centimeters. The weight is around 0.5 to 1.5 kilograms, the gender dimorphism in weight is only weak. The individual species vary considerably in size and coat color, but are similar in body structure. The fur is long and soft, it is usually reddish, brownish or black in color and lighter on the underside. Some species have a light-colored collar or noticeable hair on the cheeks. The tail is hairy throughout and cannot be used for grasping. The hind legs are elongated to adapt to jumping locomotion, the head is small and rounded.

distribution and habitat

Jumper monkeys live in South America , they have a two-part distribution area. The majority of the species live in the Amazon basin from southern Colombia and eastern Ecuador through western and central Brazil to Bolivia and northern Paraguay . The second group occurs geographically isolated in southeastern Brazil. The habitats of these animals are mostly forests, although they can live in different forest types depending on the species.

Lifestyle and diet

Jumper monkeys are diurnal tree dwellers. They get their name because they can jump effortlessly to other branches with their strong hind legs from the climbing position, in which they grasp branches with all four limbs. In addition to the nocturnal sleep phase, for which they retire into the thick undergrowth, they also take a midday rest.

Jumper monkeys are territorial animals. They live in family groups that consist of a male, a female and their offspring and can contain two to seven animals. The two partners live monogamous , they often stay together for life. The districts have a size of 3 to 24 hectares. The animals mark their territory with morning duets. These chants last up to 10 minutes and are answered by neighboring couples. If necessary, the area is also aggressively defended against intruders. Grooming and communicating with a variety of sounds are important for group cohesion. You often see couples sitting or sleeping with intertwined tails.

The main food of the jumping monkeys consists of fruits. They also eat leaves, seeds and other parts of plants, as well as insects and other small animals.

Reproduction

The female gives birth to a single young after a gestation period of around five to six months. The father takes over the main care for the young, he takes care of it, carries it and only makes it suckle for the mother. The young animals are weaned at five months, adult monkeys at around one year old and at two to three years old they leave their family group to start their own. In the zoo, these animals can reach an age of over 25 years.

Danger

The main threat to the jumping monkeys comes from the destruction of their habitat. The species that live in the Atlantic coastal forests of Brazil are particularly affected, as most of these forests have already been cut down. Individual species are also hunted to a lesser extent. According to the IUCN, a total of nine species are endangered or threatened.

Systematics and types

The jumping monkeys are assigned as a separate subfamily (Callicebinae) of the Sakia monkey family (Pitheciidae). The extinct Antilles monkeys (Xenotrichini) are possibly closely related to them . The extinct Jamaican monkey ( Xenothrix mcgregori ) is a sister group of the genus Cheracebus and belongs to the jumping monkeys.

The exact number of species has steadily increased over time. While earlier works only mentioned three species, today there are around 30 species. Whereas all species used to belong to the genus Callicebus , two more genera were introduced in 2016. The separation of the three species of jumping monkey took place in the middle and late Miocene .

Masked Jumping Monkey

literature

  • Thomas Geissmann : Comparative Primatology. Springer-Verlag, Berlin et al. 2003, ISBN 3-540-43645-6 .
  • Ronald M. Nowak: Walker's Mammals of the World. 6th edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD 1999, ISBN 0-8018-5789-9 .
  • Marc GM van Roosmalen, Tomas van Roosmalen and Russell A. Mittermeier: A Taxonomic Review of the Titi Monkeys, Genus "Callicebus" Thomas 1903, with the description of two new species: "Callicebus bernhardi" and "Callicebus stepehnnashi", from Brazilian Amazonia . In: Neotropical Primates. 10, ISSN  1413-4703 , 2002, pp. 1-52, PDF; 2.84 MB .
  • Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds.): Mammal Species of the World. A taxonomic and geographic Reference. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Roseina Woods, Samuel T. Turvey, Selina Brace, Ross DE MacPhee, Ian Barnes. Ancient DNA of the extinct Jamaican monkey Xenothrix reveals extreme insular change within a morphologically conservative radiation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2018; 201808603 DOI: 10.1073 / pnas.1808603115
  2. ↑ a b c d Hazel Byrne, Anthony B. Rylands, Jeferson C. Carneiro, Jessica W. Lynch Alfaro, Fabricio Bertuol, Maria NF da Silva, Mariluce Messias, Colin P. Groves , Russell A. Mittermeier , Izeni Farias, Tomas Hrbek , Horacio Schneider, Iracilda Sampaio and Jean P. Boubli: Phylogenetic relationships of the New World titi monkeys (Callicebus): first appraisal of taxonomy based on molecular evidence . Frontiers in Zoology 13, 2016: 10, DOI: 10.1186 / s12983-016-0142-4
  3. ^ A b Jan Vermeer and Julio C. Tello-Alvarado: The Distribution and Taxonomy of Titi Monkeys (Callicebus) in Central and Southern Peru, with the Description of a New Species. ( Memento of the original from July 8, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / static1.1.sqspcdn.com archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Primate Conservation 2015 (29)
  4. ↑ Defler et al. (2010): Callicebus caquetensis: A New and Critically Endangered Titi Monkey from Southern Caquetá, Colombia . Primate Conservation. 136211. Primate Conservation. 136211. Primate Conservation. 136211. PDF ( Memento of the original dated August 23, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.primate-sg.org
  5. ↑ Jean P.Boubli et al .: On a new species of titi monkey (Primates: Plecturocebus . Byrne et al, 2016), from Alta Floresta, southern Amazon, Brazil. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, November 2018, doi: 10.1016 / j.ympev.2018.11.012
  6. ↑ Julio César Dalponte, Felipe Ennes Silva, José de Sousa e Silva Junior: New species of titi monkey, genus Callicebus Thomas, 1903 (Primates, Pitheciidae), from southern Amazonia, Brazil . Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, Volume 54 (32): 457-472, 2014
  7. ↑ Almério Câmara Gusmão, Mariluce Rezende Messias, Jeferson Costa Carneiro, Horacio Schneider, Thiago Bento de Alencar, Armando Muniz Calouro, Júlio Cesar Dalponte, Fabio de Souza Mattos, Stephen F. Ferrari, Gerson Buss, Renata Bocorny de Azevedo, Eduardo Marques Santos Júnior, Stephen D. Nash, Anthony B. Rylands and Adrian A. Barnett: A New Species of Titi Monkey, Plecturocebus Byrne et al., 2016 (Primates, Pitheciidae), from Southwestern Amazonia, Brazil Primate Conservation 33, 2019, p. 1-15
  8. ↑ Gualdo-Barros, Juliana; Nacimento, Fabio Oliveira do and Amaral, Marilia Kerr do. A new species of Callicebus Thomas, 1903 (Primates, Pitheciidae) from the states of Mato Grosso and Pará, Brazil. Pap. Avulsos Zool. (São Paulo). 2012, vol. 52, n.23, pp. 261-279. ISSN  0031-1049 . doi : 10.1590 / S0031-10492012002300001 .

Web links

Commons : Jumping Monkeys  - Collection of images, videos and audio files