Carl Schneider (theologian, 1900)

Carl Hermann Oskar Schneider (born December 19, 1900 in Zwickau , † May 16, 1977 in Speyer ) was a German theologian , religious scholar, psychologist and cultural scientist.

Live and act

The son of a druggist attended the Realgymnasium Zwickau until the high school graduation in 1920 . From 1920/21 he studied in Marburg , from 1922 in Leipzig, Protestant theology , philosophy, psychology and education. He passed the Graecum and Hebraicum in 1920 and passed the theological state examination at the University of Leipzig in 1924 . He then worked as an assistant at the seminar for systematic theology under Karl Girgensohn . At the same time he held the senior position of the Preachers College at St. Pauli in Leipzig and was the editor of the magazine founded by his teacher Karl GirgensohnChristianity and Science . After Girgensohn's death, Schneider released his theological ethics from the estate .

In 1928 Carl Schneider received his doctorate with a dissertation on a topic from Gestalt psychology , investigations into the sensitivity to differences between differently structured optical shapes . Felix Krueger and Friedrich Sander were the reviewers . He then went to the Concordia Theological Seminary in Springfield (Ohio) as an Assistant Professor . From 1929 to 1934 he was a professor at the Herder Institute in Riga .

In 1930 he completed his habilitation with Johannes Leipoldt at the theological faculty of the University of Leipzig with a thesis in the field of religious psychology , Die Erlebnisechtheit der Apocalypse des Johannes. In 1935 he was appointed associate professor for the New Testament and Hellenistic religious history at the Albertus University in Königsberg ; there he received a chair two years later .

In 1933 Schneider joined the NSDAP . Since its founding in 1939, he has worked at the Institute for Research and Elimination of the Jewish Influence on German Church Life in Eisenach , which had been brought into being by protagonists of the German Christians .

After being drafted into the Wehrmacht , Carl Schneider worked as a psychologist and interpreter. The end of the war brought imprisonment and expulsion from Königsberg with the associated loss of his library, manuscripts and boxes of notes. He first settled with his family in Flomborn in the Rhine-Hesse region, where he worked as a pastor.

Probably because of his advocacy of National Socialist ideology in his writings and as a member of the Eisenach Institute, Carl Schneider was not allowed to continue his interrupted activity as a professor at a university. The church president of the Evangelical Church of the Palatinate, Hans Stempel brought Schneider to Speyer. In 1948 he joined the National Association of Inner Mission. From 1954 Schneider had a pastor's position for church-wide tasks. He directed the training of community helpers and was director of the Evangelical Academy in Enkenbach in the Palatinate from 1961 to 1967 .

As cultural advisor for the city of Speyer (1949–1974), the family's new residence, he succeeded in giving important impulses to the city's post-war cultural life. Carl Schneider's large-scale major works on Hellenism and Christianity were also created here , for which the extensive preparatory work during the time he was active in Königsberg had been destroyed due to the war.

In his writings, lectures and courses, Carl Schneider repeatedly drew attention to the importance of dealing with the world of antiquity , especially the ancient Greeks. With his own enthusiasm, his encyclopedic knowledge and the mastery of rhetorical means, he succeeded in bringing theological and cultural-historical questions closer to a broad audience and he did not shy away from confronting laypeople with specialist questions from his research area, trusting their willingness to learn. The ability of Carl Schneider, also mentioned by the reviewers of his main works, to present the problems and results of his scientific work in clear, understandable language, was one of the reasons for the success of his work.

The development of the community college movement and adult education in general was a particular concern of Schneider, and he encouraged people whose intellectual capacity he had recognized to become actively involved in cultural life. Carl Schneider left no doubt that progress in intellectual development must be worked out hard. There is no learning sans peine (= without effort), he said, referring to the title of the well-known textbook series for foreign languages ​​of the Assimil- Verlag.

Carl Schneider has received several awards for his work. On September 7, 1974, on the occasion of his farewell as cultural advisor and head of the adult education center , he received the Federal Cross of Merit on ribbon from the then Minister of Education of Rhineland-Palatinate, Bernhard Vogel , and in 1975 the Lord Mayor of Speyer, Christian Roßkopf , awarded him the town's plaque of honor . In the Villa Kirrmeier-Ecarius in Speyer, Bahnhofstrasse 54, the seat of the local adult education center, a memorial plaque was placed after Carl Schneider's death, but it has since been removed.

Carl Schneider was a member of the Mommsen Society , the Humboldt Society and a member and Knight of Honor of the Ordo Sancti Constantini (OCM) , the international Order of Constantine.

The grave of Carl Schneider in the Speyer cemetery, which was abandoned in 2017

Carl Schneider's grave was in the Speyer cemetery until October 2017.

Works

• Carl Girgensohn † . In: Christianity and Science: Monthly . Leipzig. 1 (1925), p. 419 ff.
• Is there a religious person? : Contributions to religious individual psychology on an experimental basis . In: Christianity and Science: Monthly . Leipzig. 2 (1926), p. 97 ff, p. 139 ff. (Also published as a special edition no year).
• Investigations into the sensitivity to differences of differently structured optical shapes . (Dissertation, published simultaneously in: Felix Krueger, Friedrich Sander [Hrsg.]: Gestalt und Sinn . (New Psychological Studies, Vol. 4, Book 1). CH Beck, Munich 1928.)
• Experimental studies on experiencing God . In: Psychology of Religion. Wilhelm Braumüller-Verlag, Vienna a. a. (Publications of the Vienna Religious Psychological Research Institute by the International Religious Psychological Society. Karl Beth [Ed.]) Issue 4 (1928), pp. 51–62.
• The doctrines of feeling in contemporary psychology and their significance for religious studies . In: Christianity and Science: Monthly . Leipzig. 5 (1929), p. 189 ff.
• With the German Lutherans in Australia . (The Evangelical Diaspora: Supplements; 17). Publishing house of the Central Board of the Evangelical Association of the Gustav Adolf Foundation, Leipzig 1929.
• The authenticity of the apocalypse of John . Dörffling & Franke, Leipzig 1930. (Habilitation thesis).
• Paul and the world . In: Angelos: Archive for New Testament Contemporary History and Cultural Studies . Pfeiffer, Leipzig. 4 (1932), p. 11 ff.
• Paul and prayer . In: Angelos: Archive for New Testament Contemporary History and Cultural Studies . Pfeiffer, Leipzig. 4 (1932), p. 17 ff.
• The feeling of the people and home with Paul . In: Christianity and Science: Monthly . Braunschweig. 8 (1932), p. 10 ff.
• New Testament and Germanness . In: Faith and people in the decision: Christian-German monthly . Diesterweg, Frankfurt a. M./Berlin. 2, pp. 71-74 (1933).
• National Socialism and German Abroad . In: Baltic monthly books . Plates, Riga 1933. pp. 609-616.
• Introduction to contemporary history of the New Testament with pictures . Deichert, Leipzig 1934.
• The captain on the cross . In: Journal for New Testament Science (= ZNTW) . De Gruyter, Berlin. 33 (1934).
• People and race . In: Volk im Werden: Zeitschrift für Kulturpolitik . Armanen-Verlag, Leipzig. 4 (1936), pp. 375-378.
• Catapetasma . In: Kyrios: Quarterly journal for the history of the Church and Spiritual History of Eastern Europe . The track, Berlin. 1 (1936), pp. 57-73.
• Thymiamata . In: Kyrios: Quarterly journal for the history of the Church and Spiritual History of Eastern Europe . The track, Berlin. 2 (1937).
• Paul questions . Bonner Universitäts-Buchdruck, Bonn 1937. (Structure in Positive Christianity , Issue 40).
• Longing as a constitutive moment of religious experience . In: Archive for the whole of psychology: Organ of the German Society for Psychology . Academic Publishing Society, Frankfurt am Main. 97, pp. 182-196 (1938).
• Early Christianity as an anti-Semitic movement . Verlag Kommende Kirche, Bremen 1940. (Book edition of two articles from March 26th and April 16, 1939 in No. 13 and No. 16 of the magazine Kommende Kirche .)
• The survival of the Hellenistic religions in the Byzantine liturgies . In: Kyrios: Quarterly journal for the history of the Church and Spiritual History of Eastern Europe . The track, Berlin. 4 (1941).
• The non-binding nature of the biblical canon . In: Heinz E. Eisenhuth (ed.), The meaning of the Bible for faith . Wigand, Leipzig 1941, pp. 263-278.

• Gregorovius as East Prussia . In: Old Prussian research . Historical Commission for East and West Prussian State Research, Königsberg, 19 (1942), p. 79.
• Memories of Heidesheim. Experience report from a prisoner of war hospital . Druck-Werkstätte Diehl & Co., Alzey 1948.
• Practical Bible study . Kaufmann, Lahr 1949.
  • Practical Biblical Studies , newly edited, reviewed and improved by Arnold Bittlinger . The Rufer, book and font publisher Rolf Kühne, Hanover 1967.
• Archeiropoieton , in: Reallexikon für antiquity and Christianity. (= RAC) . Hiersemann, Leipzig and Stuttgart 1950. Vol. I.
• The diplomacy of Byzantium . 4. Course for candidates for the foreign service. Speyer 1952. (Lecture notes. Available: Library and media center of the Evangelical Church of the Palatinate in Speyer. Signature: NH 6/39.)
• Origen and the Hellenistic Religions . In: Theological literary newspaper . Evangelical Publishing House, Leipzig. 12 (1953), pp. 742-748.
• The Christians in the Roman Empire . In: Historia Mundi . Francke Verlag, Bern / Lehnen Verlag, Munich 1956. Vol. 4.
• Heracles the Death Conqueror. For the interpretation of a relief cycle from Speyer . In: Scientific journal of the Karl Marx University Leipzig , 7 (1957/58). Society and Linguistics Series , No. 5, pp. 661–666.
• Hellenism . In: Evangelisches Kirchenlexikon. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1958. Vol. 2, Sp. 98-102.
• On the importance of wine in cultural history . Meininger, Neustadt an der Weinstrasse, 1958. (Wine leaf library for those working in the wine trade, vol. 27).
• On the concept of gestalt in late Greek antiquity . In: Journal for Experimental and Applied Psychology . Verlag für Psychologie Hogrefe, Göttingen 1959. VI / 3 (1959), pp. 335–342.
• Comments on a document from an Egyptian diaspora community . In: Die Evangelische Diaspora , Zeitschrift des Gustav Adolf-Werk 27/4 (1956), pp. 217–225.
• The differences between early Christianity in the east and west of the ancient world . In: Gymnasium: magazine for ancient culture and humanistic education . Winter, Heidelberg. Vol. 63, p. 269 ff.
• Protestant youth service. Handouts for community and youth work . (Ed.: Th. Voss;) No. 13–15, 17. No. 15: For the sake of faith. Königsberg undated (hectographed brochures).
• On the importance of wine in antiquity . Lecture at the event of the Society for the History of Wine on January 16, 1961 in Bad Kreuznach. Society for the history of wine, Wiesbaden 1961. (Writings on wine history; No. 5).
• Central European traffic routes from 1200 to 1500 . In: Yearbook of the Port Construction Society . Springer-Verlag, Berlin a. a. 1962. Vol. 25/26 (1958/61), pp. 5-25.
• Dionysus in Speyer  ? In: Communications of the Historical Association of the Palatinate . Historischer Verein der Pfalz, Speyer 1965. No. 63, pp. 92–95.
• Intellectual history of ancient Christianity . 2 vols. CH Beck, Munich 1954.
  • Intellectual history of Christian antiquity . CH Beck, Munich 1970 (Beck's special editions). (Abridged edition of the intellectual history of ancient Christianity with changed title.)
  • Intellectual history of Christian antiquity . Deutscher Taschenbuch-Verlag (dtv), Munich 1978.
• The pictures in the Dreifaltigkeitskirche in Speyer from a theological point of view . In: Turmhahn: magazine for building and art in the Evangelical Church of the Palatinate (Protestant regional church) . Evangelical press service, Speyer. 7 (1963), No. 4-5, p. 19.
• The Age of Justinian . In: Historical magazine . Oldenbourg, Munich 1961. 193/1 (1961), pp. 92-101. (Review by: Berthold Rubin , The Age of Justinian . Vol. 1. de Gruyter, Berlin 1960.)
• On the problem of the Hellenistic in the Qumran texts . In: Symposium of Qumran Research , Berlin 1963.
• Johannes Leipoldt †. In: Gnomon: critical journal for all of classical antiquity . CH Beck, Munich. 37: 743-744 (1965). (Obituary for Carl Schneider's teacher).
• The historical Jesus . (Volume transcript of two papers, held at a conference of the Evangelical Academy of the Palatinate on December 10/11, 1966 in the Martin-Butzer-Haus in Bad Dürkheim. Central archive of the Evangelical Church of the Palatinate ZASP Dept. 38 No. 52.)
• The image of Jesus in historical-critical theology . In: Karlheinz Deschner (Ed.), Images of Jesus in theological view , Munich 1966, pp. 9–32.
• Cultural history of Hellenism . 2 vols. CH Beck, Munich 1967/69.
  • The world of Hellenism. Life forms of late Greek antiquity . CH Beck, Munich 1975. (Abridged edition of the cultural history of Hellenism .)
• Polarities in Hellenism . In: Polarity as a world law and principle of life (treatises by the Humboldt Society for Science, Art and Education), Mannheim 1974, pp. 233–247.
• The basics of European education . Board of the Landau district association of the European Union, Landau 1976.
• Symbols of the mystery religions as an expression of real polarity . OO, 1976.
• Mysteries . Speyer 1976. (Printed as a manuscript, copy available: Palatinate State Library Speyer, call number: K 59245.)
• The ancient mysteries in their unity and diversity. Nature and Effect of Initiation . Bauhütten-Verlag, Hamburg 1979.
• Christianity . In: Propylaea World History , ed. by Golo Mann and Alfred Heuss . Ullstein Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1963. Vol. 4, Rome. The Roman World , pp. 429–485.
• Speyer - European history as the fate of a city . In: Series of publications by the city of Speyer . City administration, Speyer 1983. Vol. 1. ISSN  0175-7954 . Pp. 9-21. (Transcript of a lecture from May 17, 1976 in Speyer. Also published in: Quarterly magazine of the tourist association in cooperation with the city administration . Tourist association, Speyer 1976/77. ISSN  0946-4719 )
• Lectures on Hellenism and Early Christianity . In: Frank Hennecke, Erwin Radek, Paul Schröder (eds.), Gymnasium and Welt . Books on Demand, Norderstedt 2014. ISBN 978-3-7357-9405-5 . Pp. 237-282. (These are transcripts from listeners of the lectures that Carl Schneider gave in the Friedenskirche in Ludwigshafen am Rhein between the 1950s and 1970s .)

literature

• Werner Brunner, Sigrid Reichenberger [collaboration], bibliography Prof. Lic. Hc Dr. phil. Carl Schneider . Speyer, 1970. (Typewritten, available: Pfälzische Landesbibliothek Speyer. Call number: K 26758). (Despite a supplement incomplete and incomplete in the bibliographical information).
• Alfred Heuss : Carl Schneider . In: Gnomon: critical journal for all of classical antiquity . CH Beck, Munich. Vol. 50,1 (1978), pp. 95 ff.
• Volker Lubinetzki: From the servant figure of the New Testament. Observations on its use and interpretation in Germany before and in the context of the "Third Reich . Münster 2000.
• Schneider, Carl . In: Carl, Viktor: Lexicon of Palatinate personalities . Henning, Edenkoben 2004, ISBN 3-9804668-5-X .
• Peter von der Osten-Sacken: The misused Gospel. Studies on theology and practice of the Thuringian German Christians . Berlin 2002.
• Annette Merz : Philhellenism and Antisemitism. Two sides of one coin in the academic writings of Carl Schneider . In: Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte , Issue 17.2 (2004), pp. 314–330. (Merz shows the reception of National Socialist ideas in Schneider's writings and sees a direct connection between the "philhellenism" of his writings and the program of "de-Judaism" of the Eisenach Institute, of which he was a collaborator. Knowledge of some of the essays listed in the list of works in this article on the subject of National Socialism we owe the information provided by the author.)
• Annette Merz: Carl Schneider's exegese van de Openbaring van Johannes en de invloed van het nationaal-socialisme . In: Geert van Oyen (Ed.): Een tip van de sluier. Four because of naar het boek Openbaring (= Utrechtse Theologische Reeks 52). Utrecht 2005. pp. 35-50.
• Roland Deines : The Pharisees: their understanding in the mirror of Christian and Jewish research since Wellhausen and Graetz . (= WUNT [Scientific studies on the New Testament] I / 101). Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen 1969, p. 469 ff.
• Ernst Klee : The dictionary of persons on the Third Reich . Who was what before and after 1945 . 2nd Edition. Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2007, ISBN 978-3-596-16048-8 .
• Burkhard Weitz / Cindi Jakobs: News about Jesus of Nazareth . In: chrismon plus: the evangelical magazine . Hansisches Druck- und Verlagshaus, Frankfurt 2017. ISSN  1619-6384 . Issue 03 (2017), pp. 69–73.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Corresponds to today's Abitur.
2. ↑ As the annual reports of the local secondary school in the Zwickau city archive show, Schneider learned the languages ​​English, French and Latin (shelf mark III 2. 4 S, no. 141, vol. X).
3. ↑ The following information is based, also in the choice of words, on the curriculum vitae written by Schneider on the occasion of his dissertation (dissertation, published simultaneously in: Felix Krueger, Friedrich Sander [Ed.]: Gestalt und Sinn . (New Psychological Studies, Vol. 4, Book 1). CH Beck, Munich 1928. Page 160).
4. ^ Carl Girgensohn: Theological Ethics . Edited by Carl Schneider from the manuscript left behind with the use of postscripts. Leipziger Kartell-Verlag, Leipzig 1926.
5. ↑ Membership number 3391293. Information in: Annette Merz: Philhellenism and Antisemitism. Two sides of one coin in the academic writings of Carl Schneider . In: Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte , Issue 17.2 (2004), p. 318.
6. ↑ Hans Prolingheuer: We went astray . Pahl-Rugenstein, Cologne 1987.
7. ↑ For the justification see also: Frank Hennecke u. a. (Ed.). High school and world . Books on Demand, Norderstedt 2014. pp. 282–283.
8. ^ Central archive of the Evangelical Church of the Palatinate, Speyer. Personnel file Schneider ZASP Dept. 2 No. 4031. Quoted in: Christoph Picker u. a. Protestants without protest: the Evangelical Church of the Palatinate under National Socialism . Publishing house Speyer u. a., Speyer u. a. 2016.
9. ↑ This position included the current position of the head of the VHS (adult education center).
10. ↑ Carl Schneider had exercised these offices on a voluntary basis for 25 years.
11. ↑ The memorial plaque was removed on the occasion of a renovation of the building and is now in the Speyer City Archives.
12. ^ In Germany: German Cooperative of the Knights of the International Order of Constantine e. V. According to a letter dated June 10, 2016 from the President of the OCM, Lutz Gieseke, membership in the Commandery of Hesse and Northern Germany had existed since 1964. The order is not identical to that listed under the Order of Constantine . See also: www.ocm-deutschland.info and the article Ordo Sancti Constantini Magni in the English Wikipedia.

Web links

• Literature by and about Carl Schneider in the catalog of the German National Library