Small bristle armadillo

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Small bristle armadillo
Small bristle armadillo

Small bristle armadillo

Systematics
Order : Armored siderails (Cingulata)
without rank: Armadillos (Dasypoda)
Family : Chlamyphoridae
Subfamily : Euphractinae
Genre : Bristle armadillos ( Chaetophractus )
Type : Small bristle armadillo
Scientific name
Chaetophractus vellerosus
( Gray , 1865)

The small bristle armadillo or white-haired armadillo ( Chaetophractus vellerosus ) is a representative of the bristle armadillos that lives mainly in central South America . Its distribution area is, however, divided into three parts with a main population in the dry Gran Chaco landscapes from Bolivia to Argentina , another small group occurs in the coastal region of the Argentine province of Buenos Aires . In addition, there is a third population in the highlands of the Andes from Chile to Peru . This was assigned to the "Andean bristle armadillo" ( Chaetophractus nationi ) as an independent species until 2016 , but genetic and morphological studies did not reveal any deviations from the small bristle armadillo. The species is omnivorous and feeds on plants and insects, but also on small vertebrates. Due to its wide distribution, the small bristle armadillo is considered safe according to the IUCN .

features

Habitus

The head shield of the lesser bristle armadillo

The small bristle armadillo reaches a head-trunk length of 21.0 to 28.4 cm, males are slightly larger than females. The tail length varies from 9.9 to 13.3 cm, here too males have slightly longer tails. The weight of the males varies from 257 to 1330 g, in females from 257 to 1126 g. In winter, a 10% increase in weight is usually achieved by enriching a fat pad. Overall, the small bristle armadillo is smaller than the brown bristle armadillo ( Chaetophractus villosus ). The animal is characterized by a rather plump body with short legs. The head has a short, triangular shape, the ears stand wide apart and are 2.2 to 3.3 cm long. The typical head shield covers almost the entire skull and extends to the tip of the nose. The shape is triangular, with the rear edge straight, but with small indentations on the side edges near the eyes. The shield is made up of small, non-uniformly shaped bone platelets. Towards the neck, however, there are two rows of bone platelets, of which the rear consists of 25 to 31 plates. The hull armor has a curved shape and consists of a firmer shoulder and pelvic shield, between which there are seven to eight freely movable ligaments. This shield is made up of small bone platelets in parallel rows. The shoulder shield has four rows, plus two additional straps to protect the neck. This makes it significantly shorter than the pool shield with nine to ten rows. In the latter, individual bone platelets with larger openings that contain glands occur in the center . The platelets of the movable bands show a surface pattern of three longitudinally directed ripples, of which the two edges are subdivided into smaller structures. The fourth movable ligament consists of 32 to 41 bone plates. The back of the armadillo is additionally covered with long, bristle-like hair, more than that of its relative, the brown-bristle armadillo. More hair can be found on the stomach, legs and cheeks. The animal is largely grayish in color, but flesh-colored on the cheeks and the underside of the head. The corners of the bone platelets can, however, take on a yellowish to pinkish tint, particularly noticeable on the movable ligaments, as can the tip of the nose and the ears. The short limbs each end in five-pointed hands and feet, the latter reaching 4.9 cm in length. Each of these rays is armed with a long, narrow claw, with the second of the front feet being the longest.

Skeletal features

The skull becomes 61 to 64 mm long. The clearly inflated tympanic bladder on the lower skull is striking . Like other armadillos, the small armadillo has no real teeth, but a tooth structure that differs from that of the higher mammals. It has nine molar-like teeth per jaw arch , a total of 36, with the first of the upper row of teeth being located in the middle jawbone . On the forelimbs, the armadillo has a very large upper joint of the ulna , which has an extension of 1.7 cm with a total bone length of 4.0 cm. Such a ratio of joint length to total length on the lower front legs is typical for mammals with a predominantly burrowing way of life.

Sensory performances and vocalizations

The little bristle armadillo is said to often utter loud screams when touched. The common name Screaming hairy armadillo is based on this property . The characteristic calls are sometimes long-lasting and include various sounds such as screams, different breathing noises, grunts and sobs. Field studies on more than 500 animals have shown that the armadillo species only very rarely makes sounds (in 6% of all cases) and that these are also produced in sometimes different situations. In most cases these are calls for distress or harassment by predators, possibly to scare them.

distribution and habitat

Distribution area

The distribution area of ​​the small bristle armadillo covers larger areas of central South America , but is divided into three parts. East of the Andes , the occurrence extends from the south-eastern part of Bolivia through northern and central Paraguay to central Argentina . A small population also exists on an area of ​​900 km² along a narrow strip on the coast of the Argentine province of Buenos Aires , about 500 km away from the rest of the occurrence. The total size of this inhabited area is 1.32 million square kilometers, but information on population density is not available. The habitat largely encompasses the dry savannahs of the Gran Chaco , with open forests and thorn bushes , the armadillo species also occurs in some areas in the grasslands of Patagonia , and rarely inhabits more humid areas of the northern Chaco. The habitats extend from sea level to around 1000 m land height. The lesser bristle armadillo prefers loose and sandy soils, and generally avoids rocky regions. The annual rainfall in these landscapes reaches between 200 and 600 mm. Only the isolated group on the coast of central Argentina occurs in more densely populated areas of the pampas , here they inhabit calcareous soils, whereby the annual precipitation can increase to 1000 mm. A third population populates the highlands of the Andes from northeast Chile via northwest Argentina and the western part of Bolivia, where about 70% of the total population is assumed, to the south of Peru . The altitude ranges from around 2400 to 4000 m above sea level ( Altiplano ). Between this western and the next eastern distribution area there is a corridor around 80 km wide, so far it is unclear whether the absence of the armadillo in this area is due to an observation gap. The occurrence in the Andes covers an area of ​​383,000 km², here too there is hardly any information about the density of the population . A rough estimate from 1999 assumed around 13,000 individuals for an area of ​​around 340 km² in Bolivia. The animals mainly use the open grasslands of the pampa and high puna regions and prefer mostly soft, sandy soils. The "Andean bristle armadillo" is particularly endangered by changes in the landscape in the Puna landscapes from 3500 m above sea level.

Way of life

Territorial behavior

Small bristle armadillo from the high altitudes of the Andes ("Andean bristle armadillo")

The small bristle armadillo lives mostly solitary and is diurnal, whereby in summer it mainly uses the twilight time, in the cold season, however, the warmer midday hours, so that the animal is probably active all year round. The active phase rarely exceeds three hours and is then interrupted by a rest phase. The total activity increases in the mating season. The individual animals maintain territories or home areas; these are smaller in areas with more humid climatic conditions than in those with drier conditions. Investigations in the region around Buenos Aires found a territory size of less than one hectare. The extent of the territories varied over the seasons from summer to winter for males (0.75 ha to 0.23 ha) than in comparison with females (0.13 ha to 0.27 ha). The spatial distribution of the animals, whether loosely scattered or clustered, may be influenced by the intensity of human use of the landscape. In the province of Buenos Aires , on the other hand, the average area size was 3.4 ha. Daily hikes, mainly for foraging, amount to about 640 to 1400 m.

Like other bristle armadillos, this armadillo also builds underground burrows. A single building often has several entrances with a diameter of 8 to 15 cm and is dug in areas with shrubbery or in Tala woodlands. The burial tunnels lead downwards at an angle of a maximum of 28 °, whereby the entire tunnel system can be several meters long and up to 2 m deep. The small bristle armadillo often uses its burrow, but not always for several nights in a row, but it constantly changes entrances. Some of these are also closed with plant material, but no nest is created inside. In addition, an animal can dig several burrows in one day. Studies on animals from the Andes have shown that they bury their burrows more often in loose sand dunes than in purely grassy areas. Here, too, the burrows may have several entrances, and no additional nests made of plant material are embedded. In the buildings there are more moderate temperature fluctuations than outside, on average they are 18 ° C in winter and 27 ° C in summer.

nutrition

The lesser bristle armadillo feeds on an omnivorous diet, mainly insects and plants. In the gastric contents investigated from the Bolivian Gran Chaco , about 41% of the material eaten came from insects and 56% from plants. Among the insects, termites , ants and beetles are the most common food resources, but also scorpions , but rarely spiders . The predominantly consumed plants include fruits of the Algarrobo tree Prosopis chilensis , which is adapted to dry climates , as well as parts of plants from Ziziphus mistol , from the tree species Sideroxylon obtusifolium known as Yvyra hû and from solstices . In general, insects are mainly eaten in spring and summer, plants in autumn or winter. In addition, the armadillo also eats vertebrates such as amphibians , especially frogs , lizards , birds and mice , the latter being represented in the food spectrum with leaf -eared mice and highland desert mice , which can consume up to a quarter of the amount of food, especially in summer . It is unclear whether the vertebrates are actively hunted or only eaten as carrion , but it is possible that amphibians and reptiles are sometimes killed in the ground during the cold season when they are frozen. When eating, a large amount of sand is swallowed. Furthermore, an animal can get along without fresh water for a long time and then meets its fluid requirements with food alone. All food intake takes place at short intervals at changing places, which are visited in spiral routes, which minimizes repeated visits to old places. One animal that was observed for five days ate a total of 222 times and covered up to 1077 m.

Reproduction

Little is known about the reproduction of the small bristle armadillo, but the birth takes place mainly in the summer from November to January, the seasonally dependent reproduction is also indicated by fluctuations in the progesterone level. A female at La Plata Zoo gave birth to two cubs who weighed 42 and 44 g. The birth takes place in the burrows, where the young remain during most of the milk phase. Newborns have a soft, leathery back armor that only hardens as they grow. In addition, the eyes are closed and only open after seven to ten days. The average life expectancy is three years, the maximum six to ten.

Predator and enemy behavior

The only known predators are wild dogs in more densely populated areas.

Parasites

The most common external parasites include fleas of the genera Phthiropsylla , Malacopsylla and Polygenis , the latter is mainly transmitted by common occurrence with comb rats and can be observed in around 18% of all animals. Various species of the tick genus Amblyomma have also been identified. Internal parasites include roundworms , such as the genus Cyclobulura .

Systematics

Internal systematics of the armadillos according to Gibb et al. 2015
  Dasypoda  
  Dasypodidae  

 Dasypus


  Chlamyphoridae  
  Euphractinae  

 Euphractus sexcinctus


   

 Chaetophractus villosus


   

 Zaedyus pichiy


   

 Chaetophractus vellerosus





   
  Chlamyphorinae  

 Chlamyphorus


   

 Calyptophractus



  Tolypeutinae  

 Priodontes


   

 Tolypeutes


   

 Cabassous







Template: Klade / Maintenance / Style

The small bristle armadillo belongs to the genus of the bristle armadillos ( Chaetophractus ), to which two other species are assigned. The bristle armadillos, in turn, belong to the group of armadillos (Dasypoda). The closest relatives of the bristle armadillos are the six-banded armadillo ( Euphractus ) and the dwarf armadillo ( Zaedyus ). All three armadillo representatives form the subfamily of the Euphractinae , which are included in the armadillos system of the Chlamyphoridae family . The Euphractinae are to be understood as the sister group of a clade consisting of the Chlamyphorinae with the girdle molluscs and the Tolypeutinae , the latter also including the spherical armadillos ( Tolypeutes ) and the bare- tailed armadillos ( Cabassous ). According to molecular genetic studies, the Chlamyphoridae separated in the Upper Eocene 37 million years ago. The splitting of the Euphractinae began in the Upper Miocene around 11 million years ago.

Depiction of the small bristle armadillo in the first description by John Edward Gray in 1865; Draftsman: Joseph Wolf

Two subspecies of the lesser bristle armadillo are distinguished:

  • C. v. pannosus Thomas , 1902; southern subspecies
  • C. v. vellerosus Gray , 1865; northern subspecies

The population living in the Andes was considered an independent species until 2016 and was named "Andean bristle armadillo" ( Chaetophractus nationi ). Some experts have been of the opinion since the beginning of the 21st century that the “Andean bristle armadillo” is only a subspecies of the small bristle armadillo. This supports research on skull and armor features published in 2015. Accordingly, there are no sufficiently large morphological differences between the lesser bristle armadillo, here mainly the subspecies C. v. vellerosus , and the “Andean bristle armadillo”, such as the formation of the head shield or the shape of the bone suture on the zygomatic arch , which was often used to differentiate the two forms. Genetic data also speak in favor of this, since both forms do not have any deviating haplotypes . For these reasons, the “Andean bristle armadillo” was disbanded as a species by the Anteater, Sloth and Armadillo Specialist Group of the IUCN in mid-2016 and synonymous with Chaetophractus vellerosus .

The oldest evidence of the small bristle armadillo comes from the end of the Lower Pleistocene and is around 900,000 years old. These are individual bone platelets from the movable ligaments of the back armor that were found in Punta Hermengo in the Argentine province of Buenos Aires, a region that is now outside the known settlement area of ​​the armadillo but belongs to the pampa region. The two now separated occurrences are probably to be seen as residual populations of an originally wider distribution, which arose from the increasingly humid climate towards the end of the Pleistocene and the associated retreat of the armadillo to drier areas.

The first description of only a few lines was made by John Edward Gray in 1865 using a specimen from the British Museum , but he referred the small bristle armadillo to the long-nosed armadillos ( Dasypus ). Gray gave "Santa Cruz de la Sierra", Santa Cruz in Bolivia, as the type locality . The local Guaraní people call the small bristle armadillo similar to the brown bristle armadillo as tatu poju'i , where poju refers to the needle-like claws on the forefoot and i means "small". The first description of the formerly independent species Chaetophractus nationi was carried out by Oldfield Thomas in 1894 under the name Dasypus nationi and thus also within the long-nosed armadillos. But he recognized the great similarity to the small bristle armadillo. Thomas made his description using a specimen from Orujo in Bolivia, which had been given to the Natural History Museum by William Nation . Thomas also named the shape in his honor.

Threat and protection

Due to its small size, the lesser bristle armadillo is hunted less often as a food resource than other armadillos, according to studies, it occupies less than 1% of the total consumed biomass among the local population of the Chaco regions. However, the back armor is often used as part of musical instruments, such as charangos and drums. Estimates assume that around 2,000 individuals are killed each year in Bolivia alone. In addition, body parts of the armadillo are processed into jewelry, as the animal brings luck according to local folk belief . On the other hand, farmers benefit from the small bristle armadillo, as it eliminates potential plant pests, among other things by capturing larvae of scarab beetles or owl butterflies , and thus controls their spread. Furthermore, it is quite adaptable and reacts less sensitively to changes in the landscape caused by agriculture . In areas more densely populated by humans, however, it is more likely to fall victim to dogs . Due to the widespread use of the small bristle armadillo, it is classified by the IUCN as "not endangered" ( least concern ). However, there has been a decline in field observations in recent years, which is seen as an indicator of a shrinking population. In the high altitude areas of the Andes, however, the animals are threatened by sand mining for the production of concrete . Due to the loss of habitats, the armadillo is penetrating cultivated regions, where it is in turn fought by farmers who see it as a food pest. The IUCN therefore assesses the local population in the Andes as "endangered" ( vulnerable ), since there has been a decline in the population of at least 30% in Bolivia since 2000. The small bristle armadillo is present in several nature reserves, for example in the 34,000 km² Kaa-Iya National Park or in the 1000 km² Sajama National Park , both in Bolivia.

literature

  • Alfredo A. Carlini, Esteban Soibelzon and Damián Glaz: Chaetophractus vellerosus (Cingulata: Dasypodidae). Mammalian Species 48 (937), 2016, pp. 73-82
  • Mariella Superina and Agustín Manuel Abba: Chlamyphoridae (Chlamyphorid armadillos). In: Don E. Wilson and Russell A. Mittermeier (eds.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 8: Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2018, pp. 48–71 (pp. 67–68) ISBN 978-84-16728-08-4

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Paul Smith: Lesser hairy armadillo Chaetophractus vellerosus (Gray, 1875). Mammals of Paraguay 12, 2008, pp. 1-9
  2. ↑ a b c d e f Alfredo A. Carlini, Esteban Soibelzon and Damián Glaz: Chaetophractus vellerosus (Cingulata: Dasypodidae). Mammalian Species 48 (937), 2016, pp. 73-82
  3. ↑ a b c d e f Mariella Superina and Agustín Manuel Abba: Chlamyphoridae (Chlamyphorid armadillos). In: Don E. Wilson and Russell A. Mittermeier (eds.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 8: Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2018, pp. 48–71 (pp. 67–68) ISBN 978-84-16728-08-4
  4. ↑ Squarcia, Silvia Margarita, Sidorkewicj, Nora Silvia Casanave and Emma Beatriz: The Hypertrophy of the Tympanic Bulla in Three Species of Dasypodids (Mammalia, Xenarthra) from Argentina. International Journal of Morphology 25 (3), 2007, pp. 597-602
  5. ↑ Nora S. Sidorkewicj and Emma B. Casanave: Morphology of the Middle Ear in Three Species of Armadillos (Dasypodidae, Xenarthra) from Argentina. International Journal of Morphology 30 (4), 2012, pp. 1500-1507
  6. ^ SF Vizcaíno and N. Milne: Structure and function in armadillo limbs (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Dasypodidae). Journal of Zoology 257, 2002, pp. 257, 117-127
  7. ↑ Juan P Amaya, Emmanuel Zufiaurre, Juan I Areta and Agustín M Abba: The weeping vocalization of the screaming hairy armadillo (Chaetophractus vellerosus), a distress cal. Journal of Mammalogy, 2019, doi: 10.1093 / jmammal / gyz108
  8. ↑ a b Agustín M. Abba, Sergio F. Vizcaíno and Marcelo H. Cassini: Effects of land use on the distribution of three species of armadillos in the Arentinaean pampas. Journal of Mammalogy 88 (2), 2007, pp. 502-507
  9. ^ Agustín M. Abba, Marcela J. Nabte, and Daniel E. Udrizar Sauthier: New Data on Armadillos (Xenarthra: Dasypodidae) for Central Patagonia, Argentina. Edentata 11 (1), 2010, pp. 11-17
  10. ↑ Agustín. M. Abba and M. Superina: Chaetophractus vellerosus. Edentata 11 (2), 2010, p. 150
  11. ↑ a b c Agustín M. Abba, Guillermo H. Cassini, Guido Valverde, Marie-Ka Tilak, Sergio F. Vizcaíno, Mariella Superina and Frédéric Delsuc: Systematics of hairy armadillos and the taxonomic status of the Andean hairy armadillo (Chaetophractus nationi) . Journal of Mammalogy 96 (4), 2015, pp. 673-689
  12. ↑ a b Agustín M. Abba and M. Superina: Chaetophractus nationi. Edentata 11 (2), 2010, p. 148
  13. ↑ a b c d IUCN SSC Anteater, Sloth and Armadillo Specialist Group: Chaetophractus vellerosus. In: IUCN: IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016. ( [1] ), last accessed on August 17, 2016
  14. ↑ a b edentate Specialist Group: The 2004 Edentata species assessment workshop, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, December 16-17, 2004. Edentata 5, 2004, pp 3-26
  15. ↑ Noralí Pagnutti, Jorge Gallo, Mariella Superina, Sergio F. Vizcaíno and Agustín M. Abba: Patrones estacionales de distribución espacial y area de acción del piche llorón, Chaetophractus vellerosus (Cingulata: Dasypodidae), en Magdalena, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Mastozoología Neotropical 21 (1), 2014, pp. 59-65
  16. ^ A b David H. Greegor: Preliminary Study of Movements of and Home Range of the Armadillo Chaetophractus vellerosus. Journal of Mammalogy 61, 1980, pp. 334-335
  17. ↑ a b José Carlos Pérez-Zubieta: Intensidad de uso de Hábitat del Quirquincho Andino (Chaetophractus nationi) en Zonas Aledañas a Asentamientos Humanos de la Provincia Sur Carangas, Oruro, Bolivia. Edentata 12, 2011, pp. 28-35
  18. ↑ a b Erika Cuéllar: Biology and ecology of armadillos in the Bolivian Chaco. In: Sergio F. Vizcaíno and WJ Loughry (eds.): The Biology of the Xenarthra. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, 2008, pp. 306-312
  19. ^ David H. Greegor: Diet of the Little Hairy Armadillo Chaetophractus vellerosus of Northwestern Argentina. Journal of Mammalogy 61, 1980, pp. 331-334
  20. ↑ a b E. Soibelzon, G. Daniele, J. Negrete, AA Carlini and S. Plischuk. Annual Diet of the Little Hairy Armadillo, Chaetophractus vellerosus (Mammalia, Dasypodidae), in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Journal of Mammalogy 88 (5), 2007, pp. 1319-1324
  21. ↑ Juan P. Luaces, Mariano Ciuccio, Luis F. Rossi, Alicia G. Faletti, Pablo D. Cetica, Emma B. Casanave and Maria Susana Merani: Seasonal changes in ovarian steroid hormone concentrations in the large hairy armadillo (Chaetophractus villosus) and the crying armadillo (Chaetophractus vellerosus). Theriogenology 75 (5), 2011, pp. 796-802
  22. ↑ Cecilia M. Krmpotic, Fernando C. Galliari, Claudio G. Barbeito and Alfredo A. Carlini: Development of the integument of Dasypus hybridus and Chaetophractus vellerosus, and asynchronous events with respect to the postcranium. Mammalian Biology 77, 2012, pp. 314-326
  23. ↑ Marcela Lareschi, Juliana P. Sanchez, M. Cecilia Ezquiaga, Analía G. Autino, M. Mónica Díaz and Rubén M. Barquez: Fleas Associated with Mammals from Northwestern Argentina, with New Distributional Reports. Comparative Parasitology 77 (2), 2010, pp. 207-213
  24. ^ Graciela T. Navone, María C. Ezquiaga, Juliana Notarnicola and F. Agustín Jiménez: A New Species of Cyclobulura (Nematoda: Subuluridae) from Zaedyus pichiy and Chaetophractus vellerosus (Xenarthra: Dasypodidae) in Argentina. Journal of Parasitology 96 (6), 2010, pp. 1191-1196
  25. ↑ a b c d Gillian C. Gibb, Fabien L. Condamine, Melanie Kuch, Jacob Enk, Nadia Moraes-Barros, Mariella Superina, Hendrik N. Poinar and Frédéric Delsuc: Shotgun Mitogenomics Provides a Reference Phylogenetic Framework and Timescale for Living Xenarthrans. Molecular Biology and Evolution 33 (3), 2015, pp. 621-642
  26. ↑ Maren Möller-Krull, Frédéric Delsuc, Gennady Churakov, Claudia Marker, Mariella Superina, Jürgen Brosius, Emmanuel JP Douzery and Jürgen Schmitz: Retroposed Elements and Their Flanking Regions Resolve the Evolutionary History of Xenarthran Mammals (Armadillos, Anteaters and Sloths). Molecular Biology and Evolution 24, 2007, pp. 2573-2582
  27. ↑ Frederic Delsuc, Mariella Superina, Marie-Ka Tilak, Emmanuel JP Douzery and Alexandre Hassanin: Molecular phylogenetics unveils the ancient evolutionary origins of the enigmatic fairy armadillos. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 62, 2012, 673-680
  28. ↑ Luz V. Carrizo, Mariano S. Sánchez, Marcos I Mollerach and Rubén M. Barquez: Nuevo registro de Chaetophractus nationi (Thomas, 1894) para Argentina; comentarios sobre su identidad sistemática y distribución. Mastozoología Neotropical 12, 2005, pp. 233-236
  29. ↑ E. Soibelzon, AA Carlini, EP Tonni and LH Soibelzon: Chaetophractus vellerosus (Mammalia: Dasypodidae) in the Ensenadan (Early-Middle Pleistocene) of the Southeastern Pampean Region (Argentina) - Paleozoogeographical and Paleoclimatic Aspects. New Yearbook for Geology and Paleontology, Monthly Issues 12, 2006, pp. 734–748
  30. ↑ Esteban Soibelzon, Ángel Ramón Miño-Boilini, Alfredo Eduardo Zurita and Cecilia Mariana Krmpotic: Los Xenarthra (Mammalia) del Ensenadense (Pleistoceno inferior a medio) de la Región Pampeana (Argentina). Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas 27 (3), 2010, pp. 449-469
  31. ↑ John Edward Gray: Revision of the Genera and Species of Entomophagous Edentata founded on the examination of the specimens in the British Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1865, pp. 359-386 (p. 376) ( [2] )
  32. ↑ Oldfield Thomas: On a new species of armadillo from Bolivia. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History 6 (13), 1894, pp. 70–72 ( [3] )
  33. ↑ Paul Smith: Assessing the assessment, the relevance of the 2006 Paraguayan mammal Red List to the reality of Xenarthra conservation in 2012. Edentata 13, 2012, pp. 18-28

Web links

Commons : Chaetophractus vellerosus  - Collection of images, videos and audio files