Mushrooms
Mushrooms | ||||||||||||
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Meadow mushroom ( Agaricus campestris ) |
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Systematics | ||||||||||||
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Scientific name | ||||||||||||
Agaricus | ||||||||||||
L. (nom. Cons.) |
The mushrooms ( French for "mushroom", Latin Agaricus syn. Psalliota ), in German also Egerlinge or Angerlinge , are a genus of mushrooms from the family of mushroom relatives (Agaricaceae).
The type species is the meadow mushroom ( Agaricus campestris ).
meaning
The mushroom genus includes popular edible mushrooms , but there are also poisonous species, and some species can accumulate heavy metals in correspondingly polluted locations . The two-pored mushroom ( Agaricus bisporus ) is the world's most important cultivated mushroom; other species, such as the Brazilian almond bark , are also cultivated.
ingredients
Mushrooms consist of 91% water, on average around 4% protein and less than 1% fat. Mushrooms are considered to be low in energy; the physiological calorific value is approx. 100 kJ / 100 g (24 kcal / 100 g). They also contain essential amino acids , vitamins K, D (in the form of D2 ), E and B, niacin and the minerals potassium, iron and zinc. These figures are average values and refer to cultivated mushrooms that are commercially available. Specimens growing in the wild can be very rich in vitamin D in locations with a lot of daylight, while cultivated specimens sometimes contain negligible amounts.
features
Macroscopic features
Mushrooms have a hat and stem, usually fleshy and, depending on the species, small to very large fruit bodies. The cap skin is white, yellowish or brown in color, in some species it turns yellow on pressure or injury. The surface can be smooth, fibrous or flaky, but always dry and never smeary. The brim of the hat is not rubbed. The lamellas are free and mostly densely packed. When young they are pale gray to pink, when the spores mature they are colored chocolate-brown to purple-black, are never white (as is the case with the death cap mushrooms, where they are always white and remain so with age). The lamellar cutting edge is sometimes covered with fine flakes over the entire margin. The stem is central and can be easily separated from the hat, it is cylindrical or club-shaped and often becomes hollow with age. The stem may have a tuber at the base, but not a volva .
In contrast, the mushrooms have a velum partiale, which remains on the stem as a non-displaceable, sometimes double, often easily perishable ring or at least as a leftover velum. The flesh of the hat can be invariably white, or more or less yellow or red when injured. The consistency of the stem meat is sometimes tough. Some species have a specific smell of anise, almonds or phenol. Many species show vivid color reactions with reagents such as potassium hydroxide or phenol .
Microscopic features
The thin-walled hyphae have no buckles on the septa . The cap skin consists of radially lying hyphae, sometimes with palisade fragments at the apex. The trama of the lamellas has a regular structure and can become irregular with age. Cheilo cystids are sometimes present while pleurocystids are absent. The basidia are club-shaped, relatively small and mostly 4-spore - an exception, for example, is the cultivated mushroom with 2-spore basidia. The spore powder is dark brown to purple brown, the spores vary in size depending on the species, mostly small, round to long ellipsoidal and smooth. They have a germ pore that is usually only indistinctly recognizable. The spores are inamyloid and not dextrinoid .
ecology
The mushrooms are saprobiontic inhabitants of (also fertilized) soil or compost , which can be found in forests, on meadows, in gardens and steppes.
species
The following species are specified or expected for Europe:
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White aniseed mushroom
Agaricus arvensisGiant mushroom
Agaricus augustusSalt marsh mushroom
Agaricus bernardiiCity mushroom
Agaricus bitorquisMeadow mushroom
Agaricus campestrisThin-fleshed aniseed Egerling
Agaricus silvicolaFlaky mushroom
Agaricus subfloccosusCarbolic mushroom (poisonous)
Agaricus xanthodermusGuinea fowl mushroom
Agaricus moelleri (poisonous)
Systematics
The number of species in the genus is controversial and the separation of the species is sometimes difficult. There are around 200 species worldwide and around 60 species in Europe.
Classification of the sections according to Marcel Bon :
- Section agaricus
- Meadow mushrooms ( A. campestris )
- Two-pored Egerling ( A. bisporus )
- City mushrooms ( A. bitorquis )
- Sanguinolenti section
- Small forest mushrooms ( A. silvaticus )
- Large forest mushroom ( A. langei )
- Minores section
- Wine reddish dwarf mushrooms ( A. semotus )
- Meadow mushroom ( A. comtulus )
- Section Arvenses
- White aniseed mushrooms or sheep mushrooms ( A. arvensis )
- Thin-fleshed mushroom mushrooms ( A. silvicola )
- Giant mushroom ( A. augustus )
- Xanthoderma file section
- Carbolic mushrooms ( A. xanthoderma )
- Guinea fowl mushrooms (
literature
- Achim Bollmann, Andreas Gminder, Peter Reil: List of illustrations of large European mushrooms. 4th edition. Genre CD. Black Forest mushroom teaching show, Hornberg. 2007 ISSN 0932-920X .
- Marcel Bon : Parey's book of mushrooms. Paul Parey Publishing House, Hamburg / Berlin 1988, ISBN 3-490-19818-2 .
- Erhard Ludwig : Mushroom Compendium. Illustrations. Volume 2: The larger genera of the Agaricales with colored spore powder (except Cortinariaceae). Fungicon-Verlag, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-940316-00-4 .
- Erhard Ludwig: Mushroom Compendium. Descriptions. Volume 2: The larger genera of the Agaricales with colored spore powder (except Cortinariaceae). Fungicon-Verlag, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-940316-01-1 .
- German Josef Krieglsteiner , Andreas Gminder (Hrsg.): Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 5: Mushrooms. Agarics III. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-8001-3572-1 .
- Paul Stamets: Growing gourmet and medicinal mushrooms. Ten Speed Press, 2000, ISBN 1-58008-175-4 , pp. 295-300.
Web links
- Georg Müller: Photo collection mushrooms . In: picture gallery on pilzepilze.de
Individual evidence
- ↑ The genus of mushrooms described here is called Agaric in French
- ^ Carl von Linné (Linnaeus): Fungi Agaricus . In: Species Plantarum . 1st edition. 1753, col. 1171 ( botanicus.org ). Retrieved November 8, 2016.
- ↑ Cooked mushrooms: nutritional information online at naehrwertrechner.de . Retrieved November 8, 2016.
- ↑ Mushrooms: Vitamin Bombs of the Forest in Augsburger Allgemeine (online edition), article from August 8, 2012, accessed on February 17, 2019
- ↑ Eric Strittmatter: The genus Agaricus . In: fungiworld.com. Mushroom Taxa Database. July 7, 2008, archived from the original on September 7, 2013 ; Retrieved July 9, 2012 .