Chloranthaceae

Chloranthaceae
	Sarcandra glabra
Systematics
Empire :	Plants (Plantae)
Department :	Vascular plants (tracheophyta)
Subdivision :	Seed plants (Spermatophytina)
Class :	Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Order :	Chloranthales
Family :	Chloranthaceae
Scientific name of the order
	Chloranthales
	ACSmith ex JF.Leroy
Scientific name of the family
	Chloranthaceae
	R.Br. ex Sims

The Chloranthaceae are the only family of the order Chloranthales , one of the orders of the flowering plants (Magnoliopsida).

description

Chloranthus japonicus

Chloranthus oldhamii

Hedyosmum racemosum

Appearance and leaves

They are mostly evergreen woody plants: often shrubs or small trees with soft wood. Some species are herbaceous perennials . These aromatic plants contain a lot of essential oil . The often heavily swollen nodes collapse as they dry. The opposite arranged leaves are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The two opposite petioles are usually fused together at their base. The simple leaf blades have pinnate veins and serrate or notched leaf margins. The relatively small stipules are more or less spread out.

Inflorescences and flowers

The flowers are often in branched, panicle , spike or cape inflorescences . The relatively small flowers are hermaphroditic or unisexual. If the flowers are unisexual, then the species are dioeciously segregated ( diocesan ).

Bracts are often absent and are sometimes present in female ones, then there are three small, sepal-like bracts that are fused with the ovary. Hermaphroditic flowers contain one or three stamens that are inserted on one side of the ovary. Male flowers usually contain only one stamen. The dust bags open with a longitudinal slit. Hermaphrodite and female flowers contain only one carpel below . The carpel contains only a pendulous, orthotropic ovule . There is at most a short stylus.

Fruits and seeds

The egg-shaped to spherical, stone fruit- like fruits have a more or less fleshy exocarp and a hard endocarp . The seeds have perisperm , oily endosperm and a relatively small embryo .

Systematics and distribution

The Chloranthaceae are a very old clan that has been documented with fossils as far back as the Lower Cretaceous . The Chloranthaceae family has a disjoint area . Their home is the tropics and subtropics with the exception of the African continent.

The family name Chloranthaceae was established in 1820 by the British botanist Robert Brown in John Sims : Botanical Magazine , Volume 48, with the plate 2190. The type genus is Chloranthus Sw.

Its status as an independent order is supported by both molecular genetic and morphological findings. The closest related group is not clearly clear. It could be the magnoliids , as well as the group of monocotyledons , Ceratophyllaceae and eudicotyledons . Therefore, the Chloranthaceae are polytomy with these two groups by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group in the APG IV of 2016.

The Chloranthaceae family includes four genera with 70 to 80 species:

Ascarina J.R. Forst. & G.Forst. (Syn .: Ascarinopsis Humbert & Capuron ): The 19or sospecies are widespread from Malesia through Polynesia to New Zealand and one species ( Ascarina coursii (Humbert & Capuron) J.-F.Leroy & Jérémie ) in Madagascar .
Chloranthus Sw. (Syn .: Cryphaea Buch.-Ham. , Nigrina Thunb. , Tricercandra A.Gray ): The approximately 17 species are widespread from temperate to tropical Asia (Indomalesia and East Asia). 13 species occur in China, nine of them only there.
Hedyosmum Sw. : The approximately 41 species occur in the Neotropic and Southeast Asia .
Sarcandra Gardner : The three or so species occur from India to Southeast Asia.

swell

The order of the Chloranthales on the AP website. (Sections systematics and description)
The Chloranthaceae family at DELTA by L. Watson & MJ Dallwitz. (Section description)
Nianhe Xia & Joël Jérémie: Chloranthaceae , p. 132 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (ed.): Flora of China. Volume 4: Cycadaceae through Fagaceae. Science Press and Missouri et al., Beijing et al. 1999, ISBN 0-915279-70-3 (Systematics and Description sections).

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b Angiosperm Phylogeny Group: An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. Vol. 161, No. 2, 2009, ISSN 0024-4074 , pp. 105-121, doi : 10.1111 / j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x .
^ Thomas N. Taylor, Edith L. Taylor: The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs NJ 1993, ISBN 0-13-651589-4 , p. 754.
↑ The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group : An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV . Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2016, Volume 181, pp. 1-20. doi : 10.1111 / boj.12385
↑ Chloranthaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.

Web links

Commons : Chloranthaceae - Collection of images, videos and audio files

[apgiii-1] Angiosperm Phylogeny Group: An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. Vol. 161, No. 2, 2009, ISSN 0024-4074 , pp. 105-121, doi : 10.1111 / j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x .

[taylor-2] Thomas N. Taylor, Edith L. Taylor: The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs NJ 1993, ISBN 0-13-651589-4 , p. 754.

[APGIV-3] The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group : An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV . Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2016, Volume 181, pp. 1-20. doi : 10.1111 / boj.12385

[GRIN-4] Chloranthaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.