Chronology of the Dreyfus Affair

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The Dreyfus Affair was one of the great political affairs of the Third French Republic . It is characterized by storylines that sometimes took place in parallel. The following is the chronological sequence of the affair. A detailed description of the processes is given in the main article Dreyfus Affair .

1894

The bordereau glued together again
  • 07/20 : The French officer Ferdinand Walsin-Esterházy , deeply in debt because of women's stories and gambling, offers his services to the German military attaché Maximilian von Schwartzkoppen .
  • 25.09. : The cleaning lady Marie Bastian steals a torn and unsigned letter from the bin of the military attaché Schwartzkoppen and hands it over to the French intelligence service along with other fragments of paper. The letter, the so-called bordereau ("accompanying letter"), is written evidence that an officer of the French General Staff delivers confidential information to foreign powers.
  • 6.10. : The people on the General Staff who are tasked with investigating the Bordereau come to the conclusion that Alfred Dreyfus is the traitor.
  • 11.10. : In a joint meeting, several cabinet ministers approve the arrest of Alfred Dreyfus. However, several express reservations and concerns. Prime Minister Charles Depuy makes War Minister Mercier promise not to proceed against Dreyfus unless other evidence is found against him.
  • 14.10. : War Minister Auguste Mercier signs the warrant for the arrest of the Jewish artillery captain Alfred Dreyfus after officers of the General Staff come to the conclusion that his handwriting corresponds to that of the Bordereau. The further investigations will be entrusted to Armand du Paty de Clam .
  • 15.10. : Alfred Dreyfus is arrested.
  • 28.10. : Lucie Dreyfus , wife of Alfred Dreyfus, is allowed to inform family members about the arrest. Alfred Dreyfus' older brother Mathieu Dreyfus immediately travels from Mulhouse to Paris.
  • 29.10. : General Du Paty de Clam points out to Chief of Staff Boisdeffre that the evidence against Dreyfus is very thin.
  • October 31 : Newspapers report on the arrest and sometimes name, rank and religious affiliation of the arrested person.
  • October 31 : Special meeting of the French cabinet at which Mercier claims that the bordereau was clearly written by Dreyfus. Cabinet agrees to investigate the case. The further investigation is now the responsibility of the most senior French officer, the military governor of Paris Félix Gustave Saussier .
  • 01.11. : In the nationalist and anti-Semitic newspaper La Libre Parole , the first anti-Semitic article appears to report on the affair.
  • 03.11. : General Saussier transfers the case to Captain Bexon d'Ormescheville, an examining judge at the Premier conseil de guerre in Paris.
  • 11/10 : The German embassy announced in a press release published in Le Figaro that there was no contact with Dreyfus.
  • 11.11. : The intelligence service receives a decrypted telegram from the Italian military attaché Panizzardi from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs stating that he had no contact with Dreyfus. The original is sent back to the Foreign Ministry by the intelligence service, and on the same day the copy in the War Ministry's files is exchanged for a forged version, which states that the War Ministry has evidence of Dreyfus's contacts with the German Reich.
  • 11/14 : Édouard Drumont writes in the nationalist and anti-Semitic newspaper Le Libre Parole that Dreyfus only joined the army with the intent to commit treason. As a Jew and German, he hates the French. The Catholic daily La Croix described the Jews as a terrible cancer that would lead France into slavery.
  • 11/17 : Minister of War Mercier explains in Le Journal that the Dreyfus investigation will be completed within ten days.
  • 19.12. : The court martial against Dreyfus begins. The public is excluded from the trial, Dreyfus's defender is Edgar Demange . During the trial, the military judges, all of whom have officer rank, are leaked a secret dossier that is supposed to convince them of Dreyfus' guilt. The accused and his lawyer are not informed of this secret dossier.
  • 22.12. : Dreyfus is sentenced to military degradation, deportation and life imprisonment in a fortified place. It is the highest possible penalty for treason.

1895

Representation of the people who had gathered to watch the public demotion of Dreyfus on January 5th
  • 05.01. : Public demotion of Alfred Dreyfus in the great court of the École Militaire .
  • 15.01. : The President of the French Republic, Jean Casimir-Perier , resigns from his post.
  • January 17 : Félix Faure becomes the new President of the French Republic.
  • 31/01 : At the request of War Minister Mercier, the French Chamber of Deputies decides to ban Alfred Dreyfus to Devil's Island in French Guiana .
  • 7.02. : Mathieu Dreyfus asks the Vice-President of the French Senate, Auguste Scheurer-Kestner , for support in his brother's case.
  • 21.02 : Dreyfus is brought on board the ship that will take him to Devil's Island. Around the same time, the Dreyfus family learned for the first time that a secret dossier played a decisive role in Dreyfus' conviction.
  • March or April : Opposite the Dreyfus lawyer Demange confirmed the Minister of Justice Ludovic Trarieux that the military judge a letter with the phrase Ce canaille de D. had seen.
  • June : Mathieu Dreyfus engages Bernard Lazare with the drafting of a memorandum, from which it emerges that the conviction of Alfred Dreyfus is based on a miscarriage of justice. Lazare is also supposed to help him connect with writers and other intellectuals.
  • 07/01 : Marie-Georges Picquart succeeds Jean Sandherr as head of intelligence in the Deuxième Bureau .

1896

  • February 20 : Ferdinand Walsin-Esterházy visits the German military attaché Schwartzkoppen at the German embassy. In the conversation, Schwartzkoppen points to his dissatisfaction with Esterhazy's services.
  • Beginning of March : An express letter from the military attaché Schwartzkoppen to Esterhazy, later called Le petit bleu, is found in Esterhazy by the cleaning lady Bastian and delivered to the French intelligence service along with other fragments of paper.
  • March : Picquart correctly interprets the letter as an indication of ongoing espionage activities and begins to gather information about Esterhazy. When comparing the Bordereau with manuscript samples by Esterhazy, he finds that the two manuscripts are identical. The secret dossier requested does not contain any conclusive documents that clearly contain Dreyfus' guilt. Picquart concludes that Dreyfus is innocent and Esterhazy is the traitor.
Le faux Henry
  • 16.05. : The French writer Émile Zola publishes his first article on anti-Semitism in France in Le Figaro under the title Pour les Juifs (For the Jews).
  • 01.09. : Picquart submits a first official report to his superiors and tries in vain to convince them of the innocence of Dreyfus and Esterhazy. In his opinion, there is an urgent need to correct the injustice against Dreyfus in order to avert harm to the army. Both General Charles Arthur Gonse and Chief of Staff Raoul Le Mouton de Boisdeffre do not share this view. They want to prevent a revision of the military court ruling of 1894 at all costs.
  • 03.09. : The news is launched through Mathieu Dreyfus, the British detective agency Cook and a correspondent for the Daily Chronicle that Dreyfus has fled from Devil's Island. This is to keep the Dreyfus affair present in the media. This succeeds, but the news also has the consequence that the prison conditions for Alfred Dreyfus are drastically tightened. He is chained to his bed every night for the next six weeks.
  • 09.09. : An anonymous article appears in the newspaper L'Éclair . The author is hostile to Dreyfus, but points out procedural errors in the course of the trial and asks the War Department to make some of the evidence public.
  • 14.09. A second article in the newspaper L'Éclair publicly refers, among other things, to the secret transfer of evidence to the court. The War Department does not contradict this reporting.
  • 15.09. In a conversation with General Gonse, of which only Picquart records are available, Picquart Gonse points out that he will not take the knowledge of Dreyfus' innocence with him to the grave.
  • 18.09. Since the publications in L'Eclair remain unchallenged, Lucie Dreyfus submits a first request for revision to the Chamber of Deputies.
  • 10/27 War Minister General Jean-Baptiste Billot signs the order that sends Picquart first on an inspection trip to the French province and later to a border garrison in Tunisia. However, no departure date has been set yet.
  • 30.10 or 01.11 : Captain Hubert Henry forges the so-called faux Henry , a letter that is supposed to serve as evidence of Dreyfus' treason.
  • 11/02 : Captain Henry hands the forged letter to General Gonse. Although Picquart is still nominally head of the news bureau, he is not informed of this alleged "discovery".
  • 06.11. Mathieu Dreyfus sends 3,500 influential public figures Lazare's book Une Ereur judiciaire. La vérité sur l'Affaire Dreyfus (A miscarriage of justice. The truth about the Dreyfus affair), in which Dreyfus denounces the conviction of Dreyfus as a miscarriage of justice.
  • 11/10 Le Matin prints a facsimile of the Bordereau so that every reader is able to compare the fonts himself. Le Matin also mentions the illegal handover of the secret dossier to the military judges in the trial of 1894 and the ce canaille de D. letter. Mathieu Dreyfus had posters printed showing the bordereau alongside letters in his brother's handwriting. The posters will be distributed all over Paris.
  • 11/16 Picquart leaves Paris.
  • 14.12. Captain Henry forges the Speranza letter, which he mails to Picquart, but intercepts it before it reaches the recipient. It is the first of several ambiguous letters with which Henry tries to discredit Picquart with the generals. They ultimately lead to charges against Picquart.

1897

  • 06.01. : Picquart is transferred to North Africa.
  • 04/02 : Picquart states in a postscript to his will that he considers Esterhazy to be the author of the Bordereau and decrees that in the event of his death this postscript should be handed over to the French President.
  • 07/13 : The lawyer Leblois informs Senator Auguste Scheurer-Kestner about the well-founded suspicion that Georges Marie Picquart harbors against Ferdinand Walsin-Esterhazy. At the same time, to protect his friend and client Picquart, he takes from Scheurer-Kestner the promise not to go public with his knowledge until there is further evidence independent of Picquart about Esterhazy's guilt.
  • 14.07. : Lucy Dreyfus receives a letter from Joseph Reinach informing her that Scheurer-Kestner will campaign for the process to be restarted.
  • August and September : Word gets around among politicians and journalists that Senator Scheurer-Kestner considers Dreyfus to be innocent and that he has files that prove Dreyfus' innocence.
  • 16.10 to 18.10 : General Arthur Gonse and Major Hubert Henry inform du Paty that the Dreyfus family and their supporters are plotting to accuse Dreyfus of Esterhazy as traitors.
  • 18.10 or 19.10 : Major Hubert Henry forges the so-called Espérance letter in coordination with du Paty , with which Esterhazy is informed that Picquart thinks he is the actual traitor.
  • 10/22 : Esterhazy sends an anonymous letter to Alfred Dreyfus' father-in-law in which he threatens him and Mathieu Dreyfus with death if they continue to act in the Dreyfus case.
  • 23.10. : Esterhazy informs Maximilian von Schwartzkoppen about the uncovering of the connection between them. When Esterhazy asked to tell Lucy Dreyfus that her husband was the real traitor, Schwartzkoppen responded by showing Esterhazy the door. In the Montsouris Park, after this meeting with Schwartzkoppen, Esterhazy meets du Paty and Gribelin, archivist of the intelligence service, who both wear civilian clothes. Both officers assure him that the General Staff will protect him if he agrees to cooperate and does not make any announcements without first contacting them. Esterhazy then informs Schwartzkoppen of the guaranteed protection. He reported to General Schlieffen , the chief of staff in Berlin, that a major scandal was about to be discovered. At the same time as the events surrounding Esterhazy, the Minister of War Billot orders General Jérôme Leclerc, Picquart's superior officer, to expand his foreign mission and send him to the Libyan front, which is considered particularly dangerous. Leclerc informs Picquart of this instruction, but does not carry out the order immediately and also instructs Picquart not to travel further than southern Tunisia.
  • 25.10. : Esterhazy explains in an official meeting with General Millet that although the handwriting of the Bordereau is similar to his, Dreyfus has imitated his handwriting.
  • 29.10. : Scheurer-Kestner tries unsuccessfully in a conversation to convince President Felix Faure of Dreyfus' innocence.
Emile Zola
  • End of October, beginning of November : Zola is convinced of Dreyfus' innocence through Leblois and Scheurer-Kestner. He is now on the side of the Dreyfusards.
  • 04.11. : The historian Gabriel Monod writes in an article published first by Le Siècle and then by Le Temps that, as a recognized graphologist, he could confirm that the Bordereau was not written by Dreyfus. He is one of the first so-called intellectuals to get involved in the Dreyfus affair.
  • 07.11. : A stockbroker recognizes the handwriting of his client Esterhazy on one of the Bordereau's facsimiles. As proof of this, he hands Mathieu Dreyfus letters from his client.
  • 11/12 : Schwartzkoppen is being moved back to Germany. When he said goodbye, he reassured President Faure that he had never been in contact with Dreyfus.
  • 11/15 : Scheurer-Kestner publishes an open letter to Senator Ranc in Le Temps , in which he informs him that there are new facts that, in his opinion, prove Dreyfus' innocence.
  • 11/15 : The first article that Émile Zola wrote directly on the Dreyfus Affair appears in Le Figaro and deals with Scheurer-Kestner and his efforts to correct the miscarriage of justice.
  • 11/16 : Mathieu Dreyfus, in an open letter to War Minister Jean-Baptiste Billot, accuses Esterhazy of being the author of the Bordereau.
  • 11/17 : Minister of War Billot orders a preliminary investigation against Esterhazy to be carried out by General Georges de Pellieux. Pellieux comes to the conclusion that Esterhazy is innocent and instead suggests investigations against Picquart himself based on the forged letters and telegrams. He classifies Le petit bleu , Picquart's essential piece of evidence against Esterhazy, as forged.
  • 11/26 : Picquart is ordered back to France. His house is illegally searched.
  • 11/28 : Le Figaro begins publishing Esterhazy's letters to his former lover. In it, Esterhazy expresses his contempt for France, among other things.
  • 01.12. Under the heading Le Syndicat (The Syndicate), another article by Zola follows in Le Figaro , which takes up the accusation that has been repeatedly expressed that a “Jewish syndicate” is trying to “buy” an acquittal from Alfred Dreyfus. Zola rejects this as an old wives' tale and urges his readers to see the Dreyfus family not as part of mysterious and diabolical forces, but as French citizens who do everything in their power to restore the rights of their innocent loved ones.
  • 04.12. : The new Prime Minister Félix Jules Méline assures the Chamber of Deputies that there would be no Dreyfus affair. The MP Albert de Mun speaks of a "Jewish syndicate" in the service of the German Reich.
  • 04.12. Despite General de Pellieux's recommendation to the contrary, War Minister Billot orders a formal investigation into Esterhazy. Coroner is Major Ravary.
  • 05.12. : In the article Le Procès-verbal (inventory), Zola expresses his hope that a military trial against Esterhazy will reconcile the nation and put an end to barbaric anti-Semitism, which he believes will set France back a thousand years.
  • 07.12. : Scheurer-Kestner names the facts known to him in an emotionless speech in front of the Senate and 5,000 spectators. He points out the incorrect course of the process, as secret documents were transmitted to the court. War Minister Billot replied that Scheurer-Kestner could not claim that the bordereau was the only piece of evidence. Former Justice Minister Trarieux is the only senator who supports Scheurer-Kestner. He states that it is not an attack on the army if a request for rectification is submitted after serious errors. Félix Jules Méline emphasizes again that there is no Dreyfus affair.
  • Mid-December : Le Figaro ends its collaboration with Zola, as anti-Dreyfusards and right-wing extremist nationalists call for a subscription boycott of the newspaper.
  • 13.12. : In the Lettre à la Jeunesse (Letter to the Young), which is sold as a brochure, Zola addresses the students who organized a violent demonstration against Dreyfus in the Latin Quarter and urges them to return to the French traditions of generosity and justice .
  • December 31 : The examining magistrate, Major Ravary, who has been commissioned to investigate Esterhazy, comes to the conclusion that the proceedings against Esterhazy should be closed.

1898

Title page of L'Aurore from January 13, 1898
Dreyfuss on Devil's Island , 1898;
Distribution by F. Hamel , Altona - Hamburg ...; Stereoscopy from the Lachmund Collection
  • 01.01. : Esterhazy is filing a military trial against himself. He is encouraged by his backers on the General Staff.
  • 04.01. : Picquart files a lawsuit against the unknown author or authors of the forged telegrams that were sent to him.
  • 06.01. : In Lettre à la France (letter to France), Zola attacks the part of the press that gets its readers in the mood for a wash of Esterhazy.
  • 10.01. and 11.01. : Court-martial against Esterhazy. Fernand Labori is representing Lucy Dreyfus in the legal proceedings . Esterhazy is unanimously acquitted.
  • 13.01. Picquart is sentenced to sixty days of imprisonment. Subsequently, his case will be dealt with by a military committee of inquiry. Scheurer-Kestner was voted out of office as Vice President of the Senate on the same day.
  • 13.01. Zola's open letter J'accuse… appears on the front page of L'Aurore ! ( I'm accusing ...! ) To President Félix Faure , in which Zola again denounced Esterházy's acquittal. Zola rhetorically takes on the role of a public prosecutor in his article. He accuses du Paty, Mercier, Billot, Gonse and Boisdeffre of being masterminds of a plot, accuses the dirty press of anti-Semitic propaganda and again accuses Esterhazy of being the true traitor. Zola also raises the crucial question, which is prophetic for the future of the Dreyfus affair, of the extent to which these military judges are still able to give an independent judgment. Zola goes so far as to accuse first court martial
"... to have violated the law by convicting a defendant on the basis of an undisclosed piece of evidence, and I am indicting the Second Court Martial for covering this unlawfulness on orders and in doing so committed the criminal offense of knowingly acquitting a guilty party."
  • 14.01. : A first petition is published in L'Aurore by French intellectuals who want the trial to be restarted.
  • 07.02. : First libel trial against Zola.
  • 02/23 : Zola is found guilty. He was sentenced to one year in prison and a fine of 3,000 francs.
  • 24.02. : Prime Minister Jules Méline takes the view before the Chamber of Deputies that the Dreyfus and Zola cases are closed.
  • 02/26 : The military commission decides with 4 to 1 votes that Picquart will be expelled from the army.
  • 04/02 : The verdict against Zola is overturned due to a procedural error.
  • 08.05. : Elections to the Chamber of Deputies. The two determined Dreyfusards Joseph Reinach and Jean Jaurès lose their seats in the Chamber of Deputies.
  • 05/23 : Start of the second defamation process against Zola.
  • 28.06. : Henri Brisson forms a new cabinet, Godefroy Cavaignac succeeds Billot as Minister of War.
  • 07.07. : Minister of War Cavaignac assures the Chamber of Deputies that Alfred Dreyfus is lawfully convicted. He reads out documents from the secret dossier. His speech was received with enthusiasm in the Chamber of Deputies. The text is printed on posters and distributed across France by parliamentary decision.
  • 08.07. : Jean Jaurès announced in an open letter that he would refute on all points the evidence presented by the Minister of War. The open letter appears in La Petite République , in which the subsequent series of articles by Jaurès is also published. It is then published in the book Les Preuves (The Evidence).
  • 09.07. : Picquart informs the Prime Minister that he can prove that two of the documents read by Cavaignac did not relate to Dreyfus and that the third document was a forgery. The letter is published in the Paris newspaper Le Temps .
  • July 12 : Cavaignac files a lawsuit against Picquart and his lawyer Leblois. Picquart is said to have revealed military secrets to his lawyer.
  • 07/12 : Esterhazy and his mistress are arrested for multiple legal violations.
  • 07/13 : Picquart is imprisoned.
  • First half of July : Cavaignac orders a new review of the evidence against Dreyfus.
  • 07/18 The second libel trial against Zola ends again with a guilty verdict. On the advice of his lawyers, Zola immediately went into exile in London.
  • 08/13 : When looking through the documents in the now greatly expanded secret dossier, Captain Louis Cuignet, one of Cavaignac's assistants, notices that Le faux henry is composed of two different types of paper. The document is obviously a forgery.
  • 08/30 : In a questioning by Cavaignac, Hubert Henry admits to the forgery of the faux Henry . He is then arrested.
  • 08/31 : Hubert Henry is found in Mont Valérien prison with his throat cut.
  • 03.09. : Cavaignac resigns as Minister of War. Lucie Dreyfus applies for another revision. Émile Auguste Zurlinden becomes the new Minister of War and resigns a few days later - when the Supreme Court of Appeals accepts the appeal request - also resigns from office.
  • 04.09. : Esterhazy, now excluded from the army, fled first to Belgium and then on to Great Britain.
  • September - October : Faschoda crisis between England and France.
  • 25.10. : With Charles Chanoine another war minister resigns from his office.
  • 10/26 : With the resignation of Charles Chanoine, the entire government of Henri Brisson is forced to resign.
  • 29.10. : Esterhazy's name is removed from the list of the Legion of Honor.
  • 29.10. : The Supreme Court of Appeal decides that the appeal for appeal is admissible and requests a full review of the 1894 ruling.
  • 10/31:: A new cabinet is formed, with Charles Dupuy as Prime Minister and Charles de Freycinet as Minister of War. Georges Lebret becomes Minister of Justice.
  • November to December : Dreyfusard Joseph Reinach accuses Henry in a series of articles of having worked with Esterhazy.
  • 11/16 : Alfred Dreyfus is informed that the Supreme Court of Appeals has granted an appeal.
  • 12/13 : Édouard Drumont sets up a fund to help Berthe Henry pay the costs of the lawsuit against Joseph Reinach, whom she has accused of defamation.

1899

Jean Baptiste Guth , contemporary portrayal of Alfred Dreyfus during his second trial before the military tribunal in Rennes. Vanity Fair September 7, 1899
  • 02/23 : After the state funeral of President Faure, the politician Paul Déroulède , the founder of the chauvinist and anti-parliamentary Ligue des Patriotes, attempts a coup d'état . He was counting on the support of the army for his coup d'état. General de Pellieux, who commanded the main escort at the funeral of Faure, is said to meet Déroulèdes troops on his return from the funeral near the Place de la Nation , then deviate from the planned route and march towards the Elysée Palace . However, Pellieux breaks his word at the last moment and asks the military governor Zurlinden to put him in command of a smaller escort. General Roget, who took his place, arrested Déroulède. Déroulède was sentenced to ten years in exile, but pardoned after six years of exile in Spain .
  • 03.06. : The Joint Chamber of the Supreme Court of Appeal overturns the judgment of 1894. Dreyfus is supposed to face another court martial in Rennes.
  • 05.06. : Zola returns to France.
  • 09.06. : Dreyfus is brought aboard the cruiser Sfax ; Picquart is released from prison.
  • 13.06. : The proceedings against Picquart and Leblois are closed.
  • 01.07. : Alfred Dreyfus arrives in France and is transferred to the Rennes military prison.
  • 08.08. : The court martial in Rennes begins.
  • 08/14 : Fernand Labori, Zola and Dreyfus's lawyer, is shot and wounded by an assassin in the street. The assassin is not caught.
  • 09.09. : The military judges pronounce Dreyfus guilty with 5 to 2 votes. At the same time he was granted extenuating circumstances, so that the sentence was reduced to ten years in prison. On the following day, they campaigned for Dreyfus to be spared a second military demotion.
  • 19.09. : Alfred Dreyfus is pardoned by the President.

1900

  • 14.12. : An amnesty law guarantees impunity for all violations of law in connection with the Dreyfus affair. Only the crime for which Dreyfus was convicted is excluded from this amnesty. This enables Dreyfus and his family to continue seeking a revision of the Rennes judgment.

1902

  • 29.09. : Zola dies. The cause of death is carbon monoxide poisoning due to a clogged chimney.
  • 05.10. : Zola is buried in the Montmartre cemetery, Anatole France , who like Zola is one of the staunch Dreyfusards, gives the main funeral address. Dreyfus had watched Zola’s coffin the night before. He attends the funeral, although there were concerns beforehand that there would be riots.

1904

  • 05.03. : The Supreme Court of Appeal accepts the government's request for a revision of the Rennes judgment and for an additional investigation. The reason for the revision request is the discovery of further bogus evidence in the secret dossier.

1906

  • 06/11 : The Supreme Court of Appeal unanimously annuls the Rennes judgment. With 31 to 18 votes, it refrains from remittal, so there will be no new court martial against Dreyfus.
  • 13.06. : By law, Dreyfus is admitted to the army as major and Picquart as brigadier general.
  • June 20 : Dreyfus is inducted into the Legion of Honor in a ceremony in a courtyard of the École Militaire.

1907

  • 26.06. : Dreyfus says goodbye to the army.

1908

  • 04.06. : During the ceremonial transfer of Zola's remains to the Panthéon , an attack is carried out on Dreyfus. Dreyfus is grazed by bullets on the arm. The assassin, a right-wing extremist journalist, is acquitted. The court based its judgment on the fact that the perpetrator committed his act out of passion and not intentionally.

literature

  • Louis Begley : The Dreyfus Case: Devil's Island, Guantánamo, History's Nightmare. Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt 2009, ISBN 978-3-518-42062-1 .
  • Léon Blum : Summoning the Shadows. The Dreyfus Affair. From the French with an introduction and a note by Joachim Kalka. Berenberg, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-937834-07-9 .
  • Jean-Denis Bredin: The Affair: The Case of Alfred Dreyfus. George Braziller, New York 1986, ISBN 0-8076-1109-3 .
  • James Brennan: The reflection of the Dreyfus affair in the European Press, 1897-1899 . Peter Lang, New York 1998, ISBN 0-8204-3844-8 .
  • Leslie Derfler: The Dreyfus Affair . Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, 2002, ISBN 0-313-31791-7 .
  • Vincent Duclert: The Dreyfus Affair . Military mania, hostility to the republic, hatred of Jews. Wagenbach, Berlin 1994, ISBN 3-8031-2239-2 .
  • Eckhardt Fuchs, Günther Fuchs: “J'accuse!” On the Dreyfus affair. Decaton-Verlag, Mainz 1994, ISBN 3-929455-27-7 .
  • Ruth Harris: The Man on Devil's Island - Alfred Dreyfus and the Affair that divided France. Penguin Books, London 2011, ISBN 978-0-14-101477-7 .
  • Martin P. Johnson: The Dreyfus Affair - Honor and Politics in the Belle Époque . Macmillan Press, Houndmills 1999, ISBN 0-333-68267-X .
  • Elke-Vera Kotowski , Julius H. Schoeps (Eds.): J'accuse…! …I accuse! About the Dreyfus affair. A documentation. Catalog accompanying the traveling exhibition in Germany May to November 2005. Published on behalf of the Moses Mendelssohn Center . Verlag für Berlin-Brandenburg, Potsdam 2005, ISBN 3-935035-76-4 .
  • Alain Pagès (Ed.): Emile Zola - The Dreyfus Affair; Articles - interviews - letters. Translated and supplemented by Karl Zieger. Haymon-Verlag, Innsbruck 1998, ISBN 3-85218-265-4 .
  • Julius H. Schoeps & Hermann Simon (eds.): Dreyfus and the consequences. Edition Hentrich Berlin 1995, ISBN 3-89468-154-3 .
  • Uwe Wesel : History of the law in Europe. From the Greeks to the Lisbon Treaty. Beck, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-406-60388-4 , pp. 516-522.
  • George Whyte : The Dreyfus Affair. The power of prejudice. Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main 2010, ISBN 978-3-631-60218-8 .
  • Stephen Wilson: Ideology and Experience - Antisemitism in France at the Time of the Dreyfus Affair . The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, Portland 2007, ISBN 978-1-904113-59-1 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Ruth Harris: The Man on Devil's Island. P. 469.
  2. ↑ Louis Begley: The Dreyfus Case. P. 236.
  3. ↑ George Whyte: The Dreyfus Affair. Pp. 45-47.
  4. ↑ George Whyte: The Dreyfus Affair. P. 47.
  5. ↑ George Whyte: The Dreyfus Affair. Pp. 46-48.
  6. ↑ a b George Whyte: The Dreyfus Affair. P. 49.
  7. ↑ a b c Louis Begley: The Dreyfus case. P. 238.
  8. ↑ George Whyte: The Dreyfus Affair. P. 97.
  9. ↑ Louis Begley: The Dreyfus Case. Pp. 239-240.
  10. ↑ George Whyte: The Dreyfus Affair. P. 102.
  11. ↑ George Whyte: The Dreyfus Affair. P. 103.
  12. ↑ Ruth Harris: The Man on Devil's Island. P. 470.
  13. ↑ Elke-Vera Kotowski et al. a .: J'accuse ...! …I accuse! P. 38.
  14. ↑ George Whyte: The Dreyfus Affair. P. 111.
  15. ↑ George Whyte: The Dreyfus Affair. P. 120.
  16. ↑ George Whyte: The Dreyfus Affair. P. 141.
  17. ↑ a b c George Whyte: The Dreyfus Affair. P. 143.
  18. ↑ a b George Whyte: The Dreyfus Affair. P. 144.
  19. ↑ George Whyte: The Dreyfus Affair. P. 44.
  20. ^ A b c Ruth Harris: The Man on Devil's Island. P. 100.
  21. ↑ George Whyte: The Dreyfus Affair. P. 153.
  22. ^ Alain Pagès: Emile Zola - The Dreyfus Affair. Pp. 62-66.
  23. ↑ Ruth Harris: The Man on Devil's Island. P. 471.
  24. ^ Alain Pagès: Emile Zola - The Dreyfus Affair. Pp. 69-76.
  25. ^ A b Ruth Harris: The Man on Devil's Island. P. 101.
  26. ^ Alain Pagès: Emile Zola - The Dreyfus Affair. Pp. 76-82.
  27. ↑ George Whyte: The Dreyfus Affair. P. 168.
  28. ↑ Louis Begley: The Dreyfus Case. P. 139.
  29. ^ Alain Pagès: Emile Zola - The Dreyfus Affair. Pp. 85-92.
  30. ↑ Louis Begley: The Dreyfus Case. P. 243.
  31. ^ Alain Pagès: Emile Zola - The Dreyfus Affair. Pp. 92-101.
  32. ↑ Louis Begley: The Dreyfus Case. Pp. 243-244.
  33. ^ Alain Pagès: Emile Zola - The Dreyfus Affair. Pp. 102-113.
  34. ↑ quoted from Alain Pagès: Emile Zola - The Dreyfus Affair. P. 113.
  35. ↑ Ruth Harris: The Man on Devil's Island. P. 472.
  36. ↑ Louis Begley: The Dreyfus Case. P. 244.
  37. ↑ George Whyte: The Dreyfus Affair. P. 260.
  38. ↑ Ruth Harris: The Man on Devil's Island. P. 241.
  39. ↑ George Whyte: The Dreyfus Affair. Pp. 307-308.