Clostridium chauvoei

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Clostridium chauvoei
Systematics
Department : Firmicutes
Class : Bacilli
Order : Bacillales
Family : Bacillaceae
Genre : Clostridium
Type : Clostridium chauvoei
Scientific name
Clostridium chauvoei
( Arloing 1887) Scott 1928

Clostridium chauvoei (synonym: C. feseri ) is a bacterium from the genus Clostridia . C. chauvoei is a rod-shaped, gram-positive , agile, obligate anaerobe . Its spores are very resilient and survive in the ground for a long time. The bacterium is the causative agent of intoxicating fire , an animal disease that is usually fatal. Due to the high mortality rate , an infection must be reported.

In 1876 Johann Feser and Otto von Bollinger discovered that the intoxicating fire is triggered by a different pathogen than the anthrax . In 1887 the French veterinarian Saturnin Arloing identified this pathogen and named it as Bacterium chauvoei after his teacher Auguste Chauveau . Scott renamed it Clostridium chauvoei in 1928 .

Symptoms

The spores of the bacterium can be present in the intestinal tract of cattle and sheep for a long time without the disease breaking out. The intoxicating burn usually occurs after injuries that can occur during castration, clipping or childbirth. As a result, the bacterium spreads lymphogenically and hematogenously , starting from the intestinal epithelium , throughout the body. After the outbreak of the disease occurs in these damaged tissues to swelling, lameness and the muscles to metastatic formations of gas edema . Usually large muscle groups are affected. B. those of the limbs, the back or the neck. At first the swellings are warm and very painful, later cool and painless. The muscles are dark red to black in color and when touched, a crackling sound can be heard, after which the disease was named. The increased toxin formation can also lead to other general disorders such as loss of appetite, fatigue and high fever. After the onset of the first symptoms, the bogus burn can lead to death within 48 hours, so it is often no longer possible to treat the animal.

Toxins

C. chauvoei toxin A (CctA), a cytotoxin , belongs to the family of β-barrel pore forming toxins and is the main virulence factor of the bacterium. These toxins damage muscle cells, producing gas. CctA can also, in recombination with a β-toxin subunit from E. coli , be used as a vaccine against bogus.

Diagnosis

The standardized method for diagnosing an infestation with C. chauvoei is the simple cultivation of the affected tissue and a subsequent identification of the pathogen . Careful analysis of the animals that died of bogus disease reveals C. chauvoei in most muscle and tissue samples . These can then be isolated and cultivated . In most cases, the number of bacteria found is relatively high. However, there is also the possibility that the number of C. chauvoei bacteria is too low , which renders cultivation impossible. Before biochemical identification, it is important to obtain a pure culture of the pathogen. The PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) method for diagnosing C. chauvoei is currently the fastest and most effective. This is used to explore specific segments of the 16-S ribosomal RNA gene from C. chauvoei in more depth. Three units of primers are used to produce amplicons of 159, 836 and 959 base pairs. The PCR method was developed through clinical tests with major Clostridium strains. One of these strains is the Clostridium strain 21.

Prevention

The disease can be prevented by vaccination with inactivated C. chauvoei or Clostridium septicum . Here, mostly polyvalent clostridial vaccines are used to ensure full vaccination protection. This vaccination is safe and reliable for both cattle and sheep. If the disease breaks out, all susceptible animals should be vaccinated. This avoids new diseases that can occur within ten days of full vaccination protection. In order for antibodies to form for the passive immunization of the lambs, the animals should also be vaccinated eight to four weeks before the lamb appointment.

transmission

In sheep, infection usually occurs through wounds and injuries, whereas cattle ingest the spores of the bacterium orally with their feed. This takes place mainly when the animals graze on pastureland, which is contaminated with numerous pathogenic spores. These spores that occur in the soil retain their ability to be infected for years and are therefore a source of infection in the long term. In the Federal Republic of Germany, the Weser-Ems lowlands and the pre-Alpine regions are mainly intoxicating districts. There is also an increased risk of infection in hot summer months, as soil is also absorbed when eating lower plants.

C. chauvoei can also infect immunocompromised people in rare cases, with at least one known death, a 58-year-old diabetic .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ CliniPharm drug data: Clostridium chauvoei. In: vetpharm.uzh.ch. Retrieved February 8, 2015 .
  2. ↑ Studies on the so-called intoxicating beef. Journal for practical veterinary sciences, Volume IV, No. 1, Jan. 1876, pp. 13-26, no. 3, March 1876, pp. 103-122.
  3. ↑ Bacteria Collection: Clostridium chauvoei
  4. ↑ a b c Jörg Taube: Rauschbrand. Retrieved February 7, 2015 .
  5. ↑ a b Entry on Rauschbrand in Flexikon , a wiki from DocCheck , accessed on November 26, 2015.
  6. ↑ Kirsten Stemme: Clostridial diseases in cattle. (PDF) (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on December 24, 2012 ; Retrieved February 7, 2015 .
  7. ↑ FA Uzal, P. Hugenholtz, LL Blackall, S. Petray, S. Moss, RA Assis, M. Fernandez Miyakawa, G. Carloni: PCR detection of Clostridium chauvoei in pure cultures and in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. In: Veterinary microbiology. Volume 91, Number 2-3, February 2003, ISSN  0378-1135 , pp. 239-248, PMID 12458172 , doi: 10.1016 / S0378-1135 (02) 00291-2 .
  8. ↑ Tierklinik24: Clostridium. In: tierklinik.de. February 2, 2015, accessed February 8, 2015 .
  9. ↑ Hygiene tests, analyzes + more - Clostridium chauvoei 113. In: pcr-lab.com. Retrieved February 8, 2015 .
  10. ↑ N. Nagano, S. Isomine, H. Kato, Y. Sasaki, M. Takahashi, K. Sakaida, Y. Nagano, Y. Arakawa: Human fulminant gas gangrene caused by Clostridium chauvoei. In: Journal of clinical microbiology. Volume 46, Number 4, April 2008, ISSN  1098-660X , pp. 1545-1547, doi: 10.1128 / JCM.01895-07 , PMID 18256217 , PMC 2292918 (free full text).

literature

  • Mauro Dalla Serra1, Mayra Tejuca Martínez: Pore ​​‐ forming Toxins. eLS. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2011, doi: 10.1002 / 9780470015902.a0002655.pub2
  • J. Frey, A. Johansson et al. a .: Cytotoxin CctA, a major virulence factor of Clostridium chauvoei conferring protective immunity against myonecrosis. In: Vaccine. Volume 30, Number 37, August 2012, pp. 5500-5505, ISSN  1873-2518 . doi: 10.1016 / j.vaccine.2012.06.050 . PMID 22749595 .
  • E. Bagge, SS Lewerin, KE Johansson: Detection and identification by PCR of Clostridium chauvoei in clinical isolates, bovine faeces and substrates from biogas plant. In: Acta veterinaria Scandinavica. Volume 51, 2009, p. 8, ISSN  1751-0147 . doi: 10.1186 / 1751-0147-51-8 . PMID 19257884 . PMC 2653026 (free full text).
  • N. Nagano, S. Isomine, et al. a .: Human fulminant gas gangrene caused by Clostridium chauvoei. In: Journal of clinical microbiology. Volume 46, Number 4, April 2008, pp. 1545-1547, ISSN  1098-660X . doi: 10.1128 / JCM.01895-07 . PMID 18256217 . PMC 2292918 (free full text).
  • P. Kuhnert, M. Krampe et al. a .: Identification of Clostridium chauvoei in cultures and clinical material from blackleg using PCR. In: Veterinary microbiology. Volume 57, Number 2-3, September 1997, pp. 291-298, ISSN  0378-1135 . PMID 9355263 .
  • SW Huang, JP Chan et al. a .: The utilization of a commercial soil nucleic acid extraction kit and PCR for the detection of Clostridium tetanus and Clostridium chauvoei on farms after flooding in Taiwan. In: The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science. Volume 75, Number 4, May 2013, pp. 489-495, ISSN  1347-7439 . PMID 23208321 .
  • FA Uzal, P. Hugenholtz u. a .: PCR detection of Clostridium chauvoei in pure cultures and in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. In: Veterinary microbiology. Volume 91, Number 2-3, February 2003, pp. 239-248, ISSN  0378-1135 . PMID 12458172 , doi: 10.1016 / S0378-1135 (02) 00291-2 .