Auguste Chauveau

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Auguste Chauveau

Jean-Baptiste Auguste Chauveau (born November 21, 1827 in Villeneuve-la-Guyard , Département Yonne , † January 4, 1917 in Paris ) was a French veterinarian , immunologist and bacteriologist and professor at the Ecole nationale vétérinaire in Lyon (ENVL), also President of the Académie des sciences and the Académie nationale de médecine . Among other things, he introduced the cardiac catheter to physiological research. Clostridium chauvoei , the causative agent of intoxicating blight , is named after him.

biography

Lateral view of the axis of a horse; published in Chauveau's Traité d'anatomie comparée des animaux domestiques .

Chauveau was born on November 21, 1827, the son of a farrier in Villeneuve-la-Guyard. From 1844 he studied veterinary medicine at the veterinary school in Maisons-Alfort near Paris, where he supported his teacher Henri Marie Bouley in writing a work on the anatomy of the hoof . At the age of 21 he graduated from the ENVL in Lyon. There he got a job as head of practical work in anatomy and physiology .

In 1863 Chauveau received a professorship in anatomy and physiology; the following year he married Justine Mery and was elected a member of the Académie nationale de médecine . In 1875 he received the post of rector of the EVNL, from 1877 he was responsible for training in comparative and experimental medicine and received an honorary doctorate .

With the discovery of vaccination against anthrax in 1880 he defended his former pupil Henry Toussaint against Louis Pasteur , who claimed to have developed the vaccine first. He revived Toussaint's research project and was able to prove in 1882 that his method of vaccine production was actually older than Pasteur's.

On April 19, 1886 Chauveau was accepted as the successor to his teacher Bouley in the Académie des sciences . At the same time he became general inspector of the veterinary schools in France and professor of comparative pathology at the Paris Natural History Museum . His duties at the ENVL were taken over by Chauveau's student and friend Saturnin Arloing . In 1907 Chauveau was elected President of the Académie to succeed Henri Poincaré . On May 12, 1889, he was admitted to the Royal Society as a Foreign Member .

Chauveau retired in 1911, but was elected President of the Académie nationale de médecine that same year . He died on January 4, 1917 in Paris.

Research activity

Chauveau with assistants during a cardiac catheterization examination of a horse
Intracardiac cardiogram prepared by Marey

Chauveau's Traité d'anatomie comparée des animaux domestiques , a textbook on animal anatomy first published in 1857 , is still regarded today as an important work in veterinary medicine. It was still in print 50 years after the first edition.

From 1855, Chauveau researched the physiology of the heart. Together with Etienne-Jules Marey he researched the mechanism of blood circulation, and together with him he developed intracardiac cardiography between 1861 and 1863, in which the blood pressure within the heart is measured using cardiac catheters . To do this, he inserted a catheter into each side of the heart: he reached the left ventricle via the external carotid artery , and the right via the external jugular vein . Through this research he was able to refute the theories of Beau , according to which the heart sounds arise during diastole . Marey and Chauveau published two books on the cardiovascular system based on their experiments in 1862 and 1863 .

In 1865 Chauveau went to England to study a rinderpest outbreak . Here he discovered the possibility of infection via the digestive tract and hypothesized that such an infection could also take place between different species. Around 1866 he drafted a theory about different viruses and the influence of different ways of infection on their virulence . By reproducing Toussaint's work on anthrax, he was able to prove that Toussaint was the first to develop a vaccine against the disease.

On the basis of his research into infections, Chauveau recommended the introduction of a systematic meat inspection from 1872 onwards and introduced such a system into the curriculum of the French veterinary schools.

Awards and honors

On August 4, 1907, Chauveau was appointed Grand Officer of the Legion of Honor . In 1926 a statue was erected in his honor in Lyon and a street was named after him.

Works (selection)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c W. B. Fye: Jean-Baptiste Auguste Chauveau. In: Clinical cardiology. Volume 26, Number 7, July 2003, pp. 351-353, ISSN  0160-9289 . PMID 12862303 .
  2. ↑ a b c d L. Bornarel: Biography de Jean-Baptiste Chauveau ( Memento of the original from July 25, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 52 kB) (French)  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.millenaire3.com
  3. ↑ Traité de l'organization du pied du cheval
  4. ↑ Hervé Bazin: L'histoire du vaccin. John Libbey Eurotext, Paris 2008, ISBN 978-2-7420-0705-9
  5. ↑ List of members of the Académie since 1666 (PDF; 91 kB)
  6. ^ List of presidents and vice-presidents of the Académie des sciences ( Memento of July 2, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
  7. ↑ List of Fellows of the Royal Society 1660–2007 (PDF; 1.1 MB)
  8. ^ Biography of Chauveau on Larousse.fr
  9. ↑ Les sondes intracardiaques d'Auguste Chauveau et la cardiographie intracardiaque ( Memento of the original from June 21, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on the website of the University of Veterinary Medicine Toulouse  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / physiologie.envt.fr
  10. ↑ Journée du Comité d'Histoire des sciences et d'Épistémologie de l'Académie des sciences ( Memento of June 26, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 122 kB)
  11. ^ Entry on Chauveau on the website of the Legion of Honor
personal data
SURNAME Chauveau, Auguste
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Chauveau, Jean-Baptiste Auguste
BRIEF DESCRIPTION French veterinarian, microbiologist and physiologist
DATE OF BIRTH November 21, 1827
PLACE OF BIRTH Villeneuve-la-Guyard , Yonne department
DATE OF DEATH January 4, 1917
Place of death Paris