Saturnin Arloing

Saturnin Arloing

Saturnin Arloing (born January 3, 1846 in Cusset , Département Allier , † March 21, 1911 in Lyon ) was a French veterinarian , infectiologist and professor of anatomy and physiology . Among other things, he identified the causative agent of intoxicating blight ( Clostridium chauvoei ) and did pioneering work in the prevention of bovine tuberculosis .

biography

Arloing was born on January 3, 1846 in Cusset in Auvergne, the son of a farrier who was the third generation of the generation to do this business. His father convinced the intelligent boy to study veterinary medicine and then to settle down as a veterinarian in Cusset.

At the age of eleven, Arloing entered the Collège von Cusset, where he proved to be a very good student. At the age of 16, he passed the entrance examination for admission to study and studied veterinary medicine at the Ecole nationale vétérinaire in Lyon (ENVL) from 1862 to 1866 . But since his father had died in the meantime and the family had sold the forge, he did not return to Cusset, but instead took a position as chef de service for anatomy and physiology in Lyon under Auguste Chauveau . There he worked, among other things, on the anatomy of the recurrent laryngeal nerve , the pelvis and the hoof of horses as well as the sexual organs of the rabbit-like .

1869 Arloing received a reputation as a professor of anatomy and physiology at the University of Toulouse . There doctorate he in addition to his research work at the Faculty of Medicine Doctor of Medicine and was awarded the Licentiate of Science. During the Franco-Prussian War he was stationed in Brittany , where he investigated an outbreak of rinderpest .

In 1876 Arloing returned to Lyon as professor of anatomy, where he worked closely with his former teacher Chauveau, was promoted to head of experimental medicine at the University of Lyon and was awarded by the Institut de France . Here he received his doctorate in 1879 with two theses: one each on the act of swallowing in mammals and birds and one on the reproduction of cacti by cuttings . In addition, he received another doctor of medicine for his investigations into the anesthetic effects of chloral , chloroform and ether . In 1880 he completed his habilitation with a thesis on the formation of hair and nails .

Statue in honor of Arloing in Lyon

In addition to his professorship in anatomy, Arloing was appointed professor of general physiology in the natural sciences faculty in 1884. But he only retained this post for two years: after Chauveau was appointed inspector general of the veterinary schools in Paris in 1886, Arloing became rector of the Ecole nationale vétérinaire in Lyon and also took over Chauveau's professorship there for physiology. In 1887 he also took over Chauveau's professorship in experimental medicine at the medical faculty.

In 1898 Arloing founded the Veterinary Society of Lyon with Cadeac and Mathis. In 1900 he founded the Institute of Bacteriology in Lyon, whose first director he became. In addition, he was chairman of the ENVL alumni association, member of the Conseil départemental d'hygiène des Département Rhône and various other professional associations in the field of medicine and agricultural sciences .

During his career, Arloing was visiting professor in Lille (1872), Nantes (1875), Basel (1889), Berlin (1890, 1902 and 1907), Washington, DC , Philadelphia (1908) and Stockholm (1909). In 1889 he became a corresponding member of the Académie des Sciences .

On March 21, 1911, Arloing died in Lyon of a heart attack , probably as a complication of a flu infection . A street in Lyon is named in his honor. A memorial to him has stood in the courtyard of the veterinary faculty in Lyon since 1923. In his hometown of Cusset he was also erected a memorial and a street was named after him.

Arloing had been married to Mlle Roux since 1873, whom he had met four years earlier in Lyon. Their son Fernand Arloing (1876-1944) also became a bacteriologist and professor of medicine.

research

Commemorative medal to Arloing (front)

Arloing's research interests were primarily in anatomy, physiology and infectious diseases.

anatomy

In anatomy, he was interested in the anatomy of the equine, the sexual organs of the hare-like and the anatomy of the skull of dogs . He gave the 2nd – 4th Edition of Chauveau's Traité d'anatomie des animaux domestiques , a textbook on animal anatomy.

physiology

In his physiology, Arloing researched the sensitive function of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in horses, the effects of the sympathetic nervous system in the neck area on tears and perspiration and the function of the vagus nerve in innervating the stomach and heart . He also demonstrated the existence of two different types of muscle fibers in different animal species , namely the fast-twitch white and the slow-twitch red fibers.

In anesthesiology , Arloing described the effects of various anesthetics on body temperature , breathing, and blood circulation, paying particular attention to the blood supply to the brain .

Infectious diseases

In infectious diseases, Arloing's main interests were four diseases, namely intoxicating burn , gas burn , puerperal fever and tuberculosis . He also investigated the possibility of obtaining diphtheria - antitoxin from horses, the growth of bacteria on various nutrient media and the influence of light on the virulence of Bacillus anthracis , the causative agent of anthrax .

Together with Thomas and Cornevin, he isolated the causative agent of intoxicating burn, a disease that was often confused with anthrax at the time , and thus demonstrated the different causes of the two diseases. In honor of his teacher, he named the pathogen as Bacterium chauvoei . This was later renamed Clostridium chauvoei for taxonomic reasons . Together with Thomas and Cornevin, Arloing then developed a vaccination and a serum for passive immunization against bogus burn.

Louis Pasteur had already described a bacterial cause for the gas fire . Chauveau and Arloing confirmed its role in the development of the disease and developed preventive and therapeutic measures for use in hospitals.

Puerperal fever was widespread in the maternity wards of Lyon's hospitals in Arloing's time. Chauveau and Arloing described streptococci as the main cause and developed prophylactic and therapeutic measures here too.

tuberculosis

Commemorative medal to Arloing (back)

The tuberculosis was from 1868 one of the main areas of interest Arloings. From 1868 onwards, based on the work of Jean-Antoine Villemin, he researched the transmission of the disease and, in collaboration with Chauveau, its various forms of development. Arloing and Chauveau proved that infection via the gastrointestinal tract is possible and described the various pathogens causing human , bovine and avian tuberculosis .

As a result of this research, new methods of prevention against bovine tuberculosis were introduced in France from 1872, even if the debate about the responsible pathogen went even further: Robert Koch and Emil Adolf von Behring, for example, took the view that humans could be infected with bovine tuberculosis is not possible because the pathogen is a different bacterium. Their view was probably also influenced by the interests of the German cattle breeders who opposed the import bans on tuberculous cattle to France. Arloing received support from Edmond Nocard , for example , who published further evidence for Arloing's point of view in Les tuberculoses animales in 1895 . Arloing debated the topic at several congresses with Koch, whom he was finally able to convince in 1908 through his experiments of the zoonotic character of bovine tuberculosis.

Arloing also explored the possibility of the various tuberculosis pathogens by obtained from diseased human and animal immune serum to agglutinate . As part of his research, he also examined the tuberculin discovered by Robert Koch and tried to develop a protective vaccination against bovine tuberculosis based on this substance. In 1911 he had a vaccine that could protect three quarters of the vaccinated cattle from infection, while all animals in the control group became ill. Due to his death later that year, he was unable to complete the project.

Works (selection)

• Le berceau de l'enseignement vétérinaire - Création et évolution de l'enseignement vétérinaire . Imprimerie Pitrat aîné, Lyon 1889.
• As editor of Chauveau's Traité d'anatomie comparée des animaux domestiques . 2nd to 5th edition.
• Caractères ostéologiques différentiels de l'âne, du cheval et de leurs hybrides . 1882.
• Cours élémentaires d'anatomie générale et notions de technique histologique , Paris 1890.
• Les virus. Félix Alcan, Paris 1891.
• Leçons sur la tuberculose et certaines septicémies , Paris 1892.
• Sur l'obtention de cultures et d'emulsions homogènes du bacille de la tuberculosis humaine en milieu liquide et sur une variété mobile de ce bacille. In: Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences. Paris 1898, 126, pp. 1319-1321.

• A complete directory of Arloing's publications can be found in Archives internationales de pharmacodynamie et de thérapie. 1911, 22, pp. 3-25.

literature

• Harry W Paul: From Knowledge to Power- The Rise of the Science Empire in France, 1860-1939. P. 95.
• Laurence J Street, HSJ Lee: Dates in Infectious Diseases- A Chronological Record of Progress in Infectious Diseases. P. 66.
• Anton Sebastian: A Dictionary of the History of Medicine. P. 68.
• Anonymous: Exposé des titres et des travaux de S. Arloing. Imprimerie Pitrat aîné, Lyon, 1887.
• Anonymous: Publications principales de S. Arloing sur la physiologie normal et pathologie, animale et végétale, l'anatomie et la tératologie . Manuscrit de la bibliothèque de l'Ecole vétérinaire de Lyon, 1911.
• Anonymous: Publications principales de S. Arloing. In: Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. XXII, 24 p., 1912.
• G. Rollet: Biographies vétérinaires. Manuscript de la bibliothèque de l'Ecole vétérinaire de Lyon. 1994.
• V. Krogmann: L'enseignement à l'Ecole vétérinaire de Lyon aux XVIIIe et XIXe siècles. Dissertation . Lyon 1996.

Web links

Commons : Saturnin Arloing  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Application de la méthode graphique à l'étude du mécanisme de la déglutition chez les mammifères et les oiseaux. Suivi de Recherches anatomiques sur le bouturage des cactées / Saturnin Arloing. - 1877 - Bibliothèque universitaire Pierre et Marie Curie (BUPMC)
2. ^ M. Roussel: Éloge du professeur Arloing. In: Bull. Acad. vét. Fr. (1932); LXXXV, pp. 429-448.
3. ^ T. Violet: Nomination de M. Chauveau comme Inspecteur général des Ecoles vétérinaires. In: J. Méd. Vét. Zootech. (1886); XXXVII, pp. 114-115.
4. ^ M. Bertrand: La Société des Sciences Vétérinaires et de Médecine Comparée de Lyon: origines et vocations. In: Sci. Vét. Méd. Comp. (1986); 88, pp. 3-5.
5. ^ M. Bertrand: La Société des Sciences Vétérinaires et de Médecine Comparée de Lyon. In: Sci. Vét. Méd. Comp. (1987); 89, pp. 217-224.
6. ^ List of members since 1666: letter A. Académie des sciences, accessed on October 3, 2019 (French). 
7. ↑ FX Lesbre: Compte-rendu de la cérémonie d'inauguration à l'Ecole vétérinaire de Lyon du monument à S. Arloing. et des bustes de L. Bredin, CJ Bredin, F. Lecoq, and C. Cornevin. J. Méd. Vét. Lyon. (1923) LXIX, pp. 435-541.
8. ^ Quai Arloing , accessed January 29, 2013.
9. ↑ FX Lesbre : Notice nécrologique sur le Professeur S. Arloing . Société d'Agriculture, Sciences et Industries de Lyon. (1911) Imprimerie A. Rey, Lyon, 7 p.
10. ↑ FX Lesbre: Étude historique de la nomenclature anatomique vétérinaire en langue française depuis Bourgelat jusqu'à nos jours. In: Soc. Sci. Vét. Lyon. (1911), XIV, pp. 286-373.
11. ^ Courmont, quoted in M. Roussel: Éloge du professeur Arloing. In: Bull. Acad. vét. Fr. (1932); LXXXV, pp. 429-448.