Cohors III Bracaraugustanorum (Raetia)

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Brick stamp of Cohors III Bracaraugustanorum equitata from the fort area of ​​Theilenhofen, Gunzenhausen Archaeological Museum
The helmet of the Guisborough-Theilenhofen type was worn by a mounted member of the Cohors III Bracaraugustanorum
This helmet belonged to an infantryman from the cohort
Honorary inscription of the […] Cominius Laelius Bonus Agricola Aper from Arles

The Cohors III Bracaraugustanorum equitata [sagittaria] ("3rd partially mounted cohort from Bracara Augusta ") was a Roman auxiliary force that worked in Raetia from the 1st century AD to the time of the Limes fall around 259/260 AD Did service. According to investigations in their main fort Theilenhofen , it is assumed that this unit consisted of ten platoons , including six infantry groups ( Centurien ) and a cavalry regiment of four squadrons (Turmae) . The evidence for a Cohors equitata could be provided archaeologically. On the helmet of the Guisborough-Theilenhofen type recovered in Theilenhofen there were inscriptions for three squadrons. One reads aliqandi Cohor (tis) III Bracarav (gustanorum Turma) Noni : "(In possession) of the Aliquandus from the squadron of ( Decurios ) Nonius from the Cohors III Bracaraugustanorum."

Troop history

The Cohors III Bracaraugustanorum , originally excavated in Bracara Augusta ( Braga ) in northern Portugal, is known as the occupation for Raetia as early as May 13, 86 AD.

It is unlikely that the cohort can be identified with the Cohors III Callaecorum Bracaraugustanorum , which was named among the units in Iudaea in AD 90 and later appears there as a separate unit. At which Raetian location the Cohors III Bracaraugustanorum lay in garrison in the 1st century AD , has so far remained unknown. It could possibly have formed the garrison of the Gomadingen fort . But there is also the possibility that the troops were stationed in Fort Munningen at the time. The Austrian ancient historian Ernst Stein (1891–1945) already expressed this assumption . After a possible stopover in Pannonia , a Cohors III Bracaraugustanorum then appears in Britannia in 103 AD . In Castleshaw there were brick temple of Cohors III Bracaraugustanorum . The Castleshaw castle there was built around 79 AD and abandoned in the 1990s. The garrison site was then reactivated with a newly built small fort around 105 AD, but it was abandoned again in the 120s. The unit is also said to have been stationed in Manchester and other military bases. It is questionable whether the cohort named in Britain at that time was the unit previously stationed in Raetia. At least for a later point in time, it can be demonstrated on the basis of overlaps in the military diplomas from Britain and Raetia that a second Cohors III Bracaraugustanorum must be accepted on the British Isles.

The military diploma of June 30, 107 found in Weißenburg shows that the cohort was in Raetien at that time, where it is mentioned again and again in the following decades and became the main troop of Fort Theilenhofen. The name sagittaria (archer), which appeared in the military diplomas of AD 116 , did not previously bear it. The unit therefore had at least some contingents of archers, at least temporarily. A few years after Emperor Hadrian (117-138) came to power, the cohort was stationed in Britain for the second time and was there between AD 122 and a maximum of 127 AD. Subsequently, it is assumed for the construction of the stone fort and the military bath of Theilenhofen . In 2002 Franz Herzig carried out a dendrochronological dating of the first military bath, which was partly made of wood. The examined sample could be dated to the year 126 AD. It can therefore be assumed that the first Theilenhofen military baths were built in this or the following year and that the stone fort was also built during this time. A certificate of discharge with the name of the Cohors III Bracaraugustanorum , which cannot be precisely dated, also dates from 128 to 133 in Raetia.

At the end of the Hadrianic period and at the beginning of the reign of Emperor Antoninus Pius (138-161), the cohort took part in the suppression of the Bar Kochba uprising in Judea (132-135), now officially Syria Palestine , for several years . The Cohors III Callaecorum Bracaraugustanorum mentioned above is also attested in the following years in Syria Palestine , while the Cohors III Bracaraugustanorum returned to Raetia, where it was based on a damaged military diploma from the years 138 to 140 AD or on another one in the year 140 AD. The Einingen diploma issued in 147 subsequently identifies the cohort again in Raetia. A certificate of discharge from the indefinite period between 151 and 170 also makes Raetien clear as the location. This statement confirms the diploma of 153, as well as a fragmented piece that can only be set in the time position from 154 to 161. The same applies to the years at the end of the reign of Antoninus Pius, here numerous other military diplomas indicate the cohort in Raetia (156, 157, 158, 160 AD), where it was also used during the joint reign of Emperor Marcus Aurelius ( 161–180) and Lucius Verus (161–169) is attested in Raetia. In Rome, for example, a veteran's certificate of civil rights was found which was issued in AD 162 and also mentions the Cohors III Bracaraugustanorum . Even beyond the Limesfall in 259/260 AD - the Theilenhofen fort had already perished - the troops are mentioned in the last known diploma from Regensburg-Kumpfmühl in 266. There are no later inscribed documents that can be dated. What happened to the unity after AD 266 is no longer known.

Commanders

From the two-phase military bath of Theilenhofen there is an inscription found in 1970, which the cohort commander Vetellius donated between 120 and 254 AD:

Fortun (ae)
Aug (ustae)
sacrum
coh (ors) III Br (acaraugustanorum)
cui prae (e) st
Vetelli (us)
v (otum) s (olvit) l (ibens) l (aetus) m (erito)

Translation: “Consecrated to Fortuna Augusta; the 3rd Braga cohort, which Vetellius commands, has honored its vows gladly, joyfully and for a fee. "

Due to the fragment of a military diploma from Theilenhofen, which is located in the years 140/141 or 144 AD, a Lucius Pomponius is also known as a cohort prefect of the Cohors III Bracaraugustanorum .

An honorary inscription from Rome names Quintus Papirius Maximus, son of Quintus from the Pupinia tribe. Among other things, the honoree was cohort prefect of the Cohors III Bracaraugustanorum in Raetia. The knight Aulus Seius Zosimianus, who had been cohort prefect of the Cohors III Bracaraugustanorum , died in Rome . The knight and cohort prefect of a Cohors III Bracaraugustanorum , Marcus Fabius Mettianus, son of Marcus, was buried with his wife and daughter in Segermes (today: Henchir Harat), in the province of Africa proconsularis, in what is today Tunisia.

The last known commander of the unit could be hiding behind the name that can be read as […] Cominius Bonus Agricola Laelius Aper according to an investigation by the ancient historian Géza Alföldy (1935–2011) . The honorary inscription of this knightly officer, known and damaged since 1697, comes from Arelate ( Arles ) in the province of Gallia Narbonensis . […] Cominius Bonus Agricola Laelius Aper, son of Cominius, is named there at the beginning of his military career as a cohort prefect of a Cohors III Bracaraugustanorum . The honored came from the tribe Claudia and belonged to the knightly family of the Cominii, which was based in the northern Italian Colonia Iulia Concordia ( Concordia Sagittaria ). According to Alföldy, […] Cominius Bonus Agricola Laelius Aper could have been the son of C. Cominius Agricola. This father would have lived thereafter in the first half of the 2nd century. The office of procurator Augustorum ad annonam Narbonensis et Liguriae would have […] Cominius Bonus Agricola Laelius Aper after his time as cohort prefect, according to Hans-Georg Pflaum (1902–1979) and Alföldy, probably during the divi fratres in the years 166 to 167.

Surname rank Time position comment
Marcus Acilius Priscus Praefectus cohortis approx. 69/96 AD received an honorary inscription in Ostia; since the inscription is badly damaged, it cannot be proven in which Cohors Bracaraugustanorum he served
Quintus Papirius Maximus Praefectus cohortis approx. 86/254 AD received an honorary inscription in Rome
Aulus Seius Zosimianus Praefectus cohortis approx. 100/300 (?) AD died in Rome; it cannot be proven in which Cohors Bracaraugustanorum he served
Vetellius Praefectus cohortis approx. 120/254 AD erected an inscription in Theilenhofen
Marcus Fabius Mettianus Praefectus cohortis approx. 138/161 (?) AD died in the province of Africa proconsularis; it cannot be proven in which Cohors Bracaraugustanorum he served
Lucius Pomponius Praefectus cohortis 140/141 or 144 AD is mentioned on a military diploma from Theilenhofen
[…] Cominius Bonus Agricola Laelius Aper Praefectus cohortis possibly before 166 AD received an honorary inscription in Arelate (Arles); it cannot be proven in which of the Cohors III Bracaraugustanorum of the same time he served

NCOs and cavalrymen

The hallmarks of the Guisborough-Theilenhofen helmet have preserved some of the names of soldiers and NCOs:

  • Aliquandus from the squadron of Decurios Nonius
  • Alto from the squadron of Decurios Paterclianus
  • Flavius ​​Flavianus from the squadron of Decurios Ataulvanus

Further cohorts with the designation Cohors III Bracaraugustanorum

There were two other cohorts with this designation, see Cohors III Bracaraugustanorum .

See also

Web links

Commons : Cohors III Bracaraugustanorum  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

literature

  • Nicole Lambert, Jörg Scheuerbrandt: The military diploma. Source on the Roman army and documents (= writings of the Limes Museum Aalen 55), Theiss, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-8062-1726-2 .

Remarks

  1. ↑ Jörg Faßbinder: New results of the geophysical prospection on the Upper German-Raetian Limes. In: Andreas Thiel (ed.): New research on the Limes. Volume 3. Theiss, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8062-2251-7 , p. 161.
  2. ↑ a b Martin Kemkes, Jörg Scheuerbrandt: Between patrol and parade. The Roman cavalry on the Limes . Theiss, Stuttgart 1997, ISBN 3-8062-1440-9 , p. 52.
  3. ↑ a b AE 2012, 1058
  4. ^ AE 2007, 1782
  5. ↑ Peter Weiß : Further military diplomas for soldiers in Mauretania Tingitana from the Balkans. In: Journal of Papyrology and Epigraphy. 162, 2007, p. 250.
  6. ^ Werner Eck , Andreas Pangerl: Titus Flavius ​​Norbanus, praefectus praetorio Domitians, as governor of Rhaetia in a new military diploma. In: Journal of Papyrology and Epigraphy . 163, 2007, pp. 239-251.
  7. ↑

    Imp (erator) Caesar divi Vespasiani f (ilius) Domitianus Au-
    gustus Germanicus pontifex maximus
    tribunic (ia) potestat (e) V imp (erator) XII censor
    perpetuus co (n) s (ul) XII p (ater) p (atriae )
    equitibus et peditibus qui militaverunt in
    alis quattuor quae appellantur I Hispa-
    norum Auriana et I Augusta Thracum
    et Thracum veterana et II Flavia pia fidelis
    mil {l} iaria et cohortibus octo I Breucorum
    et II Gallorum et III Bracaraugusta-
    norum et III Thracum et III Britannorum
    et IIII Gallorum et V Bracaraugustano-
    rum et VI Lusitanorum et sunt in Ratia
    sub T (ito) Flavio Norbano quinis et vice-
    nis pluribusve stipendiis emeritis di-
    missis honesta missione quorum no-
    mina subscripta sunt ipsis liberis poste-
    risque eorum civitatem dedit et conubi-
    um cum uxoribus quas tunc habuissent
    cum est civitas iis data aut si qui caelibes
    essent cum iis quas postea duxissent
    dumtaxat singuli singulas. A (nte) d (iem) III Idus Maias
    Sex (to) Octavio Frontone,
    Ti (berio) Iulio Candido Mario Celso co (n) s (ulibus).
    Alae Thracum veteranae cui prae (e) st
    Ti (berius) Claudius Agricola
    ex gregale
    Dituseni Salae f (ilio) Thrac (i). Descriptum et recognitum ex tabula
    aenea quae fixa est Romae in Capito-
    lio in tribunali Iovis Parati parte post-
    teriore.

    M (arci) Valeri Macri s (es) q (uiplicarii),
    G (ai) Iuli Laeti s (es) q (uiplicarii),
    G (ai) Corneli Latronis s (es) q (uiplicarii),
    M (arci) Iuli Labeonis s (es) q (uiplicarii),
    Q (uinti) Fabi Casperiani s (es) q (uiplicarii),
    T (iti) Pinni Ampliati s (es) q (uiplicarii),
    M (arci) Pompei Flavi s (es) q (uiplicarii).

    The translation follows that of the epigrapher Werner Eck : “Imperator Caesar, son of the deified Vespasianus, Domitianus Augustus Germanicus, supreme priest, holder of the tribunician authority for the fifth time, proclaimed victor twelve times, censor for life, consul for the twelfth time, father of Fatherland he has the horsemen and soldiers on foot who served in four cavalry squadrons: in the Ala I Hispanorum Auriana and in the Ala I Augusta Thracum and in the Ala Thracum veterana and in the Ala II Flavia, which includes a thousand men and the honorable titles responsibly and faithfully, and in eight cohorts: in the Cohors I Breucorum and in the Cohors II Gallorum and in the Cohors III Bracaraugustanorum and in the Cohors III Thracum and in the Cohors III Britannorum and in the Cohors IIII Gallorum and in the Cohors V Bracaraugustanorum and in the Cohors VI Lusitanorum, which are in Raetia under the command of Titus Flavius ​​Norbanus, after they each have 25 or more J. aher, whose names are listed below, have been served and honored, given them, their children and their descendants citizenship and the right to a lawful marriage to the women they had at the time they were granted citizenship, or if they were without a wife, with those they would later marry, of course only one with one each. On May 13th under the consuls Sextus Octavius ​​Fronto and Tiberius Iulius Candidus Marius Celsus (86 AD). From the ala Thracum veterana, commanded by Tiberius Claudius Agricola, for the former rider Ditusenes, the son of Sala, a Thracian. Copied and checked for correctness according to the text on a bronze plaque that is affixed to the reverse in Rome on the Capitol at the tribunal of Iupiter Paratus.

    Seal of the sesquiplicarii (soldiers with one and a half times the pay) Marcus Valerius Macer, Gaius Iulius Laetus, Gaius Cornelius Latro, Marcus Iulius Labeo, Quintus Fabius Casperianus, Titus Pinnius Ampliatus, Marcus Pompeius Flavus. "

    Source: Werner Eck : Bureaucracy and Politics in the Roman Empire. Administrative routine and political reflexes in the civil rights constitutions of the Roman emperors . Springer, Wiesbaden 2012, ISBN 978-3-531-18741-9 , pp. 83-84.

  8. ^ AE 2003, 2062 .
  9. ^ Ernst Stein : The imperial officials and troops in Roman Germany under the principate (=  contributions to the administrative and military history of Gaul and Germania 1), Seidel & Sohn, Vienna 1932, pp. 171–172.
  10. ↑ So John Walker: Castleshaw: The Archeology of a Roman Fortlet. Greater Manchester Archaeological Unit, 1989, ISBN 0-946126-08-9 , p. 78.
  11. ↑ CIL 16, 48 .
  12. ↑ AE 1993, 1240 (116 AD) and AE 1995, 1185 (16 August 116 AD), AE 2005, 1149 and AE 2005, 1150 (under Hadrian).
  13. ↑ CIL 16, 69 (as Cohors III Bracarorum , 122 AD), CIL 16, 70 (124 AD), AE 1997, 1779 (127 AD; from the same year also a newly published military diploma: Werner Eck , Andreas Pangerl : New diplomas for the auxiliary troops of Britannia. In: Journal for papyrology and epigraphy. Volume 162, 2007, p. 225).
  14. ↑ C. Sebastian Sommer : Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marc Aurel ...? - To date the systems of the Raetian Limes. In: Report of the Bavarian soil monument preservation. 56, 2015, pp. 321-327; here: p. 142.
  15. ↑ Bernd Steidl : … civitatem dedit et conubium… Eight new fragments of military diplomas from Raetia. In: Bavarian history sheets. 79, 2014, pp. 61-86; here: p. 71.
  16. ^ AE 2005, 1150 .
  17. ↑ 136 or 137 AD, see addenda  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on Prosopographia Imperii Romani , CIL 16, 87 (139 AD).@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.bbaw.de  
  18. ↑ Barbara Pferdehirt : (=  catalogs of prehistoric antiquities 37), 2 volumes, Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Mainz 2004, ISBN 3-88467-086-7 , here: No. 29 (142 AD); Werner Eck, Andreas Pangerl: A constitution for the troops of Syria Palestine from the year 158. In: Journal for papyrology and epigraphy. Volume 157, 2006, p. 190 (AD 158); this .: A constitution for the auxiliary troops of Syria Palestine of February 6, 158 AD In: Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. Vol. 157, 2006, pp. 283-290 (AD 158).
  19. ↑ AE 1984, 706 .
  20. ↑ AE 1998, 1004 .
  21. ↑ CIL 16,94
  22. ↑ AE 1978, 589 .
  23. ↑ AE 1978, 0520 .
  24. ↑ CIL 16, 117 and three other dismissal certificates.
  25. ↑ Reconstructable for AD 156 from a fragmentary diploma: Bernd Steidl: … civitatem dedit et conubium… Eight new fragments of military diplomas from Raetia. In: Bavarian history sheets. 79, 2014, pp. 61-86; here: pp. 69–71.
  26. ↑ CIL 16, 183 , AE 1988, 905 , AE 1995, 1182 ; Barbara Pferdehirt: Roman military diplomas and certificates of discharge in the collection of the Roman-Germanic Central Museum. (=  Catalogs of prehistoric antiquities 37), 2 volumes, Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Mainz 2004, ISBN 3-88467-086-7 , here: No. 38 (all dated to 157 AD); AE 1978, 590 (A.D. 167 or A.D. 168); AE 1922, 80 , CIL 16, 117 (under the same procurator as the previous diplomas); AE 2001, 1568 (from AD 157 to 161); AE 2005, 1153 (from 159 to 160 AD); AE 1999, 1190 (December 18, 160 AD) as well as four other not exactly dated military diplomas.
  27. ↑ CIL 16, 00118 .
  28. ↑ CIL 16, 121 .
  29. ↑ AE 2011, 00856 ; www.ubi-erat-lupa.org: Altar for Fortuna ; accessed on November 21, 2016.
  30. ↑ AE 2006, +00090 .
  31. ↑ CIL 06, 01822 .
  32. ↑ CIL 06, 03536 .
  33. ↑ CIL 12, 672
  34. ^ Géza Alföldy : Cities, Elites and Society in Gallia Cisalpina. Epigraphic-historical studies . Steiner, Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-515-07633-6 , pp. 98-125.
  35. ↑ AE 1955, 00169 .
  36. ↑ AE 1935, 00035 . An altar of Marcus Fabius Mettianus was discovered in Henchir Harat:

    Iovi Depulsori
    M (arcus) Fabius M (arci) f (ilius) Papir (ia) Mettianus fl (amen) p (erpetuus) praef (ectus) coh (ortis) III Bracar (augustanorum)
    trib (unus) leg (ionis) XXX Ul (piae) V (ictricis) praef (ectus) eq (uitum) alae Flaviae II H (ispanorum) c (ivium) R (omanorum) voto dedic (avit)
    cum Lartidia uxore et Optata filia

    The translation follows that of the archaeologist Marcus Reuter : “To Jupiter Depulsor (consecrated)! Marcus Fabius Mettianus, son of Marcus, from the tribe Papiria, permanent imperial priest, prefect of the 3rd Bracaraugustan cohort, tribune of the 30th Legion Ulpia Victrix , equestrian prefect of the 2nd Ala Flavia Hispanorum of Roman citizens has consecrated (this altar) on the basis of a vow , together with his wife Lartidia and their daughter Optata. ”Source: Marcus Reuter: Legio XXX Ulpia Victrix. Their history, their soldiers, their monuments . (= Xantener reports 23) Zabern, Darmstadt, Mainz 2012, ISBN 978-3-8053-4586-6 , p. 68.