Cosmiomma hippopotamensis

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Cosmiomma hippopotamensis
Cosmiomma hippopotamensis, adult male

Cosmiomma hippopotamensis , adult male

Systematics
Subclass : Mites (acari)
Superordinate : Parasitiformes
Order : Ticks (ixodida)
Family : Shield ticks (ixodidae)
Genre : Cosmiomma
Type : Cosmiomma hippopotamensis
Scientific name of the  genus
Cosmiomma
Paul Schulze , 1919
Scientific name of the  species
Cosmiomma hippopotamensis
( Denny , 1843)

Cosmiomma hippopotamensis is a blood-sucking ectoparasite to hippopotamus (hippopotamus amphibius) and black rhino (Diceros bicornis) . It is the only species of the genus Cosmiomma in the family Schildzecken (Ixodidae).

Cosmiomma hippopotamensis is extremely rare and is known from only a few widely spaced sites in eastern and southern Africa . Adult specimens were only found twice on their hosts. The species had been lost since the late 19th century and was only rediscovered in Namibia in 1970 .

features

Adult male ticks

The scutum of male ticks is broadly oval, with a length of 5.22 to 6.93 millimeters, measured from the tips of the scapulae on both sides of the capitulum to the rear edge of the body. The maximum width in the middle of the body is 4.27 to 5.60 millimeters. The capitulum measures 1.63 to 1.85 millimeters from the posterior margin to the tip of the palps. The upper side shows an attractive ivory-colored or pale yellow drawing of occasional blotches on a dark brown background. In the middle of the body and on the abdomen there is a pair of pronounced pits, and seven festoons on the rear edge . The scutum is sparsely occupied with large and densely with evenly distributed small pores. The two eyes are round, convex and sit on the edges of the scutum, about one-seventh the length of the body. The abdomen has a genital opening between the coxes of the second pair of legs. The anal opening is about two thirds of the length of the body. It is surrounded by only two elongated, wide and approximately triangular adanal plates. The coxes of the first and fourth pairs of legs have long triangular inner and outer spines of similar length. In the coxes of the second and third pair of legs, the outer spines are larger than the inner ones.

Adult female ticks

Cosmiomma hippopotamensis , adult female

The brown idiosoma of unlined females is broadly oval, with a length of 6.74 to 8.55 millimeters, measured from the tips of the scapulae to the rear edge. The maximum width in the middle of the body is 5.32 to 6.84 millimeters. The capitulum is 1.73 to 2.16 millimeters long. The light-colored scutum is as wide as the idiosoma over the first quarter of the body length, its edges converge to just before the middle of the body with a wide rounded shape, so that it describes the shape of a triangle with rounded corners. In the middle of the body there is a pair of pronounced pits and eleven festoons on the rear edge. Approximately at the level of the fourth pair of legs, near the edges of the idiosoma, there are two distinctive bright, round and slightly raised spots that are missing in specimens from Kenya. The scutum is sparsely occupied with large and densely with evenly distributed small pores. The two eyes are round, convex and sit on the edges of the scutum, about one-seventh the length of the body. The abdomen has a genital opening between the coxes of the second pair of legs. The anal opening is about two thirds of the length of the body. The coxes of the first and fourth pairs of legs have long triangular inner and outer spines of similar length. In the coxes of the second and third pair of legs, the outer spines are larger than the inner ones.

Nymphs

The idiosoma of unlined nymphs is oval, with a length of 1.76 to 2.00 millimeters, from the tips of the scapulae to the rear edge. The maximum width is reached at the height of the third pair of legs with 1.40 to 1.64 millimeters. The approximately pentagonal scutum is 0.77 to 0.84 millimeters long and 0.87 to 0.94 millimeters wide, with a rounded rear edge. The capitulum is 0.74 to 0.80 millimeters long. In the middle of the body there is a pair of pronounced pits. About halfway along the scutum are oval, protruding eyes on both of its lateral edges. The scutum is sparse, the rest of the idiosoma denser, and the attachments of the limbs very densely covered with setae. The ventral side has an anal opening in the middle behind the last pair of legs and two stigmas to the side. The coxes of all pairs of legs have poorly developed external and almost invisible internal spines.

Larvae

Unfed larvae have an oval idiosoma, 0.58 to 0.64 millimeters in length, from the tips of the scapulae to the posterior margin. The maximum width is reached at the height of the third pair of legs with 0.50 to 0.55 millimeters. The almost pentagonal scutum is 0.33 to 0.36 millimeters long and 0.42 to 0.48 millimeters wide, with a broadly rounded rear edge. The capitulum is 0.22 to 0.27 millimeters long. In the middle of the body is a pair of barely noticeable shallow pits. The idiosoma is only sparsely covered with setae dorsally and ventrally. The abdomen has an anal opening in the middle of the abdomen. The coxes of the three pairs of legs have no thorns.

distribution

There are only a few localities of Cosmiomma hippopotamensis , all of which are in sub-Saharan Africa: numerous finds in the Kunene region in Namibia , one in the Angolan province of Cuando Cubango , one on Lake Ngami in Botswana , and numerous finds in southern Kenya . Louis-Georges Neumann stated in 1899, citing a publication by Léon Fairmaire and Eugène Simon from 1882, that the species had been found on the way between Zanzibar and the African Great Lakes . Wilhelm Dönitz took over the information in 1910. Find reports from Mozambique and Tanzania are only anecdotal, and a reference to Malawi is based on collection material that is lost today.

In the first description in 1843, only South Africa was given as the type location of Cosmiomma hippopotamensis . The species has not been found there since the late 1840s. In 2013 an attempt was made to reconstruct the origin of the copies of the first description. Accordingly, the ticks in question were found on the skins of animals shot by the English collector Joseph Burke in June 1840. On the occasion in question, Burke shot a hippo and a black rhinoceros. The place is said to have been in the interior of South Africa on the geographical latitude of the Maputo Bay and could be limited to the area between 25 ° 59 "S, 27 ° 33" E and 25 ° 44 "S, 27 ° 51" E.

Way of life

In the first description, the hippopotamus and the black rhinoceros were given as hosts . Later authors tended to assume that rhinos rather than hippos are the main hosts of adult ticks. Reports of horn carriers as hosts are believed to be inaccurate. There is no information about the natural hosts of the larvae and nymphs.

With numerous ticks collected in Namibia in 1970 and 1971, feeding experiments were carried out to determine the preferred hosts. It was found that adult ticks did not suckle or suckled only a small amount on turtles , a steppe monitor , rabbits or goats , but repeatedly targeted the anal region of a black rhinoceros with great speed. In contrast, only a third of the ticks placed in a container behind one of the rhinoceros' ears began to suckle. Three female ticks that had saturated themselves a few centimeters away from the anus of the rhinoceros fell off after eight days. One of these ticks produced a clutch of larvae and nymphs that were used to conduct experiments on preferred hosts.

After the blood meal, 19 days passed before the eggs were laid, which lasted ten days. It took 66 to 71 days for the larvae to hatch. Poultry was never parasitized and laboratory mice were only parasitized in one case, but both larvae and nymphs could be fed on rabbit ears and brought to the next stage to molt. The feeding phase, including the transformation into a nymph, lasted about 25 days. The molting of the nymph into an adult tick took place after 28 to 63 days.

Danger

The US Parasitologen Lance A. Durden and James E. Keiran lead Cosmiomma hippopotamensis next Amblyomma Personatum , Amblyomma rhinocerotis and Dermacentor rhinocerinus as one of those types of ticks, which exclusively or almost exclusively white rhino parasitize and black rhino. The tick population declined with that of their hosts. The existence of host-specific parasites is also endangered by the fact that trapped rhinos are routinely freed from their parasites and treated with antiparasitics before they are released.

Systematics

Internal and external systematics

Cosmiomma hippopotamensis ( Denny , 1843) and its monotypical genus Cosmiomma Schulze , 1919, with more than 700 species in 14 genera, belong to the worldwide common family of ticks (Ixodidae).

First description and history of taxonomy

From the first description: Ixodes bimaculatus Denny , 1843
From the first description: Ixodes hippopotamensis Denny , 1843

The first description of Cosmiomma hippopotamensis was in 1843 by Henry Denny in the journal Annals and Magazine of Natural History . Denny described the adult females as Ixodes bimaculatus and the adult males as Ixodes hippopotamensis . In the following year, Carl Ludwig Koch recognized Denny's mistake and placed the species in the new genus Amblyomma, changing the specific epithet to hippopotami . In 1899, Louis Georges Neumann first changed the specific epithet to hippopotamensis in the third part of his Révision de la famille des ixodidés . In 1906 he placed the species in the genus Hyalomma .

In 1919 the German zoologist Paul Schulze examined the type material and established the monotypical genus Cosmiomma with the new combination Cosmiomma hippopotamensis as the type species. The German parasitologist Fritz Zumpt published an essay on the phylogeny of ticks in 1951 , in which he called Cosmiomma as the link between Amblyomma and Hyalomma , but without making a taxonomic change. Zumpt's American colleague Harry Hoogstraal was subject to a misunderstanding and published in 1956 the statement that Zumpt had synonymized Cosmiomma with the genus Dermacentor (" sunk in Dermacentor "). Based on this, Hoogstraal established the subgenus Dermacentor (Cosmiomma) . In 1958 Santos Dias was of the opinion that the specific epithet bimaculatum should enjoy priority over hippopotamensis . However, the priority of hippopotamensis had already been established by Koch in 1844, and according to Article 24 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature , the “first reviser” principle applies here.

Today most acarologists accept Cosmiomma hippopotamensis ( Denny , 1843) as a valid species name. With regard to the generic name Cosmiomma Schulze , 1919, some authors have named the year 1920 for publication. In fact, the year 1920 is indicated on the cover of the bound volume of the meeting reports of the Society of Friends of Natural Sciences in Berlin . However, the appearance of the delivery is decisive, not the end of the year. Schulze's treatise appeared in delivery number 5 with the report of the meeting of May 13, 1919, "Issued on October 6, 1919".

Different information has been given in the literature on the whereabouts of the types . No types were specified in the initial description. The Angolan parasitologist JAT Santos Dias stated in 1958 that there are three males, including the type of Ixodes hippopotamensis , and six female ticks, including the type of Ixodes bimaculatus , in the Natural History Museum in London . Wilhelm Dönitz mentioned a single pair of the species in the Zoological Museum Berlin in 1910. In 1962 Gertrud Theiler named the Natural History Museum in London and the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin as collections with the types of Cosmiomma hippopotamensis . In 1972, Bezuidenhout and Schneider stated that one male and four female types are located in the Natural History Museum in London under accession number 43.19. Neither the type catalog of the Zoological Museum Berlin (today Museum für Naturkunde) from 1981 nor the catalog of the Natural History Museum from 2001 list the types.

The generic name "Cosmiomma" is possibly derived from the Greek cosmima (German: jewel ) and omma ( eye ). The specific epithet hippopotamensis refers to the hippopotamus as one of the hosts.

Synonyms and emendations

  • Ixodes bimaculatus Denny , 1843
  • Ixodes hippopotamensis Denny , 1843
  • Amblyomma hippopotami cook , 1844
  • Amblyomma hippopotamensis Neumann , 1899
  • Hyalomma hippopotamensis Neumann , 1906
  • Dermacentor (Cosmiomma) hippopotamensis Hoogstraal , 1956
  • Cosmiomma bimaculatum Santos Dias , 1958

literature

Web links

Commons : Cosmiomma hippopotamensis  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d Dmitry A. Apanaskevich et al .: First Description of the Immature Stages and Redescription , pp. 710-717.
  2. ^ A b Louis Georges Neumann : Revision de la famille des Ixodidés. 3rd memoire . In: Mémoires de la Société zoologique de France . tape 12 , 1899, pp. 107-294 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3D~IA%3Dmiresdelasocizoo12soci~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3Dn115~doppelseiten%3D~LT%3D~PUR%3D ).
  3. ↑ a b Wilhelm Dönitz : The ticks of South Africa . In: Memoranda of the medical-natural science society in Jena (=  Leonhard Schultze [Hrsg.]: Zoological and anthropological results of a research trip in western and central South Africa carried out in the years 1903-1905 . Volume four. Systematics and animal geography). tape 16 , 1910, pp. 397–494, panels XV-XVII ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3D~IA%3Ddenkschriftender16medi~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3Dn429~ double-sided%3D~LT%3D~PUR%3D ).
  4. ^ Léon Fairmaire , Eugène Simon : Récoltes entomologiques de MA Burdo sur le trajet de Zanzibar aux grands lacs . In: Bulletin ou comptes rendus des séances de la Société Entomologique de Belgique . tape 26 , 1882, ZDB -ID 1029094-1 , p. 58–61 (not viewed).
  5. ↑ James E. Keirans : George Henry Falkiner Nuttall and the Nuttall Tick Catalog (=  United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Miscellaneous Publication . No. 1438). Government Printing Office, Washington DC 1985 ( digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3D~IA%3Dgeorgehenryfalki1438keir~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3Dn15~ double-sided%3D~LT%3D~PUR%3D ).
  6. ↑ a b c d Dmitry A. Apanaskevich et al .: First Description of the Immature Stages and Redescription , pp. 719-720.
  7. ↑ a b Jane B. Walker : A review of the ixodid ticks (Acari, Ixodidae) occurring in Southern Africa . In: Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research . tape 58 , 1991, pp. 81-105 ( up.ac.za [PDF; 2.9 MB ]).
  8. ↑ a b c J. Dürr Bezuidenhout, HP Schneider: Studies on the biology of Cosmiomma hippopotamensis Denny, 1843 in South West Africa . In: Journal of the South African Veterinary Association . tape 43 , no. 3 , 1972, p. 301–304 ( journals.co.za [PDF; 226 kB ]).
  9. ↑ Dmitry A. Apanaskevich et al .: First Description of the Immature Stages and Redescription , pp. 720-721.
  10. ↑ a b Dmitry A. Apanaskevich et al .: First Description of the Immature Stages and Redescription , pp. 721-722.
  11. ↑ Lance A. Durden , James E. Keirans : Host – Parasite Coextinction and the Plight of Tick Conservation . In: American Entomologist . tape 42 , no. 2 , 1996, p. 87-91 , doi : 10.1093 / ae / 42.2.87 .
  12. ^ Henry Denny: Description of Six supposed new species of Parasites .
  13. ↑ Carl Ludwig Koch : Systematic overview of the order of ticks . In: Archives for Natural History . tape 10 , 1844, pp. 217-239 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3D~IA%3Darchivfrnaturg101berl~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3Dn233~ double-sided%3D~LT%3D~PUR%3D ).
  14. ^ Louis Georges Neumann: Notes sur les Ixodidés. IV. In: Archives de Parasitologie . tape 10 , 1906, pp. 195-219 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3D~IA%3Darchivesdeparasi10pari~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3Dn205~ double-sided%3D~LT%3D~PUR%3D ).
  15. ↑ Dmitry A. Apanaskevich et al .: First Description of the Immature Stages and Redescription , p. 709.
  16. ^ A b Paul Schulze: Determination table for the tick genus Hyalomma, Koch .
  17. ^ Fritz Zumpt : Phylogeny of Ticks and "Natural System" . In: Journal of Parasitic Studies . tape 15 , 1951, pp. 87-110 , doi : 10.1007 / BF00261877 .
  18. ↑ Harry Hoogstraal : African Ixodoidea. I. Ticks of the Sudan (with special reference to Equatoria Province and with preliminary reviews of the genera Boophilus, Margaropus and Hyalomma) . US Navy, Washington, DC 1956, p. 325-326 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3D~IA%3Dafricanixodoidea00hoog~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3Dn329~ double-sided%3D~LT%3D~PUR%3D ).
  19. ↑ Alberto A. Guglielmone, Trevor N. Petney, Mariano Mastropaolo, Richard G. Robbins: Genera, subgenera, species and subspecies of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) described, named, renamed or given new rank by Paul Schulze (1887–1949 ) and their current status . In: Zootaxa . tape 4325 , no. 1 , 2017, p. 1-33 , doi : 10.11646 / zootaxa.4325.1.1 .
  20. ↑ a b Dmitry A. Apanaskevich et al .: First Description of the Immature Stages and Redescription , pp. 717-719.
  21. ^ JA Travassos Santos Dias: Notes on various ticks (Acarina-Ixodoidea) in collection at some entomological institutes in Paris and London . In: Anais do Instituto de Medicina Tropical . tape 15 , no. 2 , 1958, ISSN  0365-3307 , p. 459-563 (not viewed).
  22. ↑ Gertrud Theiler : The Ixodoidea parasites of vertebrates in Africa south of the Sahara (Ethiopian region). Report to the Director of Veterinary Services, Onderstepoort, South Africa . Onderstepoort 1962 (not viewed).
  23. ↑ Manfred Moritz, Sophie-Charlotte Fischer: The types of the arachnid collection of the Zoological Museum Berlin. IV. Ixodei . In: Messages from the Zoological Museum in Berlin . tape 57 , no. 2 , 1981, p. 341-364 , doi : 10.1002 / mmnz.19810570205 .