Croome Court

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South facade of Croome Court

Croome Court is a country house in the village of Croome d'Abitot near Pershore in the south of the English county of Worcestershire . The Palladian house and the extensive landscaped park were designed by Lancelot "Capability" Brown in the mid-18th century for George Coventry, 6th Earl of Coventry . It was Brown's first conception of a landscape garden and his first major architectural project. Some of the interiors were designed by Robert Adam .

The country house is now owned by the Croome Heritage Trust and leased to the National Trust , which operates it as a tourist attraction along with the surrounding landscaped park. The landscape park, which is also open to the public, belongs to the National Trust.

place

Croome Court is near Croome d'Abitot at Pirton in Worcestershire. The landscaped garden was created on land that was once part of the Royal Forest of Horewell. Traces of these old landscapes, as well as unchanged communal meadows and old, light forests, can be found everywhere on the former Croome estate.

House

South porch of Croome Court

history

The foundations and core of Croome Court with the central chimney draft structures date back to the early 1640s. Major changes to this early house were made by Gilbert Coventry, 4th Earl of Coventry .

In 1751 George Coventry, 6th Earl of Coventry , inherited the property along with the Jacobean house. He commissioned Lancelot "Capability" Brown, with the support of his colleague Sanderson Miller, to completely redesign the house and property. It was Brown's "first flight into the kingdom of architecture," "a rare example of his architectural work," and an important, germ-bearing work. The new house was built in 1751–1752 and, along with Hagley Hall, is considered the finest example of Palladian architecture in Worcestershire. Notable Palladian details found on Croome Court include the sleek exterior and the corner towers with pyramidal roofs (a detail that Inigo Jones first included when designing Wilton House in Wiltshire ). Robert Adam worked on the interior of the building from 1760.

King George III visited the house, as did Queen Victoria in the summers when she was a child, and King George V (then Duke of York).

Lord Coventry of Croome owned a jam factory near Pershore Station from 1889 to 1910. Even if the connection between Croome and jam production no longer existed at the time, the building was leased from the Croome Estate to the Huddersfield Fruit Preserving Company during the First World War to set up a fruit press plant.

The First World War severely affected Croome Court, killing many, even if the house as such was not requisitioned for the war effort. The reason for the lack of requisition was possibly the fact that the house was the home of the Lord Lieutenant of the County, who needed a residence for his many official duties. The financial problems caused by the war were a major factor in the property's demise and its eventual transfer to the National Trust.

During World War II , the house and property for the Dutch royal family, including Queen Juliana , who had escaped German occupation of the Netherlands, were requisitioned. However, there is no evidence that the family ever stayed at Croome Court, as they preferred to live in London.

In 1948 the Coventry family sold the country house along with 15 acres of land to the Catholic Archdiocese of Birmingham and the house became St Joseph's Special School, which was run by nuns from 1950 to 1979.

The house was listed as a historic building on August 11, 1952; At the moment it is a historical building of the first degree.

In 1979 the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (Hare Krishna Movement) took over the mansion and used it as its headquarters for the UK and as a training center called Chaitanya College and operated by 25 members of the movement. During her lease, she had the dining room repainted. In 1984 the organization had to leave the property for financial reasons. In 2011 she held a festival in the country house.

From 1984 many owners tried to use the property as a training center, apartment block, restaurant with conference center or hotel with golf course. Then the country house became a private house, and the outbuildings were converted into further private houses.

In October 2007, the Croome Heritage Trust, a registered not-for-profit, bought the property, which is now operated by the National Trust as a tourist attraction. In September 2009 the property was opened to the public. At the time, six of the rooms, including the drawing room, had been restored at a cost of £ 400,000. It was estimated that an additional £ 4.0m to £ 4.8m would be needed to restore the entire building. Donation efforts also included a raffle for a Morgan sports car organized by Lord and Lady Flight in 2011 . Once the restoration work is complete, the National Trust will be awarded a 999 year lease for the country house. An Oral History Project to include collections on Croome Court was funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund. Since 2009 the wing has been empty for the servants and has to be completely restored.

Facades

The villa is with Bath stone - stone clad and the main facades facing north and south. It has a basement and two main floors, and three main floors in the end pavilions. The roof is covered with slate and pyramid-shaped roofs sit on the corner towers. There are three chimneys connected in pairs along the axis of the house.

Both facades have 11 yokes, divided into three groups of three in the middle and an additional yoke on both sides. The north facade has an ornamental gable and two staircases with balustrades that lead to a Romanesque-Doric archway. The south facade has a porch with four Ionic columns and Venetian windows . It has a wide staircase with cast stone sphinxes on either side that lead to a south door over which sits a cornice on consoles. The wings also have cornices on consoles and balustrades.

A two-story, L-shaped wing for the servants is attached to the east of the country house. It is made of red bricks and stone and has a slate roof. This grand piano was designed by "Capability" Brown in 1751–1752. On the side opposite the country house, the wing for the servants is connected to the stables by a wall.

inside rooms

The interiors of the house were partly designed by Brown, with the stucco work by G. Vasalli and partly by Robert Adam and J. Rose jun. come. The corridor runs along the axis. A stone staircase with iron balusters is at the eastern end.

The entrance hall is located on the north side of the building and is equipped with four fluted , Doric equipped columns and carved door frames. To the east of the entrance hall is the dining room with a stucco ceiling and cornice, while to the west of it is the billiard room, which is paneled with wood and equipped with a stucco cornice and an open rococo fireplace. These three rooms were probably furnished by "Capability" Brown in the years 1758–1759. The dining room was repainted by the Hare Krishna disciples in the 1970s or 1980s.

The central room on the south side is the salon, which was probably designed by Brown or Vasalli. It has a finely crafted ceiling with three wooden panels, deep bars and a cornice, as well as two Ionic open fireplaces and Palladian door frames. A smaller salon is west of the salon. It is decorated with Rococo stucco and a marble open fireplace.

To the east of the salon is the tapestry room. It was designed in the years 1763–1771 on the basis of a design by Robert Adam and contained picture weaves and furniture covers, which were probably designed by Jacques-Germain Soufflot and manufactured by the Manufacture Nationale des Gobelins. Around 1902 the 9th Earl sold the picture knitwear and the furniture covers to a dealer in Paris . In 1949 the Samuel H. Kress Foundation bought the ceiling, floor, mantelpiece, chair backs, doors, and door frames and donated them to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City in 1958 . In 1959, the Samuel H. Kress Foundation helped the museum acquire the frames for the chairs and sofas, which it restored with the original upholstery. A copy of the ceiling was installed in place of the original. Since 2016, the room can be seen as it looked after the picture knitwear was sold. A jug and a jug are the only original decorations that have remained in the room. The adjacent library is used to explain to the visitor what happened to the tapestry room. The earlier library was designed by Robert Adam and has been expanded with the exception of the marble open fireplace.

On the west side of the building is the Long Gallery, designed by Robert Adam and built between 1761 and 1766. It is the best-preserved original interior, because little of the other rooms is still preserved on site today. It has a ceiling paneled with octagonal wooden panels and stucco reliefs of griffins . From a bay window with sloping corners you can look into the garden. There is also a marble open caryatid fireplace in this room designed by J. Wilton. Modern sculptures have been exhibited in the niches along the Long Gallery since 2016.

Enclosed garden

A pasture in Croome Park

The first garden at Croome Court was laid out in the late 17th century by Ann Somerset, wife of Thomas Coventry, 2nd Earl of Coventry , with William Shenstone . A kitchen garden followed in the early 18th century when Gilbert Coventry, 4th Earl of Coventry , made many changes to the house and garden. Later it became the enclosed garden.

The earliest plan for an enclosed garden dates from around 1750 when George William Coventry, heir to the 5th Earl, had the shape of the walls changed from square to rhomboid as we know them today. His mentor was Sanderson Miller. A garden of over 2.8 hectares was created, which was probably the largest enclosed garden in Europe in the 18th century. The enlargement also made it possible to accommodate a classic greenhouse on the east side. The walls of the garden were under construction at the time and probably replaced hedges. It is not known exactly when the walls were completed, but there is evidence that this was probably the case in 1752.

In contrast to the country house and the park, "Capability" Brown did not change anything in the enclosed garden. But he received greenhouses for melons , pineapples , peaches and grapevines . In 1766 a stone-rimmed, circular pond was created and a sundial by Robert Adam was added.

Around 1806 a 4 meter high, free-standing, east-west running, heatable wall, slightly out of the middle, was built in which five ovens were burning. It was one of the first of its kind.

Almost all of the records about the garden from the 18th century have survived to this day; along with the garden itself, they are a nationally important part of gardening history and the history of Worcestershire. The garden and its greenhouses were mentioned in the Gardening World in 1887 .

In the 20th century the garden was abandoned and fell into disrepair. The garden was opened to the public for the first time in August 2014. It is privately managed and does not belong to the National Trust.

Greenhouses

There have been a number of summer houses in the garden for the past three centuries, so the Croome Court archives have records of trellis scaffolding and framed structures. Today you can see the completely restored melon and cucumber house, the peach and fig house and the converted grapevine house in the enclosed garden. You can still see the foundations of the original tomato house, the heated beds, the pineapple beds and the orchard house; they are to be restored in the coming years. After three years of restoration, rainwater is now channeled from the roof of the melon and cucumber house into a large tank under the terrace, from where it is pumped through a network of pipes into the interior of the greenhouse, watering a variety of plants, from vines to bananas , thus illustrating the owner's ethos of sustainable and environmentally friendly living. The mechanical inventions of the 18th century had to prove themselves in the peach and fig house, where steel rotating mechanisms open and close groups of sliding and rotating panels, although the old brass rollers were replaced by oil-impregnated nylon rollers in stainless steel housings.

Dipping Pond

The water reservoir (English: “Dipping Pond”), commissioned by “Capability” Brown and constructed in 1764, is one of the most conspicuous facilities listed in the Croome Court archives. It got its English name due to its function of submerging buckets in the reservoir to hold water that was then used to water the garden and water the horses in the nearby stables. As an important element in the history of the garden, the water reservoir has undergone extensive restoration. It was completely rebuilt and received a new pressurized water system, which was also connected to a nearby well that was otherwise no longer needed, so that a pumping station was created for the irrigation of future vegetable beds in the garden. As a side effect, the water reservoir became a habitat for all kinds of wild plants and animals; some rare frog and newt species were even found .

The heated wall

An important phase in English garden history at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th century was the introduction of heated walls and cavity walls. However, with the abolition of the glass tax in 1845 and the expansion of heated greenhouses, this technology became obsolete. The heated wall in the enclosed garden at Croome Court, erected in 1806, is the largest of its kind; it is almost 100 meters long and 3 meters high. Similar to the later greenhouses and heated beds, it was used to create a warmer climate in the garden in order to start or lengthen the growing season of fruits and vegetables. The alignment to the wall is coordinated with the course of the sun, not simply from east to west, but in such a way that the solar radiation against the south side of the wall is maximized. Discovered during the restoration, there are five underground ovens that are distributed along the north side of the wall. The ovens were all filled with large pebbles, which today form the surface of some beautiful garden paths.

The edges facing east and south

Both borders have unique attributes and serve very different purposes. The east-facing edge is 150 meters long and has a curved inner edge towards the north end of the wall, where it connects to the chief gardener's house. This edge is remarkable in many ways because of its orientation to the sun and its immediate surroundings. At the moment there is an eclectic mix of hard bushes and delicate flowers, such as Morello cherries, plums and old roses, trying to assert themselves against the wall. The south-facing edge extends from the end of the old vineyard to the northeast corner of the garden. Traditionally, this wall is mainly used for growing fruits such as peaches, nectarines, apricots and pears. In 2007 this part was expanded to take advantage of its full depth. In contrast to the east-facing edge, a mixture of flowers and vegetables is grown here. The foliage plants that are grown on the wall, named Echium , come from North Africa and otherwise only grow on the extreme southern tip of Cornwall in the United Kingdom .

Light forest

This used to be the property's rubbish dump, and the history of this area has been interpreted from the materials found there. In various archaeological excavations, bottles, porcelain objects, masonry and iron artifacts from 200 years were found.

park

Croome Court 2006, seen from the opposite bank of the Ziersee

Croome Park has an artificial lake and river, statues, temples, and other buildings. The other buildings in the park are a gatehouse , grotto , church, and other landmarks. These are e.g. B. the Pirton Tower, the Panorama Tower, Dunstall Castle and the Park Seat. They were arranged in the outdoor areas of the park and are intended to draw a view of the surrounding landscape.

The park was "Capability" Brown's first complete landscape park and was created from 1751 onwards. Croome Court and Hagley Hall have more follies and similar structures than any other Worcestershire property. A large part of the park is laid out in such a way that it can be seen from the country house. Robert Adam and James Wyatt designed the temples and follies for the park.

A family trust, the Croome Estate Trustees, was established by George Coventry, 9th Earl of Coventry , to manage the home and estate. In the mid-1970s the Trust transferred ownership of the center of the park to George Coventry, 11th Earl of Coventry ; In 1981 he sold it to Sun Alliance Insurance. The National Trust bought 270 acres of the park in 1996 with money from the Heritage Lottery Fund and a donation from the Sun Alliance. The remainder of the Sun Alliance estate was sold to the Society of Merchant Venturers.

The National Trust now owns the core of the original parkland from the 18th century. He has restored it and it is open to the public all year round. To visit most of the sights mentioned below, you have to pay an entrance fee to the park, but some of them are freely accessible via public footpaths.

St Mary Magdalene Church

St Mary Magdalene Church from the park

Listed by English Heritage as a Grade I Historic Building, it was built in 1763 by Capability Brown for the Earl of Coventry. A medieval church closer to the country house was demolished to make way for this church. Its interior was designed by Robert Adam.

The Rotunda

The Rotunda 2016

The rotunda described as "garden space" was designed by Brown and built by his people in 1754–1757. Doors and windows have ornamental gables and inside there is a suitcase and stucco work by Francesco Vasalli from 1761. The carpentry was by John Hobcroft. The Portland stone slabs over the windows and doors were designed by Robert Adam and carved by Sefferin Alken ; they were installed in 1763. The rotunda is located in the bush garden, 350 meters east of the country house above the parkland. From there you can see Park Seat in the south. It is a historical building of the first degree. The Croome Heritage Trust bought it in 2007, at the same time as the country house, and began restoring it in 2009 with a grant from Natural England . Some of the Lebanon cedars that protect them were planted at the same time the rotunda was being built. The National Trust had the exterior of the building restored in 2010.

The Park Seat

The Park Seat 2005

The Park Seat, also called Owl's Nest., Was designed by Robert Adam in 1170 as a lookout point over the park. It has been restored by the National Trust with a grant from Natural England.

The London Arch

The London Arch 2016

The London Arch is the main entrance to the park. It was designed by Robert Adam in the 1770s. It got its name from the carriages of guests from London that passed under it. It once had railings on both sides, but they were probably removed during World War II. The restoration began in 2013 with the repair of water damage to the central masonry. It should last until 2018.

Haha

The Ha-Ha was restored by the National Trust with the help of a grant from Natural England.

Ice house

The ice house 2016

The ice house was restored by the National Trust with the help of a grant from Natural England.

Temple greenhouse

The temple greenhouse was designed by Robert Adam. It has been used as a tea house since 2016.

This historical building of the first degree was completed in 1763. It was covered with large sliding windows; today you can only see the rails on which they once ran. The earl's collection of exotic plants was housed there. It was heated by a fire in a brick hut at the back of the house in winter. The hot air was channeled under the floor of the greenhouse and flowed out of slots in the floor.

Around the lake

Lake from Croome Court 2012, with bridge and islands

The grotto and various other facilities were designed by "Capability" Brown.

50,000 m³ of silt and vegetation were removed when the artificial lake was restored. Nearby are the Punch Bowl Gates, designed by Wyatt in 1793 and 1794. On one of the islands in the lake there is a temple pavilion built between 1776 and 1777.

Temple pavilion

Historical building of the first degree.

London Lodge

Historical building of the first degree.

Worcester Lodge

Worcester Lodge was designed around 1800, presumably by Wyatt. Since August 11, 1952, it has been a historical building of the first degree.

It was built in 1801 and rebuilt in 1879. It was on the main road from Worcester to Croome Court. A driveway led from the lodge directly to the Punch Bowl gates in the park and into the courtyard beyond. This path no longer exists, and the lodge is today from the rest of the park by the highway separated M5. Today the lodge is a private home and no longer part of the park. Further down the road on the same side of the M5 is the house of the keeper of the menagerie .

Panorama Tower

Panorama Tower under restoration in 2009

The Panorama Tower is a round temple and was designed by James Wyatt in 1801 based on ideas from Robert Adams. The building was not completed until the 6th Earl died, probably not until 1812. It is in Cubsmoor, 2 km from the country house. It offers a panoramic view of the park and the surrounding landscape and served as a hunting lodge and viewing platform. The building, listed as a historical building of the first degree, was in poor condition in 2009. That year the National Trust bought it and had the restoration done with a grant from Natural England. It is clearly visible from the M5 motorway.

The Panorama Tower is located on Knight's Hill at the very edge of the park. The building was left to decay for decades. It is a two-story, circular building with a central staircase that leads to a viewing platform under a domed roof. From there you can see across Worcestershire to the Malvern Hills . The tower is now separate from the rest of the park and the country house, as is Worcester Lodge.

Pirton Tower

Pirton Tower

The Pirton Tower is a folly and belvedere designed by James Wyatt and built by William Stephens in 1797 as an ivy-overgrown Gothic pseudo-ruin. He appears in a watercolor with the signature of James Wyatt from 1801.

Since June 14, 1985, the Pirton Tower has been listed as a historical building of the 2nd degree. The National Trust bought it in 2009 and had it restored with a grant from Natural England. It was restored by Midland Conservation, who stabilized the structure, removed the destructive vegetation and repaired the masonry. In the course of this, the mortar strips were repaired and the upper floor was rebuilt. The restoration was completed in August 2009.

The Pirton Tower stands on the Rabbit Bank, a clearly visible range of hills in the landscape around the village of Pirton north of the park and country house. The building was erected in a row of Lebanon cedar trees, many of which still stand on the range of hills today. The Pirton Tower can be seen well if you drive north on the M5 motorway.

Dunstall Castle

Dunstall Castle

Dunstall Castle was built between 1766-1767 and resembles a ruined castle. Designed by either Sanderson Miller or Robert Adam as a Folly, it stands on Dunstall Common in Earls Croome. In 2009 the masonry was in poor condition. It is a historical building of the 2nd degree. It was purchased by the National Trust in 2009, and the extensive restoration was funded by Natural England.

Dunstall Castle is cut off from the park because it is hidden behind trees in the park. Stones from the top of the three towers have fallen, so the middle tower is now about 1 meter short of its original height. The right arch also had a wall at the bottom that has disappeared. You can see this if you compare the current condition with pictures of the original Dunstall Castle, but the restoration is currently in progress.

RAF Defford

During World War II , part of Croome Court was occupied by the top secret RAF base RAF Defford.

Croome Collection

The Croome Collection is an archive containing records of plans, events, correspondence and leases relating to the Coventry family. It contains records of the construction of Croome Court, including its decoration and furnishings, and the layout and development of the surrounding parkland. In 2005 the UK accepted the collection as compensation for inheritance tax due and in 2006 the archives of the estate were moved back to the Worcester Record Office until 1921. Later records remained in the offices of the Croome Court estate.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c d Alan Brooks, Nikolaus Pevsner: Worcestershire: The buildings of England . Yale University Press. P. 56. 2007. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f BBC News: Historic house to open to public . BBC. September 25, 2009. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
  3. ^ A History of the County of Worcester . Pp. 163-177. 1924. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
  4. ^ JJ Day: Worcestershire Natural Areas . § 2.1.2 The Forest of Horewell. April 2001. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
  5. ↑ Oliver Garnett: Croome Park. National Trust, London 2008. ISBN 978-1-84359-333-1 , p. 6.
  6. ^ A b c d e f Jill Tovey (Archivist of the Croome Estate Trust): A Summary of the History of Croome Walled Garden . Friends of Croome Park. 2011. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
  7. ^ A b c d William Rieder: The Croome Court Tapestry Room, Worcestershire . Metropolitan Museum of Art. May 2009. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
  8. ^ Dorothy Stroud: The Architectural Works of Lancelot Brown. In country life. January 6, 1940.
  9. ↑ Catherine Gordon: The Coventrys of Croome. Phillimore & Company, West Sussex 2000, p. 2.
  10. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Croome Court. Historic England. English Heritage . Retrieved April 26, 2016.
  11. ^ A b c Amelia Peck: Period rooms in the Metropolitan Museum of Art . Metropolitan Museum of Art. P. 157, 1996. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
  12. ^ Susanne Atkin: The Croome Jam Factory . 2015. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
  13. ^ Susanne Atkin: Croome During The Great War . Spring 2015. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved April 26, 2016. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.friendsofcroomepark.org.uk
  14. ^ Andrew Stewart: The King's Private Army: Protecting the British Royal Family during the Second World War. Helion and Company, Solihull 2015, ISBN 978-1-910777-28-2 , p. 20.
  15. ↑ a b c d e f g h Friends of Croome Park: Croome before the National Trust - The Friends of Croome Park Oral History Project. Friends of Croome Park, Croome 2012.
  16. ↑ a b c BBC News: Hundreds of Hare Krishna devotees expected at Croome . BBC. August 26, 2011. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
  17. ↑ a b c d e National Trust: Visit the house at Croome . National Trust. 2016. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
  18. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Richard Vernalls: Facelift for iconic follies of Croome . May 13, 2009. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
  19. ↑ 1120792 - Croome Heritage Trust. Charity Commission, 2016. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
  20. ↑ BBC News: Historic house project needs £ 4m . BBC. May 6, 2008. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
  21. ^ David Williams: Win a Morgan sports car in raffle organized by a peer . March 25, 2011. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
  22. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Alan Taylor: Heritage at Risk Register West Midlands 2009 . English Heritage. 2009. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
  23. ^ A b Metropolitan Museum of Art: Robert Adams: The Croome Court tapestry room, Worcestershire (58.75.1-22). . The Metropolitan Museum of Art. May 2009. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
  24. ^ Friends of Croome Park: The Project . Friends of Croome Park: Progress. 2011. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
  25. ^ Sarah Kay: Croome Court, Paper prepared for the Arts, Architectural & Learning Panels' Visit . National Trust, London 2008. Chapter: Statement of Significance. P. 11.
  26. ^ A b c d e Alan Brooks, Nikolaus Pevsner: Worcestershire: The buildings of England . Yale University Press. S. 57. 2007. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
  27. ↑ Catherine Gordon: The Coventrys of Croome. Phillimore & Company, West Sussex 2000, p. 117.
  28. ↑ a b Oliver Garnett: Croome Park. National Trust, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-84359-333-1 , p. 18.
  29. ↑ a b c d National Trust: Croome Park Parkland walk . National Trust. November 11, 2009. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
  30. ↑ a b BBC News: Croome Court London Arch work starts after £ 10,000 donation . BBC. July 7, 2013. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
  31. ^ National Trust: Temple Greenhouse tea-room . National Trust. 2016. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
  32. ^ Worcester Lodge and Gates . Historic England. English Heritage. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
  33. ↑ Catherine Gordon: The Coventrys of Croome. Phillimore & Company, West Sussex 2000, p. 122.
  34. ↑ a b c d Midland Conservation: Pirton Castle, Croome Park . Midland Conservation Ltd. 2010. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
  35. ↑ Oliver Garnett: Croome Park. National Trust, [London] 2008, ISBN 978-1-84359-333-1 , p. 20.
  36. ^ Pirton Tower. Historic England. English Heritage . Retrieved April 27, 2016.
  37. ^ Andrew Butler: Dunstall Castle at Croome Park, Croome D'Abitot, Worcestershire (Image reference 163316) . National Trust. 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
  38. ↑ BBC Hereford and Worcester: Croome Court wartime memories: RAF Defford was a top secret base during WW2 . BBC. May 14, 2008. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
  39. ↑ Stephen Preece: The Croome Collection . Worcestershire County Council. June 17, 2015. Retrieved April 27, 2016.

Web links

Commons : Croome Court  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Coordinates: 52 ° 5 '58.6 "  N , 2 ° 10' 9.8"  W.