Daemonorops
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Daemonorops is a species-rich, often climbing palm genus native to Asia. Several types provide rattan , some a resin called dragon's blood .
features
The representatives are single or multi-stemmed, reinforced palms. The trunk is absent, erect, or the palms are climbing high. They are mostly blooming several times, rarely hapaxanth and always diocesan . The trunk has short or long internodes and is branched in the lower area from axillary buds or buds opposite the leaves.
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 26.
leaves
The leaves are pinnate, very rarely in two parts and usually have a terminal tendril . This is only missing in some stemless species and young specimens. In trunkless species, the leaf sheath is split, in the other species the outward-facing side is densely reinforced with spines. An ochrea is seldom formed. The petiole is usually well developed. It is reinforced like rachis and tendril. The leaflets are simply folded, with entire margins and linear to broadly lanceolate.
Inflorescences
The inflorescences are axillary, but are fused with the internode and the leaf sheath of the following leaf. Very rarely several inflorescences are formed at the same time in the axils of the most distal leaves, the stem is then hapaxanth. The inflorescence consists of two or three orders of axes, male and female inflorescences are similar to each other, but the male ones are more often branched. The peduncle is present or absent, sometimes it is very long, erect or drooping and is variously reinforced. The cover sheet is conspicuous, two-keeled, lignified, leathery, membranous or paper. It is reinforced to varying degrees, initially tubular, later torn. Bracts on the peduncle are usually missing. The bracts on the inflorescence axis are almost two-lined (distich), resemble the previous sheet, also tear in full length. Their tips sometimes stay within the tip of the cover sheet and form a beak, thus enclosing the flowers to bloom. The tips can also be free. The bracts with the exception of the cover sheet usually fall off to flowering, thus releasing the flowers, they very rarely remain. The cover sheet is sometimes empty, sometimes it has a first-order side branch. The side axis of the first order are usually densely hairy and have very small, distich bracts. Each of these bracts has an axis of the second order. These have dyads of flowers in female inflorescences, and in male they have further lateral axes
The female inflorescences are similar to the male, but have more robust rachillae. The female flowers stand in dyads with a sterile male flower. The cover sheet (in Beccari Involucrophor) of the dyad is usually conspicuously angular and stem -like. The cover sheet of the female flower (involucre) is inconspicuous or cup-shaped. The sterile male flower resembles the fertile one, but has empty anthers and falls off early.
blossoms
The male flowers have a short, tubular, two- keeled cover leaf (involucre), which is sometimes formed like a stem , but is often very inconspicuous. The calyx is cup-shaped and flat three-lobed. The crown protrudes over the calyx, is usually twice as long as this and is divided into three narrow, triangular petals almost to the base. The six stamens are at the mouth of the corolla tube. They are mostly the same. The stamens are slender to rather broad, fleshy. The anthers are narrow to broad and stand intrors. The pollen is ellipsoidal and bisymmetrical. Its longest axis measures 16 to 55 micrometers.
The female flowers are only slightly larger than the male. The calyx is cup-shaped and flat three-lobed. The crown is about twice as long as the calyx and about halfway divided into three triangular lobes. The six staminodes stand at the mouth of the corolla tube and have empty anthers. The gynoeceum is incompletely triple with three ovules . It is fleshy, the surface scaly, the ovules are basal and anatropic.
Fruits and seeds
The fruits are shaped differently: round, inverted pear-shaped or cylindrical. The exocarp is covered with vertical rows of backward-facing, sometimes resinous scales. The mesocarp is thin, the endocarp is not developed.
Usually only one seed ripens per fruit. It is angular or rounded and has a thick, sweet or sour and bitter tasting sarcotesta . The endosperm is deeply furrowed. The embryo is basal.
Distribution and locations
The area of the genus extends from the edge zones of the Himalayas in India and southern China over the Malay Archipelago to the Philippines and the west coast of New Guinea . The genus reaches the highest morphological and species diversity on the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo .
The species mostly grow exclusively in primary tropical rainforests on a wide variety of soils, with some species having a very narrow ecological amplitude. A few species behave more like weeds and are mainly found in highly exposed locations such as river banks. Some species only grow in the mountains and occur up to around 2500 m above sea level.
Systematics
The genus Daemonorops is placed within the family Arecaceae in the subfamily Calamoideae , Tribus Calameae and Subtribus Calaminae . Within the subtribe it forms a clade with Ceratolobus and Pogonotium .
The genus is very probably not monophyletic , a new classification is not yet possible due to insufficient phylogenetic studies.
The genus includes 101 species. A list can be found in the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. In 2018 all of these species will be assigned to the genus Calamus .
use
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The trunks of many species are used locally as rattan and are sold in trade. The shoot tips of several species are used as food. Especially in the past, the red resin of the fruits of some species, especially Daemonorops draco , Daemonorops rubra and closely related species, was used as dragon blood for medicinal purposes and for coloring. Trade with it included Borneo, Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula and China.
supporting documents
- John Dransfield, Natalie W. Uhl, Conny B. Asmussen, William J. Baker, Madeline M. Harley, Carl E. Lewis: Genera Palmarum. The Evolution and Classification of Palms . Second edition, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2008, ISBN 978-1-84246-182-2 , pp. 200-203.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Daemonorops. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved August 2, 2018.
Web links
- Daemonorops on the homepage of the Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden