Deparia kaalaana

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Deparia kaalaana
Systematics
Ferns
Class : True ferns (Polypodiopsida)
Order : Spotted ferns (Polypodiales)
Family : Lady fern family (Athyriaceae)
Genre : Deparia
Type : Deparia kaalaana
Scientific name
Deparia kaalaana
( Copel. ) M. Kato

Deparia kaalaana is a rare fern species from the family of Frauenfarngewächse (Athyriaceae). It was found in the past on the Hawaiian islands of Kaua'i , Maui and Hawaii , but now only occurs on Maui. The species was thought to be extinct between 1909 and 2013.

Systematics

Wilhelm Hillebrand first described Deparia kaalaana in 1888 as Asplenium marginale var. Depauperata . He cited observations made by David Dwight Baldwin near Hilo and John Mortimer Lydgate near Laupāhoehoe on the windward side of the island of Hawaii (on Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea, respectively ) along rocky river banks. Between 1880 and 1890, Frances Lack collected this fern on the island of Hawaii (Kona or Kilauea ). In 1891, FL Clarke collected this species in the Kīpahulu Valley in what is now Haleakalā National Park in East Maui, apparently ignorant that it was a specimen mixed with material from the marsh fern species Cyclosorus boydiae ( DC Eaton ) WH Wagner ( Syn . : Thelypteris boydiae D.C. Eaton ) acted. It was not until 1992 that Warren H. Wagner and Florence Wagner noticed this mixed collection and commented on the specimen as Deparia kaalaana . In November 1909, the French Catholic missionary Abbé Urbain Jean Faurie collected specimens on Kaua'i in the Ka'ala region east of Waimea. In 1914 Edwin Bingham Copeland used this collection for his first description and named the species as Athyrium kaalaanum after the Terra typica . He also noted that this species could probably be identical to Hillebrand's Asplenium marginale var. Depauperata . Masahiro Kato placed the species in 1984 under the name Deparia kaalaana in the Deparia section of the genus Deparia . Subsequent authors (e.g. Warren H. Wagner in 1995 or Daniel D. Palmer in 2003) have adopted this classification. Deparia kaalaana has been placed in the families Aspleniaceae (Hillebrand, 1888), Athyriaceae (Palmer, 2003) and (Imada, 2012) and Woodsiaceae (Kato, 2001). In 2014 Maarten Joost Maria Christenhusz and Mark W. Chase classified the genus Deparia in the subfamily Athyrioideae within the family Aspleniaceae, but this is not generally recognized.

features

Deparia kaalaana is a small, terrestrial fern plant with a creeping to erect rhizome . The 15 to 30 cm long and 3 to 5 cm wide fronds are sometimes sprawling near the rachis tips. The straw-yellow stalks are sparsely scaled. The leaf blade is oblong-lanceolate. The oblique, short-stemmed and linear to linear-lanceolate leaflets are arranged in nine to eleven pairs. The leaflets at the base are smaller. The end segments are sloping. The wires are arranged at an angle.

habitat

There is no information regarding the few specimens collected in the past, the altitudes at which the historical collections were made, and the plant communities in which they were found, except for the assumption that Clarke had collected his two fern specimens at the same time. Hilo and Laupāhoehoe are on the leeward, humid side of the island of Hawaii, and both areas are partly characterized by deep canyons and year-round watercourses. Kona is located on the leeward side of Hawaii on the west flank of Mauna Loa, while Kilauea is further south of Hilo on the east flank of Mauna Loa. The Kona area is generally arid and, in conjunction with the recent geological formation, has no year-round watercourses. The area at Kilauea is much more humid, but still younger and also offers no shore habitats. Maui's Kipahulu Valley is a large and humid region and has at least three year-round waterways in which Cyclosorus boydiae is still found today. Ka'ala on Kaua'i is at an altitude of 300 m and is bordered by two year-round watercourses: Olokele in the east and Kahana in the west. The two connect at a height of approx. 130 m above sea level and are part of the catchment area of ​​the Makaweli River.

In April 2013 Deparia kaalaana was rediscovered in a lowland rainforest dominated by ironwoods and fork ferns of the genus Dicranopteris in the Kuhiwa Valley in the Hana district of Maui. This valley is part of the Hanawi Natural Area Reserve. One specimen was found along a year-round watercourse on a vertical wall under an overhanging rock ledge on the west side of a small pond in association with other endemic ferns and herbaceous plants , including Asplenium excisum C. Presl (Aspleniaceae), Vandenboschia cyrtotheca (Hillebr.) Copel. (Hymenophyllaceae), Adiantum raddianum C. Presl (Pteridaceae), Dryopteris wallichiana (Spreng.) Hyl. (Dryopteridaceae) and Peperomia ligustrina Hillebr. (Piperaceae). Investigations of debris along the banks as well as in the adjacent vegetation clearly showed that this fern is able to withstand severe flooding.

status

Deparia kaalaana is critically endangered and has an estimated population of fewer than 50 specimens. Feral domestic pigs change and destroy the habitat of this species by promoting the spread of non-native plants and transforming native vegetation communities into non-native ones. Ungulates are treated as game in Hawaii, but public hunting does not control the numbers of ungulates sufficiently to eradicate the alteration and habitat destruction caused by these animals. Invasive plants such as Blechnum appendiculatum , Clidemia hirta , Hedychium gardnerianum , Prunella vulgaris and Rubus argutus are able to displace the riparian vegetation in the area where Deparia kaalaana occurs. Invasive snails such as Derocerus laeve and Limax maximus are common in the region and pose a threat to young plants. Flash floods and droughts can damage this species in its only known location, and a single catastrophic event can lead to extinction. The remaining occurrence of Deparia kaalaana is endangered, and both the species and its habitat on Hawai'i, Maui and Kauai continue to be adversely affected due to alteration and destruction from invasive ungulates and direct competition from invasive plants combined with bald eaten domestic ungulates and snails. Although no predictions can be made about the timing, magnitude, or magnitude of the specific impacts, the effects of climate change are expected to exacerbate the threats to Deparia kaalaana .

literature

  • Edwin B. Copeland: Hawaiian ferns collected by M. l'Abbe U. Faurie. The Philippine Journal of Science, C. Botany, Vol. 9, No. 5, September 1914, pp. 435-441
  • Masahiro Kato: A Taxonomic Study of the Athyrioid Fern Genus Deparia with main Reference to the Pacific Species. Journal of the Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo, Section III. Botany. 13 (4), 1984, pp. 375-429
  • Daniel D. Palmer: Hawai'i's Ferns and Fern Allies. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu, 2003, ISBN 978-0-82483-347-3 , pp. 110-111
  • Hank L. Oppenheimer, Keahi M. Bustamente: Rediscovery, Ecology, and Habitat of Deparia kaalaana (Copel.) M. Kato (Athyriaceae). American Fern Journal, Vol. 104, No. 2, American Fern Society, 2014, pp. 103-107
  • Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior: Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Endangered Status for 49 Species From the Hawaiian Islands. A Rule by the Fish and Wildlife Service on 09/30/2016. Federal Register / Vol. 81, No. 190 / Friday, September 30, 2016 / Rules and Regulations

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Clyde T. Imada: Hawaiian Native and Naturalized Vascular Plants Checklist. Bishop Musem Technical Report 60, Honolulu, Hawai'i, December 2012
  2. ^ A b William Hillebrand: Flora of the Hawaiian islands: A description of their phanerogams and vascular cryptogams , Carl Winter, Heidelberg, Germany; Williams & Norgate, London; B. Westermann & Co., New York, 1888, p. 614
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h Hank L. Oppenheimer, Keahi M. Bustamente: Rediscovery, Ecology, and Habitat of Deparia kaalaana (Copel.) M. Kato (Athyriaceae). American Fern Journal, Vol. 104, No. 2, American Fern Society, 2014, pp. 103-107
  4. ^ Edwin B. Copeland: Hawaiian ferns collected by M. l'Abbe U. Faurie. The Philippine Journal of Science, C. Botany, Vol. 9, No. 5, September 1914, pp. 435-441
  5. ↑ Masahiro Kato: A Taxonomic Study of the Athyrioid Fern Genus Deparia with main Reference to the Pacific Species. Journal of the Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo, Section III. Botany. 13 (4), 1984, pp. 375-429
  6. ^ Warren H. Wagner: Evolution of Hawaiian ferns and fern allies in relation to their conservation status. Pacific Science 49, 1995, pp. 31-41
  7. ^ A b Daniel D. Palmer: Hawai'i's Ferns and Fern Allies. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu, 2003, ISBN 978-0-82483-347-3 , pp. 110-111
  8. ↑ Masahiro Kato: Deparia cataracticola (Woodsiaceae), a New Species from Hawaii APG Vol. 52, The Japanese Society for Plant Systematics, January 2001, pp. 1-9
  9. ↑ Maarten JM Christenhusz, Mark W. Chase: Trends and concepts in fern classification. Annals of Botany 113, 2014, pp. 571-594. doi : 10.1093 / aob / mct299
  10. ^ Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior: Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Endangered Status for 49 Species From the Hawaiian Islands. A Rule by the Fish and Wildlife Service on 09/30/2016. Federal Register / Vol. 81, No. 190 / Friday, September 30, 2016 / Rules and Regulations