The captain's daughter

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The captain's daughter ( Russian Капитанская дочка Kapitanskaya dotschka ) is a historical novel by the Russian national poet Alexander Pushkin . This last prose work by the poet was published in 1836 in the fourth volume of the literary magazine Sowremennik . Pushkin had worked on the text for more than three and a half years. In 1848, two German translators published their versions - Christian Gottlob Tröbst in Jena and Wilhelm Wolfsohn in Leipzig .

In the winter of 1774, the young aristocratic officer candidate Pyotr Grinjow befriended the Don Cossack Jemeljan Pugachev on the banks of the Yaik and had to assert himself against his rival Schwabrin.

Self-portrait 1829: Alexander Pushkin

Emergence

In the autumn of 1833, Pushkin completed his story of Pugachev and designed The Captain's Daughter . At the beginning of 1833, during archival studies, Pushkin came across the story of a nobleman in the Pugachev area, whom he designed as both Grinjow and Schwabrin.

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Report by the eyewitness Pyotr Grinov

The first-person narrator Pyotr Andrejewitsch Grinjow was born as a nobleman and sergeant of the Semyonovsky Guards Regiment in the Simbirsk Governorate. The parents live there on an estate from the labor of three hundred serf peasants. The father had earlier made it to prime major under Count Münnich . Pyotr was the only one of nine children to have survived infancy. From the age of five the groom Archip Saweljew becomes his tutor. Savelyich, as the graying farmhand is called, does not leave the hero Pyotr's side throughout the entire novel. Savelyich teaches the twelve-year-old to read and write in Russian and Monsieur Beauprès, a former officer, introduces the boy to the beginnings of sword- fencing .

17-year-old Pyotr is sent to Orenburg for military service by his father . During the overnight stay in Simbirsk , Captain Ivan Ivanovich Surin takes the stately sum of 100 rubles from the greenhorn at the pool table . Savelyich blames himself. If only he had supervised the kid around the clock!

Pyotr wants to go straight to Orenburg and doesn't listen to the experienced coachman. The three travelers promptly come into a snowstorm in the middle of the steppe. A hiker leads you to the next hostel. Because the lifesaver is dressed in summer clothes, Pyotr gives him a glass of brandy and gives him his rabbit fur. When he arrived in Orenburg, the commanding general sent the sergeant of the guard to the edge of the Kyrgyz steppes to the Belogorskaya fortress forty werst away.

Pawel Sokolow around 1860: Mascha and Pjotr
Pavel Sokolow: Masha at the bedside of Pyotr

The fortress - a village surrounded by a wooden fence - is commanded by Captain Ivan Kuzmich Mironov. The crew is 130 strong - not counting the Cossacks . For twenty years, Mironov has held the position behind his fence against the “damned heathen pack”, as Mironov's wife Vasilissa Yegorovna calls the locals. The young officer Alexej Ivanytsch Schwabrin tells the newcomer Pyotr in an entertaining way about the captain's family, to which the daughter Maria Ivanovna - called Mascha - also belongs. Schwabrin had been transferred to the godforsaken fortress for a duel.

Pyotr falls in love with Masha. After a heated argument, Schwabrin demands satisfaction from Pjotr . Masha's mother, who is in charge of the fortress, finds out, but ultimately can not avoid the duel . The two duelists fight each other without seconds or other witnesses. During the duel - Pyotr is doing well - Savelyich comes up and distracts his master by calling him. Schwabrin gets the opportunity to stab Pyotr's sword in Pjotr's chest below his right shoulder.

Pyotr is nursed back to health in the house of the captain's family. Schwabrin has been locked up in the grain store. Masha's mother locked his sword away. Pyotr confesses his love to Masha. This is reciprocated. The couple want to get married. Pyotr refuses to ask for his father's blessing on the connection. The father knows about the duel. Savelyich did not reveal it. Pyotr suspects Schwabrin to be an informer . Because before Pyotr's time, Mascha's adversary had received a basket. Now Schwabrin seems to have reached the goal of his wishes, because the father wants to have Pjotr ​​"moved to a somewhat more distant area." Pyotr's father is better than it seems. In another letter to Savelyich, he is concerned.

The Raskolnik Jemeljan Pugatschow asserted himself in 1772 after the murder of the overly strict Russian Major General Traubenberg as the false tsar Peter III. at the head of the Yaik Cossacks, took the fortress of Nizhneosjornaja 25 werst from Belogorskaya and had all Russian officers hanged there . Captain Mironov wants to have a captured Bashkir interrogated under torture in Tatar language about Pugachev's further intentions. That turns out to be impossible. The Bashkir's tongue is mutilated.

The Belogorskaya fortress is surrounded. Mascha cannot be brought to Orenburg. Pushkin comments on Pugachev's attack: "... the garrison threw away the guns ..." Captain Mironov is hanged and his wife is killed. Masha has hidden with the priest's wife . Pugachev pardons Pyotr because he gave him his rabbit fur after the above-mentioned snowstorm and thus saved him from freezing to death. Schwabrin behaves as a traitor and receives command of Belogorskaya from Pugachev. Mascha remains in Schwabrin's power. Pyotr wants to free his bride; wants to push through the relief of the Belogorskaya fortress in Orenburg . The commanding general opposes such a daring venture. In Orenburg, Pyotr receives news from the Belogorskaya fortress: Schwabrin wants to force Masha to marry. Pyotr wants to free Masha on his own. On the way he passed Pugachev's camp and informed the false tsar that he wanted to be liberated. Pugachev takes part in the liberation of Pyotr's bride because he has not forgotten the glass of brandy and the rabbit fur. Performing as tsar, he gives Masha freedom. Schwabrin is furious and puts Pugachev in the picture: Mascha is the daughter of Captain Mironov.

Once Pugachev has given someone freedom, he stays there. Pyotr wants to bring Masha to his parents. On the way he meets Rittmeister Surin's detachment . Pyotr stays with the troops and sends Savelyich with Masha to his parents. That is feasible, because Surin had cleared the way there of insurgents.

Pugachev is beaten, but escapes to Siberia , gathers convicts and is still captured. Pyotr is arrested and taken to Kazan . He suspects the reason: it must have been his friendly trip with Pugachev to Belogorskaya.

Prisoner Schwabrin claims that Lieutenant Pyotr Grinjow was sent to Orenburg as a spy by Pugachev. Schwabrin does not mention Mascha's name in court. Pyotr also withholds the name of his bride.

Pawel Sokolow: Mascha with Catherine II.

The first-person narrator Pyotr Grinjow only knows the rest of his story from hearsay. His parents love Mascha. Since Pyotr was exiled to Siberia, Mascha penetrated as far as the Tsarina , told the ruler the whole story and found an open ear.

happy end

The editor of this family tradition adds: Towards the end of 1774, Pyotr was released. Masha and Pyotr get married. Their descendants live in the Simbirsk Governorate.

Film adaptations

  • 1928: Soviet Union. Silent film: the captain's daughter . Scenario: Viktor Borissowitsch Schklowski .
  • 1934: France, Czechoslovakia: the Volga in flames . Direction and screenplay: Viktor Tourjansky .
  • 1947: Italy: uprising in Siberia . Director: Mario Camerini .
  • 1958: Italy: storm in the east . Directed by Alberto Lattuada .
  • 1959: Soviet Union: The captain's daughter . Director: Wladimir Kaplunowski .
  • 1976: Soviet Union, TV: The captain's daughter . Director: Pawel Resnikow.
  • 2000: Russia: The Russian Revolt . Director: Alexander Anatolyevich Proschkin.
  • 2012: Italy: The Captain's Daughter . Directed by Giacomo Campiotti .

reception

  • Gogol : "Compared to her [the captain's daughter], all our novels and short stories are like sugar water."
  • Pushkin does not put the great - here the historical personality Pugachev - in the foreground, but remains at the “middle” level; tells a family story. With the development of this form, Pushkin pioneered such Russian prose as war and peace .
  • March 9, 2000 in the time : My Jott! A simply enchanting read : Pushkin in a new translation by Ilma Rakusa .

Used edition

  • The captain's daughter. German by Arthur Luther. In: Alexander Sergejewitsch Pushkin: Novels and Novellas (Harald Raab (Ed.): Alexander Sergejewitsch Pushkin: Collected Works in Six Volumes Volume 4). Aufbau-Verlag, Berlin and Weimar 1973 (4th edition, 504 pages) pp. 321–462.

literature

Web links

Remarks

  1. ↑ Exception: Towards the end of the novel (edition used, p. 434 middle) Savelyich protects the captain's daughter on the way to Pyotr's parents and the sub-lieutenant stays behind with the troops of Rittmeister Surin.
  2. ↑ In any case, that's how Pushkin portrays it - spiced with a good sense of humor.
  3. ↑ From the context it follows that the woman was apparently raped before the manslaughter: “Some robbers had dragged Vasilisa Yegorovna out of the house; she was completely naked with tousled hair ... "(edition used, p. 384, 3rd Zvu)

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Tröbst, Christian Gottlob in the German biography
  2. ↑ Edition used, pp. 494–495.
  3. ^ Rolf-Dietrich Keil: Pushkin. A poet's life. Biography. Pp. 368, 369, 371.
  4. ^ Rolf-Dietrich Keil: Pushkin. A poet's life. Biography. P. 421.
  5. ↑ The Volga in Flames in the IMDb
  6. ^ Uprising in Siberia in the IMDb
  7. ↑ Storm in the East in the IMDb
  8. ^ The captain's daughter in the IMDb
  9. ↑ The Russian revolt in the IMDb
  10. ^ The captain's daughter in the IMDb
  11. ^ Gogol, quoted in Keil, p. 423, 16. Zvo
  12. ^ Rolf-Dietrich Keil: Pushkin. A poet's life. Biography. Pp. 422, 423
  13. ^ Rolf-Dietrich Keil: Pushkin. A poet's life. Biography. P. 423, 11. Zvo