Dorsal (phonetics)
In phonetics, dorsal refers to a sound whose organ of articulation is the back of the tongue (Latin: dorsum linguae ). Dorsal sounds generated in this way are also referred to in German as back tongue sounds .
With the back of the tongue, three different articulations can be reached. If it is brought closer to the hard palate , palatal consonants can be generated:
- [ c ] voiceless palatal stop
- [ ɟ ] voiced palatal plosive
- [ ɲ ] voiced palatal nasal
- [ ç ] voiceless palatal fricative as in German i ch
- [ ʝ ] voiced palatal fricative
- [ j ] voiced palatal approximant as in German j a
If it is brought closer to the soft palate (velum), velar consonants arise :
- [ k ] voiceless velar plosive as in German k uick
- [ g ] Voiced velar plosive as in German g ar
- [ ŋ ] Voiced velar nasal as in German la ng
- [ x ] voiceless velar fricative as in German ho ch
- [ ɣ ] Voiced velar fricative
If the back of the tongue finally the uvula approximated (uvula) to be uvular consonants produced:
- [ q ] voiceless uvular plosive
- [ ɢ ] Voiced uvular plosive
- [ ɴ ] Voiced uvular nasal
- [ ʀ ] uvular trill as in German r oh
- [ χ ] voiceless uvular fricative as in German do ch
- [ ʁ ] Voiced uvular fricative as in German r oh
Remarks
- ↑ a b The appearance and the distinction between [ x ] and [ χ ] in the German pronunciation is assessed differently by scientists. The distinction given here follows: Klaus Kohler: German. In: Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge University Press, 1999.
- ↑ a b The different realizations of the phoneme / r / in German are free allophones , cf. Pronunciation of consonants in German