Monasteries and monasteries in Nuremberg

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Site plan - Map 1642 Matthäus Merian

Up until the Reformation, all well-known monastic communities were represented in the imperial city of Nuremberg and the surrounding area . Some communities built monasteries and churches, others only maintained so-called monastery courtyards, which were used to manage their property in Nuremberg and the surrounding area and as collection and sales points for the taxes of their remunerated residents .

The communities of the Twelve Brothers House Foundations, which were founded on the model of the Beguines and Begarden in Nuremberg, were not part of the actual monastery communities, but lived according to their own rules and are worth mentioning as Christian communities with their own houses. The communities of the Beguines can be found in pastoral care in Nuremberg, but have not been researched.

In the course of the Reformation, all monasteries and similar Catholic institutions in Nuremberg and the imperial city area were dissolved.

Monasteries in Nuremberg

The oldest Nuremberg monastery was the Egidienkloster, founded in 1140 on a former royal court. At the beginning of the 13th century, the commander of the Teutonic Order was also founded on a royal court in 1209 .

Over the years, the original four mendicant orders followed , which also set up branches in the form of new monasteries. These new foundations were supported by foundations and fiefdoms of kings and emperors, as well as donations and foundations from wealthy merchants, patricians and nobles. The Franciscans were the first mendicant monks to settle in Nuremberg in 1224. They were followed in 1265 by the Augustinians , in 1275 by the Dominicans and from 1287 by the Carmelites .

In the same century, women's convents were set up parallel to the monasteries. The first nunnery was the Monastery of the Poor Clares , built in 1240 . It was followed in 1293 by the Katharinenkloster in which the Dominican women followed their faith.

In 1380, the last large monastery was founded in Nuremberg, the Carthusian monastery .

The Terziarinnen founded the last monastery in 1412 with the Terziarinnenspital.

Overview

Monastery courtyards

Some monasteries, which were located outside Nuremberg and could not or did not want to establish a new branch in the city, maintained so-called monastery courtyards, which were used to manage their property in Nuremberg and the surrounding area, as well as a collection point for the taxes of the farmers and leaseholders under them. All monastery courtyards in and around Nuremberg were affected by the effects of the Reformation, with the abolition of monasteries in the 16th century, with the exception of the Teutonic Order and the Ebrach Monastery.

Heilsbronner Hof

The Cistercians of Heilsbronn Monastery built a farm in Nuremberg in the 13th century. Between 1254 and 1296 they acquired an area north of the Lorenz Church. The Heilsbronner Hof was located between the old cemetery of the Lorenz Church (in the south), Bankgasse (in the west - formerly Wildsaugäßchen), Findelgasse (in the north - formerly the gardens of the Franciscan monastery) and Pfarrgasse (in the east). The square between the Franciscan Church and the northwest of the Heilsbronner Hof was the market of the Hafner and Altreußen (cobbler). The Kleine Heilsbronner Hof , which adjoined the new area to the west, was leased in the middle of the 14th century and sold to Holzschuher in 1453 .

The Cistercians built a chapel for the monks and abbots working in Nuremberg, which was consecrated to St. Nicholas. The building was built in its original form in the late Romanesque style and was redesigned in the late Gothic style in 1482.

After the Reformation, Heilsbronn Monastery was dissolved. Johannes Wenk, the last Catholic abbot of the monastery, used the Heilsbronn court as a refuge in 1532 and died there in 1538. The entire property of the Heilsbronn monastery was secularized and in 1578 subordinated to the newly founded Heilsbronn monastery administration office. The possessions were divided between the principalities of Brandenburg Ansbach and Brandenburg Bayreuth until 1719 , while the Heilsbronner Hof was administered jointly. In the following years, the city of Nuremberg tried unsuccessfully to acquire the Heilsbronner Hof as an entertainment venue (venue for mastersingers and comedians, fencing court, etc.). In 1784 the medieval buildings were replaced by a representative building made of sandstone, which served as a residence for the royal residents.

In 1806 the two principalities and the Free Imperial City of Nuremberg fell to the newly founded Kingdom of Bavaria . The Bavarian administration assigned the Heilsbronner Hof as a commercial building to the Hochfürstlich Anspach-Bayreuthischen Hofbanco , founded in Ansbach in 1780 and renamed the Royal Prussian Banco in Franconia from 1792 , and renamed the bank the Königlich Baierische Banco .

The Nikolauskapelle was demolished in 1847 to make room for an extension. During the Second World War, the area was almost completely destroyed.

In 1950 the new bank building was built according to plans by Sep Ruf . Part of the site remained undeveloped and became part of Lorenzer Platz. The building served as the headquarters of VR-Bank Nürnberg until 2011 . After a short period of renovation, it was handed over to the Bavarian State Ministry of Finance, State Development and Home as Home Office on February 20, 2014 .

Frauenauracher Hof

The history of the Frauenauracher Hof is not clearly clarified. In contrast to the other monastery courtyards in Nuremberg, the farm yard of the Frauenaurach monastery is said not to have been a branch, but the nucleus of the monastery from which the Frauenaurauch monastery, founded in 1276 by the Lords of Gründlach , was occupied. The original name is said to have been Little Monastery of the Holy Cross . According to other sources, the monastery is said to have been occupied from Engelthal.

The Frauenauracher Hof was located on Paniersplatz and after the abolition of the monastery became the property of the Margraves of Brandenburg Ansbach . The name Margravial Houses on Paniersberg comes from this time. Today the Paniersschulhaus stands on Paniersplatz on the grounds of the Frauenauracher Hof.

Ebracher Hof

Like Heilsbronn Monastery, the Cistercians of Ebrach Monastery built a nursing yard in Nuremberg at the beginning of the 14th century . The administrative center called Ebracher Hof was located between Ebracher Gässchen (in the east), Postgässchen (in the west), Karolinenstrasse (in the south) and Adlerstrasse (in the north), to the right of the Carmelite monastery. During the tenure of the Ebrach Abbot Johannes I. Kaufmann von Würzburg (1474-89), the St. Michael's Chapel was built on the southeast corner of the property in 1480, and the Ebracher Hof received its final form. It was administered by monks from the Ebrach monastery until the Reformation and then by secular representatives. Ebrach Monastery remained Catholic after the Reformation, but since the Ebracher Hof was only an administrative seat of the monastery and had no status as a monastery, the court, the chapel and its furnishings remained largely unaffected by the effects of the Reformation. The abbots of the monastery often used the court as a point of contact as they were persecuted by the Würzburg prince-bishops. Abbot Johannes IV Beck and Abbot Leonhard Rosen lived here at times.

The neighboring Carmelite monastery, however, was dissolved and profaned after the Reformation. At times it served as a warehouse until it was rented in 1696 by the Imperial Post Office operated by Thurn und Taxis . In 1816 the monastery was demolished for the new building of the royal post office.

The Ebracher Hof was preserved until 1903 and was demolished together with the post office for the new construction of the Oberpostdirektion. The late Gothic ceiling and the altar of the Michaelskapelle were planned in 1915 in the Germanisches Nationalmuseum and built in 1920 as part of the Marienkapelle.

In 2003 a department store was built on the site of the former Carmelite monastery and the Ebracher Hof.

Neunkirchner Hof - Bamberger Hof

The Neunkirchner yard was from 1410, the farmyard of the Augustinian Canons Neunkirchen am Brand in Nuremberg. The farmyard was pledged to Nuremberg citizens from 1554, but was triggered by the Bishop of Bamberg. From the end of the 16th century it served Bamberg ambassadors at the district assemblies in Nuremberg as accommodation. The name Bamberg Legation House came from this time .

The Neunkirchner Hof was located at Tetzelgasse 20, north of the Peststadel and the Pellerhaus and was completely destroyed during the Second World War.

Eichstätter Hof - Peststadel

Roof of the Peststadel behind house No 21 to the left of the Pellerhaus (photo before 1890)

The Eichstätter Hof was an economic yard of the diocese of Eichstätt . It was located on Egidienplatz on the corner of Tetzelgasse (Tetzelgasse 30, today no number), next to the Pellerhaus.

The city council had the farmyard demolished in 1449 because Prince Bishop Johann von Eych supported Albrecht Achilles in the First Margrave War . Jobst Tetzel acquired the area on behalf of the council in 1469. The council had the so-called Peststadel built on the site of the Eichstätter Hof . This building was originally used as a granary and salt store. The building, in which the Tezel school house was housed from 1864, was completely destroyed during the Second World War except for a few sandstone walls and is partly used as a parking lot.

Monasteries in the Nuremberg area

Outside of the imperial city of Nuremberg, but certainly in its later sphere of influence, some monasteries were founded that were in very close contact with the city and its citizens. In 1240 an association of beguines from Nuremberg laid the foundation stone for Engelthal Abbey, which was accepted into the Dominican Order from 1348 onwards. In 1343 Kunigunde von Orlamünde founded the Cistercian monastery Himmelthron in Großgründlach together with the Nuremberg patrician Konrad Groß . Two years later Konrad Groß founded the Pillenreuth monastery for the Augustinian choir women in 1345 . The last founding of the monastery was the Gnadenberg monastery in the Upper Palatinate , which was donated for the Order of the Birgit . Although it was not in Nuremberg's sphere of influence, it was built entirely by Nuremberg builders and supported financially by Nuremberg citizens.

Overview

Twelve Brothers House Foundations

The communities of the Twelve Brothers Foundations, which were founded on the model of the Begarden in Nuremberg, were not part of the actual monastery communities, but lived according to their own rules and are therefore mentioned as a Christian pastoral community.

Mendelsche Twelve Brothers House Foundation

The Nuremberg patrician Konrad Mendel, whose brother Marquard had donated the Carthusian monastery in 1380, was the first donor of a brother house in Nuremberg. In 1388 he founded the Brothers House opposite the Twelve Messenger Chapel, in the immediate vicinity of the Charterhouse, on the corner of Vordere Kartäusergasse / Kornmarkt. He followed the example of the Flemish Begarden Houses and thus initiated the establishment of further twelve brother houses in southern Germany.

In Mendel Twelve Brother house twelve ancient craftsmen were taken from Nuremberg who no longer practice their craft and not more could feed themselves with it. From 1425 it became a tradition to portray each brother in his original profession in a house book . This created unique works of cultural history on the history of medieval and modern handicrafts in the imperial city of Nuremberg.

The foundation's assets were transferred to the Heilig-Geist-Spital-Stiftung in 1801. The foundation building and the Twelve Messenger Chapel were demolished in 1903. The union building is located on the site today.

Landauer Twelve Brothers House Foundation

All Saints Chapel ( Landauerkapelle )

In 1501, the wealthy coal and steel entrepreneur Matthäus the Younger Landauer founded the second Twelve Brothers House in Nuremberg, based on the exact model of the Twelve Brothers House founded by Konrad Mendel in 1380.

In 1501 Landauer bought a plot of land from the city next to the Innere Laufer Tor ( Laufer Schlagturm ) at Laufer Platz 11 and had the Landauer Chapel (also: All Saints' Chapel or Twelve Messenger Chapel) built by the builder Hans Beheim the Elder , which was completed around 1506/07. The building of the foundation house was finished in 1510 and was ready to move into. Here, too, celibate craftsmen who were no longer able to work were accepted. They had to be citizens of Nuremberg for at least ten years and were not allowed to be members of or rejected members of the Mendelsche Twelve Brothers House. Since the inmates had to pray daily for the salvation of the founder in return for free food, lodging and clothing, according to the house rules, otherwise there was a risk of meal deprivation, the house was also called Landau Monastery .

The Landauer Twelve Brothers House Foundation was one of the last large Nuremberg charities before the Reformation and was based on a member of the very wealthy middle class and not the patriciate.

The foundation was dissolved in 1806 and the Brüderhaus was used from 1835 for the Royal School of Applied Arts and as an exhibition for parts of the municipal art collections. From 1900 the Royal High School was housed in the building. The Real- and Reform-Realgymnasium were called Oberschule am Laufer Schlagturm from 1938 to 1945 .

On January 2, 1945, large parts of the building and the chapel were almost completely destroyed during an air raid. The foundation house was torn down in the following years and replaced by the new building of the Willstätter Gymnasium , which was inaugurated on January 11, 1956. The Landauerkapelle was rebuilt at the same time and integrated into the new building.

Abolition of the monastery

The Reformation was brought into being in 1517 by the Augustinian monk Martin Luther and was welcomed favorably by the majority in the imperial city of Nuremberg by the Inner Council .

Despite the general ban on disputation imposed by Emperor Charles V , the Inner Council decided at the beginning of 1525 to hold a religious discussion ( Christian disputacion ) in order to restore the uniform sermon in Nuremberg. The Nuremberg Religious Discussion took place in six sessions between March 3 and 14, 1525. As a result of the conversation, the council decided in May 1525 in favor of the Reformation, and the convents of the Augustinians, Carmelites, Carthusians and Egidia handed over their monasteries to the city. Their monastery members received pensions and severance payments for their livelihood. The other monastic communities in the area of ​​the imperial city were ordered not to accept any more novices. The monasteries were thus doomed to extinction, but the monks and nuns were allowed to stay in the respective monastery buildings until the end of their lives.

The Nuremberg Religious Discussion was the key event of the Reformation in Nuremberg and also heralded the end of the monasteries. The coming of the Teutonic Order was an exception as an imperial direct estate and was only dissolved and secularized after the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire .

As private foundations of the citizens of Nuremberg, the Twelve Brothers Houses were not bound to denominations and were only dissolved by the Kingdom of Bavaria .

Only since the middle of the 19th century have there been Catholic religious orders in Nuremberg again.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ History of the Frauenaurach monastery  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.hdbg.de  
  2. ^ The house books of the Twelve Brothers Foundations on the Internet
  3. ↑ Article on the Twelve Brothers Books in the Art History portal
  4. ^ The Twelve Brothers Books in the FAZ

literature