Express train
Express train is a type of train used in rail transport in various countries, which has now largely been replaced by other names.
Germany
Express trains were 1902 in Bavaria , 1907 in Prussia and 1908 in Saxony as a term for a supplementary charge, circulating over shorter distances express trains introduced, unlike the D-trains not crossing cars with Faltenbalgübergängen, but as a rule of bogie compartment coaches were formed. These initially led the first, second and third car classes, and since around 1919 only the second and third car classes .
These were trains that were located between express trains and passenger trains. They should fulfill feeder functions on main lines away from the main traffic flows, and connect small and medium- sized towns with each other and with large cities . Up until the timetable change on October 7, 1928, these purposes were mostly performed by express trains, free of charge, accelerated passenger trains , which were mostly made up of older passenger cars of the state types. From this date the systematic introduction of express trains with standardized, newly designed express train wagons began . In addition, a surcharge of half an express train surcharge was levied on the fare. This was only abolished in 1956 by the Deutsche Bundesbahn and in 1991 by the Deutsche Reichsbahn .
Along with the abolition of the fourth class of wagon and the introduction of the surcharge, the Deutsche Reichsbahn Gesellschaft started thinking about increasing comfort. This resulted in the express train wagons of the standard design, which were classified by what was later to become the Deutsche Bundesbahn in usage groups 30, 36 and 44. Characteristic of the pre-war cable cars in use groups 30 and 36 were the open-plan car crossings that were only secured with scissor bars and were not allowed to be used by travelers. It was not until the vehicles of use group 44 introduced during the Second World War that the bellows was also introduced on express train coaches. In the post-war period , the rolling stock for express trains was supplemented by vehicles from usage group 52. These so-called center entry cars were mainly used in city express trains that were free of surcharges. From 1959 n-wagons (Silberlinge) were added, and older express train wagons were also used for their final years in express train service.
Most of the express trains ran with locomotives. Diesel multiple units of the series VT 12 , VT 24 and 614 were used as express multiple units only in some regions .
Characteristic for long-running express trains was the homogeneous formation of wagons from one or two usage groups as well as the management of through wagons from and to express trains. In the 1960s, the Deutsche Bundesbahn differentiated the offer. There were express trains that ran on secondary lines and had specific long-distance transport tasks - colloquially known as " Heckeneilzug " - and so-called district cable trains that served the dense local traffic in metropolitan areas . Some of these trains have been known as Stadt-Express (SE) since 1995 . DB express trains, which were subject to a surcharge until 1982, also ran in sections, especially near the start / destination station as express trains. Examples of this are the D 564 and D 895 Saarbrücken - Munich , which ran on the Landau – Rohrbach railway and were classified as express trains west of Karlsruhe . The international express train Donaukurier D 222 also ran as an express train from Vienna between Cologne and Dortmund in the early 1980s. In addition, from 1982 onwards, many express trains, which were formed from express train wagons , ran as surcharge-free express trains, for example on the Eifel route .
At the Deutsche Reichsbahn , it depended on the route traveled and its state of development whether the fast passenger trains ran as express or express trains. For example, the Leipzig – Dresden route was served by express trains, whereas the slightly longer Leipzig – Cottbus route was almost exclusively express trains. If long-running, sometimes international, express trains ran on typical express train routes, they generally kept this type of train throughout. One example was the pair of trains 456/457 Frankfurt (Oder) –Frankfurt (Main) via Leipzig and Cottbus.
The train composition hardly differed, from the end of the 1960s onward and express trains consisted mainly of four-axle Reko cars, supplemented in the middle of the train by one or two modernization cars for the first class and special compartments. On routes such as Pasewalk – Neubrandenburg – Güstrow, express trains without first class also ran, which were only made up of four-axle Reko cars. The five-part double-decker articulated trains of the 1957 design also ran on express train plans. With the delivery of the Halberstadt center entry and side aisle coaches , the modernization coaches, and most recently the B and Y coaches , migrated to the express train service.
As a result of the reorganization of medium-sized transport after the establishment of Deutsche Bahn AG , the express train type was gradually abandoned until 1995 and replaced by other types of train. There is no direct successor to the express train, but today's Regional Express (RE) and Interregio Express (IRE) are most comparable to express trains. Due to the regionalization of the publicly ordered regional traffic, long express trains at national borders were often broken. However, for the 2017 Kirchentag and the 500th anniversary of the Reformation, Deutsche Bahn is again using express trains as a shuttle feeder to Lutherstadt Wittenberg .
The Albtal-Verkehrs-Gesellschaft (AVG) also uses express trains on some of its routes. These run, for example, on the Albtalbahn , the Hardtbahn , the Kraichgaubahn and the Murgtalbahn as S-Bahn express trains of the Karlsruhe light rail network and pass numerous stations there without stopping. Furthermore, the AVG also operates some trains (comparable to regional trains) on the route Karlsruhe Hbf - Bundenthal-Rumbach (Felsenland-Express; seasonal traffic May - October) as express trains . Here are diesel railcars used.
Austria
In Austria there was the train type express train until December 9, 2006 . Austrian express trains mostly only carried the second class of car . First-class express trains, which also performed long-distance transport tasks, were referred to as sprinters . Since December 10, 2006, the names Eilzug and Sprinter have also been given up in Austria in favor of Regional Express .
Switzerland
In Switzerland , too , the term express train ( semi-direct in western Switzerland ) was used for the train category between express train and passenger train (with stops at all stations). These could be both accelerated passenger trains and express trains with more stops and guidance, some of them on branch lines. Many express trains disappeared with the systematization of the timetable, for example St. Gallen - Rapperswil - Zurich , or with the concentration of the offer, for example Winterthur - Bülach - Bad Zurzach - Basel . Other express trains such as the Voralpen-Express became tourist trains; more today run as an accelerated S-Bahn , for example the S 44 of the Bern S-Bahn . The remaining express trains were mostly converted to RegioExpress trains. The Forchbahn referred to its accelerated courses in rush hour until the 2010s as express trains, but today it speaks of express trains.
Czech Republic
In the Czech Republic , express trains ("Spěšný vlak", abbreviation: Sp ) are passenger trains that do not stop at all stations in order to increase travel speed. They usually only run at times of high traffic, for example during work or excursion traffic. The Esko v Moravskoslezském kraji regional transport system also has an hourly line. In addition, the cross-border German regional express trains on the Dresden - Liberec (- Tanvald ) line and the cross-border Austrian regional express line Ceske Velenice - Gmünd NÖ - Vienna FJB in the Czech Republic are also run as express trains.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Railway Directions District Mainz (ed.): Official Gazette of the Royal Prussian and Grand Ducal Hessian Railway Directorate in Mainz of March 16, 1907, No. 13. Announcement No. 145, p. 160.
- ↑ Lutherstadt Wittenberg main station - 500 years of the Reformation. Retrieved May 27, 2017 .