Equine arteritis
The Equine arteritis (from the Latin. Equus "Horse" arteritis " inflammation of the arteries ," even Equine Viral arteritis , EVA, equine viral arteritis , horse distemper or Pinkeye ) is a viral disease of horses .
Cause and occurrence
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The causative agent is the Alphaarterivirus equid (outdated Equine arteritis virus , EAV) from the genus Alphaarterivirus (outdated Equartevirus ; subfamily Equarterivirinae , family Arteriviridae ). It occurs worldwide and affects horses, donkeys and their crossbreeds. In warm-blooded animals , the virus is enzootic ago.
transmission
The virus is excreted through secretions from infected animals. The transmission occurs through direct and indirect contact. The virus is also excreted by stallions through the semen and can be transmitted to the mare during mating or artificial insemination . The most common route of infection in foals is via the respiratory tract as droplet infection . For epizootiology , all gatherings of horses, such as sales and equestrian events, are important.
Pathogenesis
After infection via the respiratory tract, the virus multiplies in the macrophages of the lungs and then in the bronchial lymph nodes . When the pathogen spreads via the blood ( viraemia ), the endothelial cells are infected, which leads to necrotic arteritis .
Clinic and Pathology
After infection, the animals may remain completely asymptomatic or show fever , fatigue, reluctance to eat, and nasal and eye discharge. Affected animals often show edema on the hind legs and scrotum . In some animals, a rash develops on different parts of the body. Fatal forms with pulmonary edema and inflammation (interstitial pneumonia ) occur in foals. Miscarriages are common in mares , and the outgoing fetuses are only autolytic , so apart from partial self-dissolution they show no particular pathological signs.
Pathological-anatomical edema, blood congestion and bleeding in the subcutaneous tissue of the abdomen and the limbs as well as necrotic arteritis can be seen.
diagnosis
The diagnosis cannot be made with certainty on the basis of the clinical picture. Nasal and eye swabs, blood, serum, tissue from aborted fetuses, and sperm can be used for further investigation, from which the virus can be isolated. An increase in the antibody titer is also considered conclusive. A virus neutralization test is used as a serological test .
Combat
Treatment of sick animals is not possible. Protection through vaccination is possible, however. Further control measures in herds are disease prophylactic, such as quarantining new horses and horses returning from equestrian events . Only seronegative stallions should be used for covering; pregnant mares should be separated from other horses.
In Germany, equine arteritis is one of the notifiable animal diseases .
literature
- Carter GR et al. (Eds.): A Concise Review of Veterinary Virology . IVIS Books
Individual evidence
- ↑ ICTV Master Species List 2018b v1 MSL # 34, Feb. 2019
- ↑ a b c ICTV: ICTV Taxonomy history: Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus , EC 51, Berlin, Germany, July 2019; Email ratification March 2020 (MSL # 35)
- ↑ Annex to Section 1 of the Ordinance on Notifiable Animal Diseases (TKrMeldpflV) in the version published on February 11, 2011 ( Federal Law Gazette I p. 252 ), last amended by Article 381 of the Ordinance of August 31, 2015 ( Federal Law Gazette I p. 1474 ).
