Strawberry trees
| Strawberry trees | ||||||||||||
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American strawberry tree ( Arbutus menziesii ) |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Arbutus | ||||||||||||
| L. |
The strawberry trees ( Arbutus ), and Western Hagapfel , Country berry , strawberry trees or sand berry called, are a plant genus of the family of the heather family (Ericaceae). It comprises eleven species and is found mainly in Central America and the Mediterranean region.
description
Strawberry trees are evergreen trees or shrubs with smooth, flaky, usually reddish brown to gray piebald bark . The simple, whole-edged or sawn, leathery and stalked leaves with a glossy surface are arranged alternately.
The mostly five-fold white to red flowers form terminal panicles . The crown is jug-shaped, the corolla lobes short. The 10 stamens are swollen at the base, the anthers have an outgrowth at the tip, the pollen form tetrads. The stigma is weakly lobed, the ovaries are papilous , the carpels have two or more ovules . Warty, floury, multi-seeded berries are formed as fruits . The seeds contain a spatula-shaped embryo .
The basic chromosome number is x = 13.
distribution
The species of the genus Arbutus are distributed from the west coast of North America via Central America to Nicaragua as well as in the Mediterranean and the Canary Islands in areas with seasonal climates. In Central America, altitudes of up to 3100 meters are reached. No species is hardy in Central Europe.
use
The red, fleshy fruits taste sweet and sour and floury. They are mainly processed into wine, less often into liqueur, and into jam and fruit jelly. In Portugal, Medronho schnapps is made from the fruit of the western strawberry tree . They contain an average of 250 mg of vitamin C per 100 g of pulp and are rich in carbohydrates and fiber.
Systematics
The genus Arbutus is considered to be paraphyletic , it breaks down into two clades along its geographical distribution, on the one hand into a New World and on the other an Old World clade , which are more closely related to Arctostaphylos and other genera than to the New World strawberry trees.
It includes eleven types :
Ancient species:
- Western strawberry tree ( Arbutus unedo L. )
- Eastern strawberry tree ( Arbutus andrachne L. )
- Canarian strawberry tree ( Arbutus canariensis Veill. ), Endemic to the Canaries
- Arbutus pavarii Pamp. , endemic to Cyrenaica (Libya)
- In addition, there are the hybrids:
- Arbutus × andrachnoides link ( Arbutus andrachne × Arbutus unedo )
- Arbutus × androsterilis M. Salas Pascual, JRAcebes Ginovés & M. del Arco Aguilar ( Arbutus canariensis × Arbutus unedo )
Newworldly species:
- Arbutus arizonica (A.Gray) coffin. : It occurs in Arizona, New Mexico and in the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Durango, Sinaloa, Sonora, Zacatecas and Jalisco.
- Arbutus madrensis M.S.González-Elizondo : It was first described from Mexico.
- American strawberry tree ( Arbutus menziesii Pursh )
- Arbutus occidentalis McVaugh & Rosatti : It was first described from Mexico.
- Arbutus peninsularis Rose & Goldman : It was first described from Baja California.
- Arbutus tessellata P.D.Sørensen : It was first described from Mexico.
- Arbutus xalapensis Kunth (Syn. Arbutus texana Buckley ): It occurs in Texas, New Mexico, Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua.
proof
- ↑ a b Waldemar Ternes , Alfred Täufel, Lieselotte Tunger, Martin Zobel (eds.): Food lexicon . 4th, comprehensively revised edition. Behr, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-89947-165-2 .
- ↑ a b c d Peter Schütt , Hans Joachim Schuck, Bernd Stimm (ed.): Lexicon of tree and shrub species. The standard work of forest botany. Morphology, pathology, ecology and systematics of important tree and shrub species . Nikol, Hamburg 2002, ISBN 3-933203-53-8 , pp. 48 (reprinted 1992).
- ^ A b c Peter F. Stevens: Ericaceae. In: Klaus Kubitzki (Ed.): The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants . Volume 6: Flowering Plants, Dicotyledons: Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales . Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg / New York 2004, ISBN 3-540-06512-1 , pp. 169 (English). , limited preview in Google Book Search.
- ^ A b Paul D. Sørensen: Arbutus. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 8: Magnoliophyta: Paeoniaceae to Ericaceae . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2009, ISBN 978-0-19-534026-6 , pp. 398 (English, online ).
- ^ Paul D. Sørensen: Arbutus. In: JL Luteyn (ed.): Ericaceae, Part II, the superior-ovaried genera . In: Flora Neotropica, Monograph. Volume 66, 1995, pp. 194-221, excerpt online.
- ↑ The great Larousse gastronomique: Strawberry Tree Fruit, p. 243
- ↑ a b Lena C. Hileman, Michael C. Vasey, Thomas V. Parker: Phylogeny and Biogeography of the Arbutoideae (Ericaceae): Implications for the Madrean-Tethyan Hypothesis. In: Systematic Botany. Volume 26, No. 1, 2001, pp. 131-143 (PDF file) .
- ^ I. Izquierdo, JL Martín, C. Zurita, M. Arechavaleta (eds.): Lista de especies silvestres de Canarias - Hongos, plantas y animales terrestres. Consejería de Médio Ambiente y Ordenación Territorial, Gobierno de Canarias, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Islas Canarias 2004, ISBN 84-89729-23-9 , p. 121 (PDF file; 23.2 MB) ( Memento of the original dated December 12, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .
- ↑ Werner Greuter, Hervé-Maurice Burdet, Guy Long (eds.): Med-Checklist. A critical inventory of vascular plants of the circum-Mediterranean countries . Vol. 3: Dicotyledones (Convolvulaceae - Labiatae) . Conservatoire et Jardin Botanique, Genève 1986, ISBN 2-8277-0153-7 , p. 201 ( online ).
- ↑ M. Salas Pascual, JR Acebes Ginóves, MJ del Arco Aguilar: Arbutus × androsterilis, a new interspecific hybrid between A. canariensis and A. unedo from the Canary Islands. In: Taxon. Volume 42, No. 4, 1993, pp. 789-792, JSTOR 1223264 .
- ^ A b Arbutus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved October 10, 2017.
