Eternit GmbH

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Eternit GmbH

logo
legal form GmbH
founding 1929
Seat Heidelberg
management Rolf Haberlah, Managing Director
Morten Hansen, Managing Director
Branch construction industry
Website www.eternit.de

The Eternit GmbH is a German company. It is a subsidiary of the Etex Group SA based in Brussels . The company's head office, showroom and training center are located in Heidelberg . Eternit GmbH sells products and system solutions for facades made of fiber cement. The company is represented at three locations with three plants in Germany. The term Eternit has established itself as a brand name for fiber cement .

Eternit is the best known brand name for fiber cement products that are hazardous to health due to asbestos exposure (e.g. facade panels, corrugated sheets for roofing , pipes, flower boxes, etc.). Today, fiber cement products are manufactured asbestos-free under the name Eternit.

history

Ludwig Hatschek's beginnings in Austria

The high-strength fiber cement panels were invented by the Austrian Ludwig Hatschek and a patent was applied for in 1900 as a process for the "production of artificial stone panels with hydraulic binders". In 1903 the product was given the brand name Eternit. The material fiber cement was introduced in Germany in 1904.

Hatschek spent seven years researching a fireproof product for roofing that should be lighter and more durable than brick, cheaper and more universal than slate and more durable than sheet metal. After he found the right binding agent in Portland cement - a mixture of burnt limestone , water and sand - he succeeded in manufacturing a fire-proof, frost-resistant, lightweight panel as a permanent roofing material. Hatschek was generally satisfied with income from license fees and sold licenses for the process worldwide without setting up its own plants abroad (exception: Nyerges Ujfalu near Gran in Hungary). As early as 1910, just a decade after patenting, there were Eternit factories in France , Switzerland , Germany , Austria , Hungary , Belgium , the Netherlands , Portugal , Italy , Great Britain , Sweden , Denmark , Romania , Russia , the USA and others Canada .

Pre-war and war years of Deutsche Asbestzement AG (DAZAG) in Berlin

In 1929, the Deutsche Asbestzement AG (DAZAG) was founded in Berlin, which started with a considerable start-up capital of 4 million Reichsmarks and in which Hatschek took a 10% stake through its Vöcklabrucker Eternitwerke. The Schmidheiny family provided the largest part of the DAZAG share capital through their Belgian Eternit AG.

The Schmidheiny family had previously been a cement supplier to the Swiss Eternit AG through their company “ Holderbank ” before they took a stake in it (1920) and then took over shares in the Belgian Eternit AG (1922). The Schmidheinys bundled the growing number of Eternit holdings in their Swiss holding company "Amiantus AG". The Schmidheiny and Emsens families built up the Belgian Eternit business through a Hatschek license acquired from Alphonse Emsens in 1905, before they established DAZAG in Berlin.

DAZAG took on a dominant market position comparatively quickly. From 1935 onwards it expanded significantly during the economic upswing (market share in 1938: 54%; 1,100 employees). From 1939 to 1962 Hugo Buschmann (1899–1983) was the chairman of the management board of Eternit AG. From 1962 to 1968 he was a member of the supervisory board.

A more restrictive foreign exchange management made it difficult and limited the procurement of raw materials from abroad (including Canada, South Africa, the former Soviet Union). Max Schmidheiny later stated that after the start of the war in Austria in 1938, the family used some of their funds in other geographical regions in order not to have to start all over again. DAZAG produced 4.4 million m² this year, making it the largest manufacturer. At the beginning of the war, large parts of the asbestos stocks were confiscated. The number of employees was reduced to 380 by mid-1940. For "war-important purposes", concrete barrack parts or air raid doors in particular had to be produced. From Switzerland, the brothers Max and Ernst Schmidheiny were able to do business with Germany and the Allies and continue production despite the existing shortages.

Parts of the operating facilities were forcibly transferred to the Luftwaffe ("Gesellschaft für Luftfahrtbedarf GmbH") and the Rudow aircraft repair facility . Raw materials became increasingly scarce and the search for substitutes was largely unsuccessful. In 1943 the Reich Office for Economic Development together with the Reich Office Kautschuk u. a. AEG , Degussa , German Standards Committee , Heereswaffenamt , Armaments Ministry, specialist groups, technical universities and the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Silicate Research invited to an "Asbestos" conference before raw asbestos processing for civil purposes was banned. DAZAG had developed the so-called “ Durnat ” panels (cellulose mixture mixed with cement) as early as 1939 during its substitution attempts (share in 1939: 4.6% of its own production; 1943: 100%).

Post-war years of DAZAG and conversion to Eternit AG

Eternit factory in Heidelberg by Ernst Neufert , (1954)

DAZAG's production, which had been discontinued due to the war, was resumed in 1949 before it was renamed Eternit AG. As a result, new plants were created in Heidelberg (1954), Neuburg an der Donau (1960) and Neubeckum / Westphalia (1962). In 1975 the Neuss plant was integrated into the AG.

Dispute with the "Bonn bureaucracy"

On February 23, 1954, Eternit AG in Berlin-Rudow applied for an investment loan of 3.6 million DM from the Federal Government from FOA funds for the Berlin economy, but then reduced the amount to 2.8 million DM. Eternit had previously had already received several ERP loans . The Federal Ministry of Economics (BMWI) showed a negative attitude and justified this with the dominant market position at the time. Resolutions were repeatedly postponed. Eternit fought back on October 6, 1954 with a memorandum addressed to the ruling mayor, member of the Bundestag and member of the Berlin House of Representatives and published: "Re: Prevention of the reconstruction of the Eternit plant in Berlin-Rudow by the Federal Ministry of Economics". The BMWI took the view that Eternit undercut all other companies regardless of the cost situation and accused the company of capital flight. This should not be additionally supported by public funds. However, these allegations, particularly from competing companies, were not decisive for the rejection. The way in which Eternit is trying to enforce its demands is questionable, for example with a poster at the entrance to the Berlin plant: “The reassembly of the Eternit plant in Berlin-Rudow was carried out with ERP funds against the resistance of the Federal Ministry of Economics. Berlin owes what remains unfinished to the bureaucracy in Bonn. ”The CEO of Eternit Heidelberg also said that Eternit intended to stay in Berlin“ if the Federal Ministry of Economics does not expel them from Berlin ”. The BMWI was considering a libel suit. Even Vice Chancellor Franz Blücher ( Federal Minister for Economic Cooperation ; FDP ) disapproved of the conduct of Eternit AG. There is a mismatch between sales figures and working capital. It must be checked correctly, since the Americans are also concerned with the matter. The Federal Minister of Labor pointed out the disproportion between the loan amount and the 150 jobs that could only be gained. The relocation of the administration from Hamburg to Berlin was rated positively . In a letter dated January 24, 1955, Eternit withdrew its application, which had since been reduced to DM 2.8 million.

Dangerous effects of fine asbestos dust

Inhaled asbestos dust can cause cancer and asbestosis (scarring of the lung tissue). This has been known since the 1930s and asbestosis has been recognized as an occupational disease since 1934. The dangerousness of asbestos depends on a. on the shape and size of the fibers and their bio-persistence. These factors in turn depend on the type of asbestos, the crystal and fiber structure. In addition to the fiber cement products also manufactured by Eternit (facade panels, corrugated sheets for roofing, pipes and flower boxes) in private households, asbestos is also found in window sills, thermal insulation, electrical appliances (hair dryers, toasters, electric storage heaters, etc.), radiator cladding, sealing cords (from stoves, chimneys or stoves ), Brake linings ( cars , elevators, etc.), lightweight panels from the former GDR (e.g. used in bathrooms) or plastic floor coverings with special fiber reinforcement (so-called floor flex or cushion vinyl coverings). Firmly bound asbestos products (e.g. asbestos cement) release fibers during the weathering process and when the bond is broken. Weakly bound asbestos products (e.g. cardboard, cord, lightweight panels, etc.) are constantly releasing asbestos fibers. The binding of asbestos can be destroyed during expansion (e.g. renovation) and fibers can be released. Also, drilling , brushing, breaking, sawing or other mechanical processing forms release asbestos fibers freely and massive health hazards lead. People who were exposed to asbestos fibers in the 1960s and 1970s do not develop cancer in large numbers until 40 to 50 years later . It takes between 10 and 60 years from inhaling the fiber to developing cancer. Asbestos-related deaths are expected to peak between 2005 and 2015. Around 160,000 deaths are expected worldwide.

Dealing with the effects in society and at Eternit

In 1974 Stephan Schmidheiny joined the family company Eternit AG in Niederurnen (Switzerland) as sales manager. In 1976 he took over the overall management of the Swiss Eternit Group SEG from his father Max Schmidheiny.

In 1976, the harmful effects of fine asbestos dust were demonstrated and measures to protect health in production and processing were taken immediately. In Zenit reached the Eternit success, Stephan Schmidheiny recognized the negative and intensifying mood to asbestos and that its Eternit enterprises through the interaction of politics , media influences and the resulting "nourished hysterical symptoms" could be terminated. He gave up the previous defensive stance, started researching substitutes and within four years he succeeded in developing new fiber blends up to product maturity . In 1978, as Chairman of the Board of Directors, Schmidheiny announced that he wanted to completely avoid asbestos.

In 1980, well before the asbestos ban in Germany since 1993 and the Europe-wide ban since 2005, Eternit AG began manufacturing asbestos-free fiber cement products in Germany. The business association "asbestos cement" decided in 1980 under increasing public pressure to the federal government in a "first voluntary industry agreement" to 1986 to reduce asbestos content for its building products by 30-50% in stages. A second agreement provided for the complete replacement of asbestos in their building construction products by the end of 1990.

At the end of 1980 a study by the Federal Environment Agency on the deadly dangers of asbestos appeared. The works council of Eternit AG had already written a warning letter to Minister of Labor Ehrenberg and pointed out that up to 1,000 jobs would be at risk if the Federal Environment Agency would recommend a ban on asbestos. Within just a few weeks, sales fell by a double-digit order, according to the then Eternit boss Wolf Lehmann in an interview with Spiegel. Competitors Wannit, Fulgurit and Toschi also recorded drastic sales losses. Architects and civil engineers had followed the study’s warning, changed already excellent construction plans to asbestos-free alternatives, building owners and companies also responded by stopping use and canceling previous orders, and tenants in Heidelberg stopped paying rent in protest of the deadly danger because the Housing estate was clad with asbestos cement.

In Germany, building materials companies process almost two thirds of the around 160,000 tons of asbestos annually, but also for brake and clutch linings in cars, seals in piping systems in power plants and chemical plants, filters in the beverage industry and in pharmaceutical production, in ovens and boilers, in ships and in steel structures Asbestos was used in halls and houses, in safety clothing or in street surfaces. Even asbestos flower boxes were no longer for sale. Gerhart Rudolf Baum , the then FDP interior minister, would have liked to have banned asbestos immediately, but the social and economic departments only allowed small, step-by-step changes, so that from 1984 only products were banned that represented around 10-20% of the asbestos volume previously produced . Nonetheless, Eternit made 16 percent less sales in 1981 than in the previous year, suffered a loss of sixty million marks and, with 1,300 people, laid off around a third of the workforce, including CEO Lehmann. However, only half of the slump in business was due to the asbestos problems, but also to the slack in construction. In 1982 sales fell by twelve percent with a loss of sixty million marks.

In February 1982 an 8-point agreement between the Federal Ministry of the Interior and the Asbestos Cement Trade Association was announced, with which the five members of the association essentially undertake to gradually replace asbestos: "

  1. Starting in 1982, reducing the asbestos content in asbestos cement products by 30–50% over the next 3–5 years.
  2. Reduction of the asbestos content in 1982 by 15% on average for the entire product range.
  3. Annual notification of the federal government about the progress made in substitution.
  4. By July 1, 1982, 95% of all products were pre-assembled to avoid the need for further processing (cutting, drilling, etc.).
  5. 80–85% of all building construction products and 95% of all civil engineering products are already coated in order to avoid problems of weathering and abrasion.
  6. No more deliveries from "hobby shops", but only to specialist retailers to ensure that the consumer is informed about professional processing.
  7. Voluntary commitment to support the exclusive use of low-dust processing equipment as well as detailed information for the processing industry.
  8. Labeling the packaging and making information material available. "

From the mid-1980s, Eternit delivered half of its production asbestos-free. Only since 1990 have all Eternit products manufactured for house construction been asbestos-free. In 1996 sales fell from 673 to 593 million marks.

Even after the switch from natural asbestos fibers to organic, synthetic synthetic fibers in 1980, the process principle remained unchanged. The fiber cement boards are still produced today using the Hatschek process on machines of the same name. It was not until 1992 that the use of asbestos was banned in building construction in Germany. Asbestos-free products were then often marked with the date of manufacture and the abbreviation AF (for asbestos-free).

Development since the 1980s when Stephan Schmidheiny left

In the early 1980s, the German Eternit AG made considerable losses, laid off 1,150 employees (one third of the workforce) and changed its product range. Provisions for the return and disposal of asbestos-contaminated goods drained the share capital . At that time, it was threatened with bankruptcy, as the post-war reserves that had been built up from earlier successes were exhausted. The collapse prevented u. a. the developments of the Swiss Ametex AG in the form of fibers made of polyvinyl alcohol (Kuralon) and polyacrilnitryl (Dolanit), through which health risks could be reduced and the company's success and jobs could be preserved. The production of concrete roof tiles and wood cement panels began in 1981. That year Eternit took over Klaus Esser AG, a manufacturer of flat roof elements .

In 1984 Max Schmidheiny divided the estate. Stephan Schmidheiny received the Swiss Eternit Group (SEG), brother Thomas Schmidheiny received Holderbank AG (now Holcim), which is active in the cement business. Stephan Schmidheiny withdrew from the Eternit business in 1989 and sold all of his shares in the Swiss Eternit AG to his brother Thomas, the owner of Eternit Belgium. In 1989, the Swiss Eternit was incorporated into Holderbank AG (now Holcim ), which was controlled by the Schmidheiny family .

Development since the 1990s within the holding company of the Etex Group

In 1990, the Brussels-based Etex Group SA was founded from Eternit Belgium as a holding company for international activities, to which the German Eternit GmbH has belonged ever since.

Development since 2000 - Headquarters Heidelberg

The Fulgurit plant in Luthe in Wunstorf was taken over in 2000, merged and closed at the end of 2003. What remains is a dump with 170,000 tons of asbestos sludge, the removal of which to landfills in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania was prohibited in 2012 due to the high environmental risks.

The head office of Eternit AG was relocated to Heidelberg in 2003. In 2007, the Eternit Academy was founded as a training facility for architects , dealers , processors and the housing industry to impart material and product knowledge, development trends and practical tips. A new training building was built in 2010/2011.

The years 2007 to 2010 were marked by various market launches

  • Tonality facade bricks (2007)
  • Hydropanel drywall panels (2008)
  • Air-purifying roof panel Activa (2009)
  • Solesia photovoltaic system for roof tiles and corrugated sheet roofs (2010)

In 2010 the previous chairman of the board, Udo Sommerer, moved to the board of Etex Holding. Johan Deburchgrave followed him. Both started the Eternit Future Dialog for the Sustainability Initiative 2020. Eternit is sponsoring a climate ambassador as part of the international school initiative “ Plant for the Planet ” (children train other children to give lectures and organize planting campaigns) and will plant trees in 2020 and is committed to other social and cultural projects.

In 2012, Eternit AG received from the Federal Association of the German consumer initiative “The Consumer Initiative ” as part of the “Environmental and Social Responsibility at Brand Manufacturers” project . V. the title “Sustainable Manufacturer 2011” in silver. The voluntary sustainability test sponsored by the Federal Environment Ministry and the Federal Environment Agency focuses on the social and ecological commitment of manufacturing companies.

In 2014, Udo Sommerer took over the chairmanship of Eternit AG again. The previous Eternit board member Johan Deburchgrave will be the new director of the Etex research and development center Redco in Brussels.

With effect from May 11, 2016, Eternit AG will have the legal form GmbH. With the change of name, Udo Sommerer is retiring after a total of seven years as the company's board member. Wim Messiaen, regional manager for Central and Eastern Europe of the Etex Roof division, will be the managing director of Eternit GmbH.

On September 1, 2018, Rolf Haberlah and Morten Hansen took over the management of Eternit GmbH. You will succeed Wim Messiaen, who is leaving the Etex Group at his own request after having been with the Etex Group for around 15 years. With Rolf Haberlah, Country Manager Facade, and Morten Hansen, Head of Operations Roofing and Facade, two managers of the Etex Group take over the management of Eternit GmbH. While Haberlah represents the Sales division, Hansen is in charge of the Operations division.

Products

Eternit GmbH has been focusing on fiber cement facades with the EQUITONE and CEDRAL product lines since 2017. As part of the strategic realignment, the sister company Creaton will be selling the concrete roof tile range from September 2016 and, from 2017, small-format roof and facade panels as well as corrugated sheets made of fiber cement. Production, materials management and transport will remain with Eternit.

Locations

Eternit GmbH is represented at three locations in Germany:

  • Heidelberg: headquarters of the company, roof and facade factory, paint factory, Eternit Academy
    • Production of corrugated sheets, roof tiles and molded parts
  • Neubeckum in Westphalia: roof and facade factory, Eternit Academy, facade sales, marketing and public relations
    • Production of facade panels, wood cement panels, building panels, roof panels and roof tiles
  • Neuburg an der Donau: Roof factory, photovoltaic competence center
    • Production of roof tiles

Enterprise architecture

Renowned architects were hired to build two main plants: Ernst Neufert for the Heidelberg site (from 1954) and Paul Baumgarten for the plant in Berlin-Rudow (1956–1958). Ernst Neufert - author of the building design theory, professor at the Technical University of Darmstadt - developed the complete master plan and erected large factory buildings, a canteen, a porter's house and, most recently, an office building for the main administration in Heidelberg in 1964. Paul Baumgarten took over the construction of the Factory facilities in Rudow, but also ensured a presence in the public urban space: the company's guest house was built in 1955 according to his plans in Berlin-Grunewald. In 1957 the residential and exhibition building, known as the “Eternithaus”, followed, which was built as a project for the international building exhibition “ Interbau ” in a prominent neighborhood in the Hansaviertel . Since 2004, the Berlin architect Astrid Bornheim has been responsible for the further development of the corporate architecture.

Egon Eiermann Prize

Eternit has been awarding the Egon Eiermann Prize to students and young graduates in the field of architecture since 1991 . In the spirit of the great German architect Egon Eiermann , the ideas competition promotes innovative architectural designs of social relevance. The prize is awarded every two years and is endowed with a total of 5,000 euros.

Architectural installation "Renaissance of a Classic - 75 Years of Building Culture with Eternit"

For the 75th anniversary of Eternit in Germany, the exhibition architect Astrid Bornheim was commissioned in 2004, with the support of Klitzing Architects, to design an architectural installation that, depending on the perspective, appears either as a city, then again as an interior or a facade tilted by 90 degrees. The room presented four archives in a different way (building culture, Eternit history, corporate culture and Eternit literature). The exhibition opened in Berlin, but was also shown in Dortmund and Munich.

Archive of Eternit GmbH

The archive of Eternit GmbH has participated in various exhibitions in the past, such as "Feuerfest". Asbestos - On the history of an environmental problem, exhibition catalog Deutsches Hygiene-Museum Dresden, Dresden 1991 - or - “z. B. Asbestos “A stumbling block. Cultural and social dimensions of an environmental problem, exhibition catalog Heimatmuseum Neukölln, Neukölln / Berlin 1990.

literature

  • Jan R. Krause: Fiber cement. Technology and design. Birkhäuser, Basel 2007, ISBN 978-3-7643-7590-4 .
  • Gudrun Krämer: Facades with fiber cement. Krämer, Stuttgart 2011, ISBN 978-3-7828-0526-1 .
  • Gudrun Krämer: Roofs with fiber cement. Krämer, Stuttgart 2011, ISBN 978-3-7828-0529-2 .
  • Gudrun Krämer: Building envelopes made of fiber cement. Krämer, Stuttgart 2011, ISBN 978-3-7828-0530-8 .
  • Karl Krämer: A + D Architecture + Detail. Building with fiber cement. Krämer, Stuttgart, ISSN  0944-4718 .
  • M. Düttmann u. a .: concerns: Eternit. In: Stadtbauwelt: Contributions to the reorganization of the city and Country. Bauverlag, Gütersloh 2004, Vol. 95 (2004), 26, pp. 11–33.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Eternit AG: Eternit: History ( Memento of the original from May 29, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed January 6, 2011 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.eternit.de
  2. ↑ Etex Group: About Etex Group (English) ( Memento of the original from December 18, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed January 6, 2011 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.etexgroup.com
  3. ↑ Eternit: Façade competence from 2017 ( Memento of the original from January 11, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed January 11, 2017 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.eternit.de
  4. ↑ Thomas Schmitz-Günther, Thomas Schmitz-Günther: When living makes you sick: Recognize, eliminate, avoid pollutants. Ökotest Verlag, 2009.
  5. ^ A b c Eternit in: Big Business in Austria, Franz Mathis, 1987, 99.
  6. ^ Asbestos in the modern age - industrial production, processing, prohibition, substitution and disposal, Wolfgang E. Höper, 2008, 102-103.
  7. ↑ Wolfgang E. Höper: Asbestos in the modern age - industrial production, processing, prohibition, substitution and disposal. 2008, p. 103
  8. ↑ RF Ruers, N. Schouten: The tragedy of asbestos. Eternit and the consequences of a hundred years of asbestos cement , translated into English by Steven McGriffin, Socialistische Partij (Netherlands), Rotterdam 2005, p. 7, quoted from: Wolfgang E. Höper: Asbestos in der Moderne - Industrielle Produktion ,verarbeitung, Prohibition, substitution and disposal 2008, p. 103.
  9. ↑ The Cabinet Minutes of the Federal Government: 1954–1955, Ulrich Enders, Michael Hollman, 2000, 237.
  10. ^ The first 50 years of our company in: 50 years Eternit Aktiengesellschaft, 75 years Eternit in Germany, Eternit Aktiengesellschaft Berlin, 1979, 3.
  11. ^ Asbestos in the modern age - industrial production, processing, prohibition, substitution and disposal, Wolfgang E. Höper, 2008, 103-104.
  12. ↑ Eternit: Vom Aufstieg zum Ausstieg, Stahr, 164, quoted from: Asbestos in der Moderne - Industrial Production, Processing, Ban, Substitution and Disposal, Wolfgang E. Höper, 2008, 104.
  13. ^ Eternit report. Stephan Schmidheiny's heavy legacy, Catrina, W., 1985, 45, quoted from: Asbestos in the modern age - industrial production, processing, prohibition, substitution and disposal, Wolfgang E. Höper, 2008, 105.
  14. ↑ Eternit: Vom Aufstieg zum Ausstieg, 165, quoted from: Asbestos in der Moderne - Industrial Production, Processing, Prohibition, Substitution and Disposal, Wolfgang E. Höper, 2008, 104.
  15. ↑ Various sources in: Asbestos in the modern age - industrial production, processing, prohibition, substitution and disposal, Wolfgang E. Höper, 2008, 104.
  16. ^ The Cabinet Minutes of the Federal Government: 1954–1955, Ulrich Enders, Michael Hollman, 2000, 233–237.
  17. ↑ When living makes you sick: Recognize, eliminate, avoid pollutants, Thomas Schmitz-Günther, Thomas Schmitz-Günther, Ökotest Verlag, 2009.
  18. ↑ Stephan Schmidheiny: Important Stations ( Memento of the original from October 15, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed September 6, 2012 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.stephanschmidheiny.com
  19. ↑ www. fiberzement.info
  20. ^ A b Wolfgang E. Höper: Asbestos in the modern age. Industrial production, processing, prohibition, substitution and disposal. 2008, p. 223.
  21. ^ W. Catrina: Eternit report. Stephan Schmidheiny's difficult legacy. 1985, p. 45. - here quoted from: Jan Ulrich Büttner: Asbestos in der Vormoderne. From myth to science. 2004, p. 271.
  22. ↑ ASBESTOS. Drastic slump, DER SPIEGEL, No. 17/1981, p. 98 , accessed on July 19, 2015
  23. ↑ Ein Heilsamer Schock, Wolfgang Cehrmann in: DIE ZEIT, November 19, 1982 No. 47, p. 19 , accessed on July 19, 2015
  24. ↑ Thomas Dyllick: e-management of environmental relationships: Public disputes as a challenge, new business research (nbf) 2013, p. 352.
  25. ↑ Thomas Dyllick: Management of environmental relationships: Public disputes as a challenge, new business research (nbf) 2013, p. 352.
  26. ↑ Strict asbestos laws forced modernization Horst Buchwald in: Berliner Zeitung of March 9, 1998, accessed on July 19, 2015
  27. ↑ Thomas Schmitz-Günther: When living makes you sick. Recognize, eliminate and avoid pollutants. Ökotest Verlag, 2009.
  28. ^ Asbestos in the modern age - industrial production, processing, prohibition, substitution and disposal, Wolfgang E. Höper, 2008, 228.
  29. ↑ Stephan Schmidheiny: Industrielles Erbe ( Memento of the original from October 15, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed September 6, 2012 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.stephanschmidheiny.com
  30. ↑ 7000 trucks full of problematic waste , Süddeutsche Zeitung v. April 27, 2012, p. 6
  31. ↑ Efendim Oesterheld and der Asbest , Hannoversche Allgemeine Zeitung of May 19, 2012
  32. ^ FH Kleffmann Verlag GmbH: Eternit Academy with a new training program from November 25, 2011 , accessed on September 6, 2012
  33. ↑ DDH Online: Topping-out ceremony in Heidelberg on December 14, 2010 , accessed on September 6, 2012
  34. ↑ City of Heidelberg: New Eternit Academy building: Topping-out ceremony with all those involved in the construction and employees on December 7, 2010  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed September 6, 2012@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.heidelberg.de  
  35. ↑ DDH Online: Festive reception with good prospects from February 21, 2011 , accessed on September 6, 2012
  36. ↑ DDH Online: Eternit with strong growth in 2010 from January 19, 2011  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed September 6, 2012@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.baustoffmarkt-online.de  
  37. ↑ BauNetz Media GmbH: Sustainability Award in Silver from January 30, 2012 ( Memento of the original from August 23, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed September 6, 2012 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.baunetz.de
  38. ↑ Eternit AG press release on the change in the board of directors as of January 1, 2014 ( Memento of the original from February 22, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.eternit.de
  39. ↑ Press release from Eternit AG on the change in legal form ( memento of the original from October 20, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.eternit.de
  40. ↑ Eternit GmbH press release on the new top management ( memento of the original from October 20, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.eternit.de
  41. ↑ Katrin Voermanek: Feel where you are. Corporate architecture made by Eternit. In: Detail. 2011, issue 4, pp. 456–461.
  42. ↑ baulinks: 20 years of the Egon Eiermann Prize: award ceremony and anniversary party in Berlin [1]
  43. ↑ Chronicle in: Bauwelt 26 2004, p. 33.
  44. ^ Asbestos in the premodern: From myth to science, Jan Ulrich Büttner, 2004, 271.