Etruscan naming
The Etruscan naming distinguishes between men's and women's names as well as between free, freed and slaves . Most of the names of the Etruscans have been passed down from urn and sarcophagus inscriptions from the deceased and dedicatory inscriptions from the donors. The father and / or mother of the deceased were often mentioned on the grave inscriptions. The naming system and the names themselves changed over the course of the different epochs. Due to the extensive tradition, name research ( onomastics ) is the branch in Etruscan linguistics that is most developed today.
Development of the naming system
In the archaic period, a person was evidently named by a single personal name, as it is also suggested in Roman mythology :
- Roman: Proca , Numitor , Amulius , Romulus and Remus
- Etruscan: Karkana , Lemauśna , Macstrna , Maiflna , Ranazu , Sarsina
In the 8th and 7th centuries BC A name mode developed among all Italians in which the first name (Latin pronoun ) was supplemented by a name of origin (Latin nomen gentile ), which corresponds to the Roman gentile name . The emergence of larger settlements and cities probably made it necessary to differentiate and assign them to another name.
- Roman: Quintus Pompey , Marcus Antonius
- Etruscan: Larth Afuna , Aule Vipinas
As with the Romans, the first name was often given in abbreviated form in official inscriptions, e.g. B. L for Larth and Au for Aule.
In general, among the Etruscans, the first name was the individual name and the second the gentile name. There are, however, numerous exceptions to this rule.
- Individual name first: Arnth Churcles , Larth Velimnas , Ramtha Matulnai
- Gentile name first: Apries Arnth , Camnas Larth , Semni Ramtha
There are also cases known where a person had two first names, such as B. Arnth Cae Marcna , Aule Seiante Sinu or Vel Tite Meluta .
End of the 3rd century BC A third was added to the first name and gentile name, the surname (Latin cognomen ), which was placed at the end. This three-name system (lat. Tria nomina ) made up of praenomen, nomen gentile and cognomen is also known by the Romans. To whom the authorship of the three-name system is to be ascribed has not yet been clarified.
- Roman: Gaius Iulius Caesar , Lucius Iunius Brutus , Marcus Tullius Cicero
- Etruscan: Laris Pule Creice , Marce Tetnies Veru , Vel Tutna Tumu
As with the Romans, slaves had only one name and freedmen were given the gentile name of the previous master. If a freedman was named Larth Scarpe Lautni on a grave inscription , this meant that his slave's name was Larth and he was a freedman ( Lautni ) of the Scarpe family . A similar inscription can also be found for a freedman. Larthi Lautnitha Preśnts means that Larthi was a freedwoman ( Lautnitha ) of the Preśnts family .
Women also had a prenomen and a noun gentile, which usually had a feminine ending with -i or -a:
- Male first names: Arnth , Larth , Sethre , Thefri , Vepu
- female first names: Arnthia , Larthi , Sethra , Thefrina , Vepia
- male gentile names: Carpnate , Cafate , Ceicna , Ecnatna , Matulna , Sepu
- female gentile names: Carpnati , Cafatia , Ceicnai , Ecnatnei , Matulnai , Sepia
Women's names could also have an epithet, as the inscription Ath Purni Ventesa on a sarcophagus shows. The abbreviation Ath stands for Aranthia , Arunthia , Arnthia or Arnthi and Purni was the gentile name of the deceased.
Cases of two female first names and two female gentile names are also documented:
- two first names: Thana Aulia Creicesa
- two gentile names: Velia Seianti Hanunuia
With Seianti Hanunia Tlesnasa even a three-fold gentile name has been passed down. The woman came from the well-known families Seianti and Hanunia and also carried her husband's name Tlesnasa . If the wife came from a high-ranking family, she could evidently continue to use her own family name in addition to her husband's family name.
In the case of children, grave inscriptions contain diminutive forms with the ending -za .
- First name: Arunth , Ravuntu
- Belittling : Arnza , Ravntza
From the 5th century onwards, internal vowels were not used in the Etruscan script and language . Associated with this was a shift in the word accent to the first syllable .
- First names: Avile , Larece , Ramatha , Thefarie
- later: Avle , Larce , Ramtha , Thefri
- Gentile names: Laucina , Pumpuna , Pupliena , Spuriena
- later: Lucina , Pumpna , Puplina , Spurina
With the stress on the first syllable, the vowel a was often darkened to a u .
- First names: Aranth , Aranthia , Mamarce , Ramatha
- later: Arunth , Arunthia , Mamurce , Ramutha
- Gentile names: Meluta , Velianas
- later: Melutu , Veliunas
In later times the letter k was no longer used. The diphthong ai has often been replaced by ei . The gentile name Kaikna , for example, changed to Ceicna .
In this respect, spellings with more internal vowels, with a instead of u or with the letter k, are to be regarded as the older ones.
Some names have a Latin equivalent, but it is seldom possible to assign chronological priority to the Romans or Etruscans when developing a name.
- Etruscan given names: Cae , Cnaive , Cuinte , Laucis , Puplie
- Roman given names: Gaius , Gnaeus , Quintus , Lucius , Publius
Cae , Cuinte , Laucis , Puplie and Spurie seem to have originated from the corresponding Roman names.
In the late period, the Etruscan grave inscriptions occasionally wrote bilingually in Etruscan and Latin . Therefore, some first and gentile names are in a Latinized form. It is noteworthy that the Etruscans also used the letters O, B and D for the Latinized names in Latin script, although these letters and probably the corresponding sounds did not occur in Etruscan.
- Etruscan: Arnth Spitu , Cuinte Śinu , Larth Cafates , Pupli Velimna
- Latinized: Arnth Spedo , Quintus Sentius , Lucius Cafatius , Publius Volumnius
On a bilingual inscription there is also a freedman with first name and gentile name: Lart Eucle, freedman of Lart Fisi (s).
- Etruscan: L Eucle Fisis Lavtni
- Latinized: L Phisius LL Eucle
On grave or dedicatory inscriptions, the name was given in the nominative , in the genitive or in the dative . If only the genitive or dative of a name is known, the nominative cannot be given with absolute certainty. With the ending -s it is often unclear whether it belongs to the nominative form or a result of the formation of the genitive, e.g. B. with Laris Pumpu (s) and Laris Pulena (s).
First names
It was the custom among the Etruscans to give a son, probably the eldest, his father's first name. In addition to the male given names, there were often corresponding female names, which differed by the ending. Some first names occur only with men and have no equivalent in female first names. There are also reverse cases of female first names without a male equivalent. A total of about 100 male and 50 female first names have survived. The name Lethe with the feminine form Lethia or Lethi was also used generally to denote a servant.
Names latinized by the Etruscans are in italics.
| Male first name | Female first name | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Etruscan | Latin | Etruscan | Latin |
| Office never | |||
| Amuni | Amunius , Amonius | ||
| So | Ancus | ||
| Anthai | |||
| Aninas, Anina | Aninai, Anina | ||
| Aprthni | |||
| Apunei | |||
| Aranth, Arath, Arunth | Arrius | Aranthia, Arunthia | Arria |
| Araz | |||
| Arzni | Arzna | ||
| Arnthur, Arnthal, Arnth | Arrius | Arntia, Arntna, Arntni, Arntha, Arnthi | Arria |
| Ati | |||
| Autu | |||
| Avele, Avile, Avle, Aule | Aulus | Avilea, Avlia, Aulia, Aula | Auditorium |
| Cae, Cai | Caius, Gaius | Caea, caia, cai | |
| Caile | Caelius | ||
| Ceisi, Cesi | |||
| Cire | |||
| Cnaive, Cneve, Cneue, Cneuna | Cnaeus, Gnaeus | ||
| Clate, clavtie, clute | Clutius , Clotius | ||
| Cruthni | Crusius , Crosius | ||
| Cuinte | Quintus | ||
| Culni | |||
| Cursni | Cursenus , Corsinius | Cursi | |
| Cusua | |||
| Fapi | Fabius | ||
| Fasthi, Fasti, Fastia | |||
| Felce | |||
| Felsnas, Felsna | |||
| Fulu | |||
| Hapre | |||
| Hasthi, Hasti, Hastia | |||
| Hercnai | |||
| Hirumina | Herminius | ||
| Husi | |||
| Karcuna | |||
| Carthasia | |||
| Kaisie | |||
| Kavie, Kae | Caius, Gaius | ||
| Kanuta | |||
| Larice, Larece, Larce | |||
| Laris, Lariś | |||
| Larth, Lart | Lucius | Larthaia, Larthia, Larthi, Lartha | |
| Larthuza, Lartuza | |||
| Laucis, Laucie, Lavcie | Lucius | ||
| Lauchusie, leek | |||
| Lethai, Lethae, Lethe | Lethia, Lethi | ||
| Licinie, Licine | |||
| Luvcie, Luci, Lucer | Lucius | Luvcia, Lucia, Luci | Lucia |
| Mamerce, Mamarce, Mamurce | Mamercus | ||
| Marce | Marcus | ||
| Matun | |||
| Metli | |||
| Murila | |||
| Numisie, Numesie, Numsi, Numna | Numerius , Numerus | Numni | |
| Pesna | Pesius | ||
| Petru | |||
| Plaute | Plautus | ||
| Plikaśnas | |||
| Plute | Plutius , Plotius | ||
| Presente, Presnte | |||
| Pumpu | |||
| Pulia | Pollia | ||
| Puplie, pupli | Publius | ||
| Qupe, Cupe | |||
| Racuthu, Racvu, Racu | |||
| Rametha, Ramatha, Ramutha, Ramtha, Ramta | |||
| Ranazu | Ranthu | ||
| Rasce | Rascius | ||
| Ruff, Rough, Ruvfe | |||
| Ravunthu, Ravuntu, Ravnthu, Ravntu | |||
| Ruifre | |||
| Rutile | |||
| Sanchuna | |||
| Satlnei | |||
| Scarpe | Scarpus | ||
| Sela | |||
| Semni | |||
| Sethre, Setre | Sethria, Sethri, Sethra | ||
| Spitus, Spitu | |||
| Spurie | Spurius | ||
| Squrie | Squria | Scuria | |
| Squlina | Sculina | ||
| Tanchuil | |||
| Tarchi | Tarchia, Tarcha | ||
| Teitur | Teituri | ||
| Thanachvil, Thanchvil, Thanchvel | |||
| Thania, Thana, Tania, Tana | |||
| Thefarie, Thefri, Thepri | Tiberius | Thefrina, Theprina | |
| Thesathei, Thestia | |||
| Thuker, Thucer | Thuceru | ||
| Tiscusna, Ticusna | Tiscusnai, Ticusnei | ||
| Tite | Titus | Titia, Titi, Tita, Titinei | Titia |
| Tlesna | |||
| Tursikina | Turscus | ||
| Tusnute, Tute | |||
| Uchsie | |||
| Uchulni | |||
| Usil, Usele | |||
| Velus, Vel, Uel, Velni | Velenius , Velianus | Velelia, Velia, Velea, Vela, Veli | |
| Velchaie, Velchae, Velche, Velca | Velchina | ||
| Velthur, Velthie | |||
| Venel | Venela, Venai | ||
| Vesi | |||
| Vetus, Vetu | Vetius | ||
| Vipie, Vipi, Vipe, Vepu | Vibius | Vipia, Vipi, Vepia | Vibia |
There were Roman gentile names that had their origins in Etruscan first names:
- Etruscan given names: Arunth , Caile , Vipe , Licine , Ravuntu
- Roman gentile names: Arruntius , Caelius , Vippius , Licinius , Raventius
| abbreviation | Male first name | abbreviation | female first name |
|---|---|---|---|
| A. Ar. Ath. | Aranth, Arunth, Arnth | A. Ath. | Aranthia, Arunthia, Arnthia, Arnthi |
| Av. Au. | Avile, Avele, Avle, Aule | Av. Au. | Avilea, Avlia, Aulia |
| C. Approx. | Cae, Cai | C. Approx. | Caea, caia, cai |
| Cn. | Cneve, cnew | ||
| F. Fa. | Fasthi, Fasti, Fastia | ||
| H. Ha. | Hasthi, Hasti, Hastia | ||
| Lc. | Larice, Larece, Larce | ||
| L. Li. Lr. Ls. | Laris | ||
| L. La. Lr. Lth. | Larth, Lart | La. Lth. | Larthia, Larthi |
| La. | Luvcia, Lucia, Luci | ||
| M. Ma. | Marce | ||
| Pup. | Puplie | ||
| R. Ra. | Ramatha, Ramutha, Ramtha, Ramta | ||
| R. Rv. Rav. | Ravunthu, Ravuntu, Ravnthu, Ravntu | ||
| S. Se. Sth. | Sethre, Setre | S. Se. Sth. | Sethria, Sethri, Sethra |
| Sp. | Spurie | ||
| Th. Tha. Thn. | Thania, Thana | ||
| Th. Tha. Thl. Thch. | Thanachvil, Thanchvil | ||
| Tch. | Tarchi | ||
| T. Ti. | Tite | T. | Titia, Titi |
| V. | Vipe | V. | Vipia, Vipi |
| V. Ve. Vl. | Vel | V. Vl. | Velelia, Velia, Veli, Vela |
| Vch. | Velche | ||
| Vth. | Velthur | ||
| Ve. | Venel |
Gentile names
Some gentile names have developed from given names to which the ending -ie or -na was added. A total of over 200 male and around 120 female gentile names have come down to us.
Names latinized by the Etruscans are in italics.
| male gentile name | female gentile name | First name | Latin |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acline, Aclina, Auclina, Uclina | Aclinei | ||
| Acnatrui | |||
| Acriena | |||
| Acvilnas | |||
| Afunas, Afuna | Aburi | ||
| Aisinei | |||
| Alethnas, Alethna | Alethnei, Aletnei | ||
| Alfi | Albius | ||
| Alfni | Alfius | ||
| Alśinas, Alśina | Alśinai | ||
| Alvethnai | |||
| Amuni | |||
| Anani, Anaini, Aneini, Aninie | Aninai, Anina | ||
| Aneithur | |||
| Anes | |||
| Aninas, Anina | |||
| Anthiaia | Anthai | ||
| Apaiatru, Apatru | Apatrui | Apatronius, Apatronia | |
| Apianas, Apiana | Appianus | ||
| Apries, apie | |||
| Aprthnai | |||
| Apunas, Apuna, Apunia | Apunei | ||
| Apvcuia | |||
| Araziia | |||
| Arathena, Arnthena, Arnthna | Arnthi | Aranth, Arnth, Arnthia | |
| Arcmsnas, Arcmsna | Arcumnius | ||
| Aremsnas | |||
| Arnies | |||
| Arthunas, Arthuna | Arnth | ||
| Arunzina | |||
| Medicament | |||
| Aeini, aein | |||
| Atelinas, Atelina | |||
| Aties, Atie | |||
| Atnas | |||
| Aufle, Afle, Ufle | |||
| Aukana, Aucana | |||
| Auclina | |||
| Aveś | Avenei | ||
| Aznie | |||
| Cafates, Cafate | Cafati, Cafatia | Cafatius , Cafatia | |
| Cahate | Cahati | ||
| Caie | Cainei | Cai, Caia | |
| Cale | |||
| Caliathe | |||
| Calisna | Calisnai | ||
| Camitlnas | Camitilius | ||
| Camnas, Camna | Camnai | ||
| Campanes | |||
| Canatnes | Canatnei | ||
| Carpnate | Carpnati | ||
| Carsu | Carsui | ||
| Catharnai | |||
| Catni | |||
| Cazi | Cassius | ||
| Ceisinies, Ceisinie, Ceisinis, Ceisini | Ceisi, Cesi | ||
| Celatina | |||
| Chairei | |||
| Churcles | |||
| Churinas | |||
| Ciciunias, Cicunias | |||
| Cilnii | Cilnei | Cilnius | |
| Cisvite | |||
| Clautie, Clavtie, Clate, Clute | Clatei | Claudius | |
| Clavtiethur | |||
| Clevsinas, Clevsina | |||
| Cneuna, Cnevna | Cneve | ||
| Cravzathura | |||
| Creicesa | |||
| Crepus, Crepu | Grebo | ||
| Cuculni, Cuclni, Cuclnies | Cuclni | ||
| Cucrinathur | |||
| Curunas, Curuna | |||
| Cusinei | |||
| Cusuthur, Cusu | |||
| Cvinti | Quintia | ||
| Cuthnas, Cuthna | |||
| Cutunia, Cuthna, Cutu | Cutu | Cotonia | |
| Ecnatna, Ecnatne, Ecnate | Ecnatnei, Ecnati | Egnatius, Egnatia | |
| Einana | Unity | ||
| Eucle | |||
| Ezpus, Ezpu | |||
| Fapi | Fabius | ||
| Felces, Felce, Felci | Felci | Felce | |
| Felsnas, Felsna | |||
| Felśni | |||
| Felusque | |||
| Fisis, Fisi | Phisius | ||
| Fulni | |||
| Fulu | |||
| Fulvena | Fulvenas | Fulvius, Folvius | |
| Hanunia | |||
| Hapisnei | |||
| Hapuri, Hafure, Hapre | Hapre | ||
| Haprni, Hepni | Laberius | ||
| Havrenias, Havrnas | |||
| Havrenie | |||
| Helicopter | |||
| Heracana, Hercna, Hercnas | Hercnai | ||
| Herma | |||
| Hermenas | |||
| Hirsunaia | |||
| Hulchnie, Hulcnie | Fulcinius | ||
| Hupni | |||
| Kaikna, Ceicna, Cecna | Ceicnai | Caecina | |
| Kainei | |||
| Kansinai | |||
| Kuleniie | |||
| Kurtinaś | |||
| Lapicane | |||
| Larani | |||
| Larecena | |||
| Larna | Larnei | ||
| Laucina, Lucina | Laucinei | Laucis, Luci | Lucinius, Lucinia |
| Larecena | |||
| Lartle | Lart | ||
| Latherna | |||
| Latinie, Latini, Latni | Latini | Latinius, Latinia | |
| Leinies, Leinie | Laenius | ||
| Lethanei, Lethe | Lethi | Lethe, Lethi | |
| Luisna | |||
| Macre | Macri | Macer | |
| Malamenaś | |||
| Marcena, Marcna | Marcnei | Marce | Marcius |
| Marcnithur | |||
| Matulna | Matulnai, Matulnei | Matun | |
| Matunas, Matuna | Matunai | Matun | |
| Meclas | |||
| Mefanates | |||
| Melacina | |||
| Meluta, Melutu | |||
| Meteliś, Meteli, Metele, Metli | Metli | Metli | Metellus, Metellius |
| Metienas | |||
| Minie | |||
| Muriaś | Murrius , Morrius | ||
| Murinas, Murina | Murinei | ||
| Mutuna | Mutunai | ||
| Nerinaie | |||
| Ninie | |||
| Nuiclnei | |||
| Numclanie | |||
| Numnaś | |||
| Nuni | |||
| Nurfurznas, Nufrzna, Nufre | Noborsinia | ||
| Pachie | |||
| Paithunas | |||
| Palazus, Palazu | Palazui | ||
| Paparsinas, Paprsina | |||
| Papathnas | Papatius | ||
| Papni | |||
| Parmni | |||
| Partunus, Partunu | |||
| Paciathe | |||
| Percumsna | |||
| Petrunii | Petrnei | Petronius , Petronia | |
| Phersnalaś | |||
| Phursethna | |||
| Pinies, pine, pini | |||
| Pit, Pethe | |||
| Platia | |||
| Plaute, Plavte, Plute | Plavti | Plaute, plute | Plautius , Plutius , Plotius |
| Plecus, plecu | |||
| Pliniei | |||
| Prastna | |||
| Precuthur | |||
| Presente, Presnte, Preśnts | |||
| Puince | |||
| Pulenas, Pulena, Pule | |||
| Pumpli | |||
| Pumpuna, Pumpna | Pumpui | Pumpu | |
| Pumpus, Pumpu | Pumpui | Pumpu | |
| Pupena | |||
| Pupliena, Pupliana, Puplina | Puplie | ||
| Purni | Purni | ||
| Purzena, Purze | Porsenna | ||
| Puślina | Puślinei | ||
| Pustmina | Postumio | ||
| Pustina | |||
| Rafi, Rafe, Raufe, Rufi | Rufii | ||
| Ramnuna | |||
| Ranazuia | |||
| Rasunies, rasunie | |||
| Remzna | |||
| Riertu | |||
| Rufris | |||
| Rusci | Ruscius , Roscius | ||
| Śantui | |||
| Safice | Safici | ||
| Salini | |||
| Sapina | Sapini | Sabinius | |
| Saties | |||
| Śatlnei | |||
| Savpunias | |||
| Scevas, Sceves | |||
| Scurfiu, Scurfu | |||
| Sefri | |||
| Seiante, Seante, Seate | Seianthi, Seianti | ||
| Seitithi | |||
| Semni | |||
| Sentinate, Sente | Sentinei, Sentina | ||
| Sepu | sepia | ||
| Sethra | |||
| Silqetenas, Silgatana | |||
| Śinu, Sinu | Sentius | ||
| Siprisni | |||
| Slanzu | |||
| Spantu | Chip case | ||
| Spite, Spitus, Spitu | Spitus, Spitu | Spedo | |
| Spuriena, Spuriana, Spurinas, Spurina | Spurina | Spurie | Spurius, Spurinna |
| Śrutznei | |||
| Statlanes | |||
| Śupelnas, Śupelna | |||
| Suthrina | |||
| Sveitus | |||
| Svelthienas | |||
| Tarchunies | Tarquinius | ||
| Tarcnas, Tarcna | |||
| Tarna | Tarnai | ||
| Teithurna | |||
| Teitur | Teituri | ||
| Telathur | |||
| Telicles | |||
| Tetnies, Tetnie | |||
| Thacutara, Thactara, Thactra | |||
| Thansina | Thansi | ||
| Tharnie, Thare | |||
| Thefrie | Thefrinai | Thefri | |
| Thucerna | |||
| Thuśatur | |||
| Tiphile | Diphilus | ||
| Titie, Tite | Titia | Tite | |
| Tlesna | Tlesnasa, Tlesna | Tlesna | |
| Tularia | |||
| Tulumnes | Tulumnius | ||
| Thurmana, Turmna | Thormena | ||
| Thursethna | |||
| Trepi | |||
| Tutna | |||
| Good thing, good thing | Bag | ||
| Ucrini | |||
| Uftavi | Octavia | ||
| Ulthes | Voltius | ||
| Ultimni | |||
| Ulzna | Ulcer | ||
| Urinates | |||
| Ursmnei | |||
| Uslna | |||
| Vaniei | |||
| Varati | |||
| Velara | Velaruna | ||
| Velchaina, Velchana | Velchaie, Velche, Velca | ||
| Velchas, Velcha | Velchaie, Velche, Velca | Volcius | |
| Velcii | |||
| Velesi, Vlesi | |||
| Velie | Velui | Vel, Vela | |
| Velianas, Veliunas, Velna | Vel, Vela | Velenius , Velianus | |
| Velethnai, Velethna | |||
| Velimnas, Velimna | Velimnei | Volumnius | |
| Velthiena, Velthina | Velthie | ||
| Velthinathur | Velthur, Velthie | ||
| Velthurna, Velthuri | Velthur | ||
| Venala | Venel, Venai | ||
| Venete | Venetius | ||
| Verati | |||
| Vestarenies, Vestrenie | |||
| Vestiricina, Veśtirkina | |||
| Vete | Vetui | Vetus, Vetu | |
| Vilasnei | |||
| Viśnai | |||
| Vipienna, Vipena | Vipenei | Vipie, Vipi, Vipe | Vibenna |
| Vipinans, Vipinas, Vipina | Vipinanei | Vipie, Vipi, Vipe | Vibenna, Vibius |
| Vipithur | Vipie, Vipi, Vipe | ||
| Zalthu, Zaltu | |||
| Zan | |||
| Certnai | |||
| Zili |
There was at least one Roman given name that had its origins in an Etruscan gentile name:
- Etruscan gentile name: Apie
- Roman first name: Appius
Nickname
Some names were used both as gentile names and as epithets. Names latinized by the Etruscans are in italics.
| male epithet | female nickname | Latin |
|---|---|---|
| Acilu | Acilunia | |
| Acrate | ||
| Apirthe, Apurthe | ||
| Campane | ||
| Ceice | ||
| Cencu | ||
| Creice | Graecus | |
| Cesunia | ||
| Crespe | Crispus | |
| Curces, curce | ||
| Cutunia, Cuthna | Cotonia | |
| Herma | ||
| Latini | ||
| Nufre | ||
| Need | Nustenia | |
| Palpe | Balbus | |
| father | Papania | |
| Pesnu | ||
| Prezu | ||
| Prute, Purce | Brutus | |
| Senates | ||
| Sepu | ||
| Śinu | Sentius | |
| Trepuni | Trepunia | Treboni |
| Trepu | Trebo, Trebius | |
| Tumu | ||
| Tursikina | ||
| Venala | ||
| Ventesa | ||
| Veru | ||
| Zalle |
There were Roman gentile names that had their origins in Etruscan surnames:
- Etruscan nicknames: Acrate , Campane , Latini , Senate
- Roman gentile names: Acerratius , Campanius , Latinius , Senatius
These surnames probably indicated an origin. Acrate could mean native of Acra ( Acerra ) . Campane and Latini probably refer to the origin from Campania or Latium and were also used as gentile names. Senate probably refers to the place of origin Sena ( Siena ) .
Etruscan names
Names of people of foreign origin, e.g. B. from Magna Graecia or the Greek motherland, were adapted to the Etruscan language. Often these are foreign slaves who came to Etruria as prisoners of war. So far, no names of Carthaginian origin have been identified, although there were close economic and political ties between Etruria and Carthage .
| Etruscan name | Original name | origin |
|---|---|---|
| Aciba | Aqiba (Jacob) | Hebrew |
| Apluni | Apollonios | Greek |
| Archaza | Arcadios | Greek |
| Atale | Atalos | Greek |
| Atiuce | Antiochus | Syrian |
| Evantra | Euander | Greek |
| Herclite | Herakleitos | Greek |
| Hipucrates | Hippocrates | Greek |
| Lecusta | Ligurian | |
| Licantre | Lycandros | Greek |
| Nicipur | Nikephorus | Greek |
| Muceti | Celtic | |
| Pherse | Perseus | Greek |
| Philutis | Philotis | Greek |
| Pilemo | Philemon | Greek |
| Timusi | Dionysus | Greek |
| Tiphile | Diphilus | Greek |
| Zerapiu | Serapion | Egyptian |
In an epigraphically documented case, Tiphile was initially the first name of a foreign freedman and was used as a gentile name by his descendants.
Names without assignment
Numerous grave inscriptions could be deciphered and identified as a name, but it is unclear whether it is a male or female first name or family name:
- Achrati, Apini, Arntsus, Arnzius
- Calia (Galia), Capne, Cerca, Claruchies
- Eris
- Hamthina, Harenies
- Lamtun, Lemni
- Phlaviena ( Flavius )
- Sanchuna, Sapu (Sabo)
- Tanam, Thanusa
- Venthikau, Vuisinei
The Latinized form of the name in brackets.
Name inscriptions
The Etruscans wrote their inscriptions mostly with mirror-inverted letters to the left, i.e. H. from right to left. In the early inscriptions from the 7th and 6th centuries BC The individual words were not delimited from one another. So one letter followed the other, such as B. below with the names Mamarce Svelthienas and Thanchvil Tarnai . Only later was the inscriptions broken down into individual words. Dots, colons or three dots on top of each other were often used to separate the words in the text.
- Arnth Savpunias
- Arnth Seate
- Atnas Vel
- Aule Seiante Sinu
- Au. Tite Marcna
- Avile Apiana
- Felsnas La.
- Karkana
- Laris Pumpus
- Larth Velchas
- Larthi Apvcuia
- Mamarce Svelthienas
- Metli Arnthi
- Murila Hercnas
- Seianti Hanunia Tlesnasa
- Thanchvil Tarnai
- Thefarie Velianas
- Thestia Velthurna
- Vel Aties
- Vel Tite Meluta
- Velthur Tulumnes Pesnu
See also
literature
- Giuliano Bonfante , Larissa Bonfante : The Etruscan Language. An Introduction. 2nd Edition. Manchester University Press, Manchester / New York 2002, ISBN 0719055407 , pp. 67-71, 85-90.
- Friederike Bubenheimer-Erhart: The Etruscans . Philipp von Zabern, Darmstadt 2014, ISBN 9783805348058 , pp. 56-61.
- Jacques Heurgon : The Etruscans. 4th edition. Reclam, Stuttgart 1993, ISBN 3150104009 , pp. 61-138.
- Massimo Pittau : La Lingua Etrusca: Grammatica e Lessico. Insula Edizioni 1997, ISBN 9788886111072 , pp. 44-49.
Web links
- Rick Mc Callister, Silvia Mc Callister-Castillo: Etruscan Glossary (English)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Massimo Pittau: La Lingua Etrusca: Grammatica e Lessico, p. 47. See also Testimonia Linguae Etruscae TLE 598, Corpus Inscriptionum Etruscarum CIE 4746 and 5481.