Filippo Anfuso

Filippo Anfuso (born January 1, 1901 in Catania , † December 13, 1963 in Rome ) was an Italian diplomat , State Secretary in the Foreign Ministry of Salò and a neo-fascist politician.

Life

In 1917 he published his first collection of poems. He became a correspondent for La Nazione and La Stampa in the German Reich. From September 1919 to December 1920 he occupied with Gabriele D'Annunzio Fiume in the Italian reign on the Quarnero .

He studied law and entered the foreign service in 1925 with Galeazzo Ciano , with whom he had a mutual rivalry . From 1927 to 1929 he was employed in Munich . From 1929 to 1931 he was employed in Budapest . From 1931 to 1932 he was employed in Berlin . From 1932 to 1934 he was chargé d'affaires in Nanjing . From 1934 to 1936 he was employed in Athens . He was posted to Francisco Franco in August 1936 as chargé d' affaires and returned to Rome in November 1936 with the draft of an Italian-Spanish treaty, which was signed on November 28, 1936 and regulated the Italian intervention on the part of the putschists around Franco. At the end of June 1937, Anfuso traded the arms aid of the putschists, which initially had a volume of 200 million lire , down to 80 million lire. In 1937, Foreign Minister Ciano made him his Capo di gabinetto (head of cabinet).

On September 30, 1938, Anfuso accompanied Benito Mussolini to the Munich Agreement . In October 1940 he was on a mission in Greece. On February 12, 1941, Foreign Minister Ciano was stationed as an aviator on Bari , which is why his office manager Anfuso represented him in talks between Mussolini and Franco.

In April 1941 Anfuso was envoy in Zagreb . As such, he found with Siegfried Kasche whether the internationally wanted Ante Pavelić was allowed to enter and become head of state.

On June 14, 1941, Joachim von Ribbentrop reacted evasively to Ciano's questions regarding plans to attack the Soviet Union . On June 22, 1941, Hans Georg von Mackensen presented Ciano with a letter from Hitler to Mussolini, in which he reported on the Barbarossa company . Anfuso who was present translated the letter into Italian.

In August 1941, Anfuso represented the sick Ciano when Mussolini visited Wolfsschanze . As "one of the best-looking men in Rome," he described the physical consequences of having spent a lot of time underground in his huge new bunker complex in Adolf Hitler . His eyes were less agile and he looked thin and exhausted. On a joint excursion, Mussolini insisted on taking control of the small plane; No consensus could be found on the suggestion that Mussolini would land the machine.

From December 1941 to September 1943 he was the Italian envoy in Budapest. At the beginning of 1943, Anfuso reported from Budapest about armistice negotiations between the regime of Miklós Horthy and British and US envoys to Ciano and claimed to have initiated armistice negotiations for Italy as well. Mussolini sensed a conspiracy and carried out a cabinet reshuffle in February 1943. He took over the departments of Army, Air Force, Navy, the Foreign Office and the Ministry of the Interior. After the meeting of Hitler and Mussolini in Feltre on July 19, 1943, Anfuso was in Rome when the marshalling yard was bombed there.

August 1944

On September 18, he was flown to Munich to support Mussolini in Schloss Hirschberg am Haarsee from September 19 to 23, 1943 . Mussolini was preparing for his return to Italy there after he was freed on September 12 at Operation Eiche . Mussolini sent Anfuso to Berlin as the ambassador of the Italian Social Republic .

Anfuso began his work in Berlin on September 28; on November 7, 1943, he handed over his letter of accreditation. He stayed in Berlin until March 26, 1945.

Anfuso was charged with the murders of the Sabatino brothers called Nello Rosselli (born November 29th , 1937 in Bagnoles-de-l'Orne, Orne department, initiated by Ciano, commissioned by the Turin Servizio Informazioni Militare and carried out by the Cagoule on June 9, 1937 1900 in Rome) and Carlo Rosselli to have been involved. The Alta Corte di Giustizia sentenced him to death in absentia on March 12, 1945 for involvement in crimes of fascism and collaboration with the German occupiers. Mussolini thereupon appointed Anfuso out of sympathy, on March 26, 1945, after the death of Serafino Mazzolini (February 23, 1945) and the tenure of Alberto Mellini Ponce de Leon, as his State Secretary as Foreign Minister in Salò in the Italian Social Republic .

From the end of March to April 16, 1945, he stayed in Gargnano . Rudolf Rahn and Karl Wolff asked him to go to Berlin. The diplomatic corps had been moved to Bad Gastein and Anfuso returned to Italy on April 26, 1945.

He escaped to France, where he was taken into custody for endangering the French state. From 1945 to 1947 he spent in the prisons of La Santé , Maison d'arrêt de Fresnes and Maison d'arrêt de Nanterre . A French court acquitted him for lack of evidence, whereupon he fled to Spain in 1948. On October 14, 1949, he was acquitted by an appeals court in Perugia for lack of evidence and subsequently retired as envoy first class .

In 1950 he returned to Italy, joined the Movimento Sociale Italiano and took over the management of the party organ Il Secolo d'Italia . In 1953 he was elected via the national list and in 1958 and 1963 as a candidate for Catania in the Camera dei deputati , where he suffered a fatal heart attack while giving a speech .

Publications

• Rome-Berlin-Salo (1936–1945) . 1950, Rome, essay,
• Rome ― Berlin in a diplomatic mirror . Translated by Egon Heymann, Essen, 1951, 41 pp.
• Du Palais de Venise au Lac de Garde . Calmann-Levy, Paris, 1949, 427 pp.
• Roma, Berlino, Salò (1936–1945) . Garzanti, Milano, 1950, 587 pp.
• L'innocenza del mezzogiorno e altri racconti . Garzanti, Milano, 1951, 171 pp.
• Rome-Berlin in the diplomatic mirror . Pohl, Munich, Essen, Hamburg, 1951, 361 pp.
• The two privateers - your game for Germany and Italy . Pohl, Munich, 1952, 361 pp.
• Since Palazzo Venezia al lago di Garda 1936–1945 . Cappelli, Bologna, 1957, 509 pp.
• Da Yalta alla luna, Tipografia Tambone . Roma, 1959, 46 pp.
• Fino a quando? Edizioni del Borghese, Milano, 1962, 292 pp.
• Discorsi ai sordi . Ediltaroma, Roma, 1964, 529 pp.

In 2002 a street in Catania was named after him.

literature

• Sandro Setta:  Anfuso, Filippo. In: Massimiliano Pavan (ed.): Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (DBI). Volume 34:  Primo supplemento AC. Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Rome 1988.

Web links

• s: it: Verbali del Consiglio dei Ministri della Repubblica Sociale Italiana September 1943 - April 1945/27 ottobre 1943
• Literature by and about Filippo Anfuso in the catalog of the German National Library
• Entry in the Portale storico of the Camera dei Deputati
• Hubert Breckers: Anfuso, Filippo (1901–1963) . Biography at shoa.de

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Angela Hermann, Der Weg in den Krieg 1938/39: Source-critical studies on the diaries of Joseph Goebbels .
2. ↑ Anna Maria Grünstelder, Labor for the reorganization of Europe: Civil and forced laborers from Yugoslavia in the Ostmark 1938-41-1945
3. ↑ Mark Mazower: Hitler's Empire: Europe under the Rule of National Socialism . P. 301
4. ^ Divorce in Italian . In: Der Spiegel . No. 11 , 1967 ( online - Mussolini's fall and Italy's change of front in 1943).
5. ^ Gianluca Falanga: Mussolini's Outpost in Hitler's Empire: Italy's Politics in Berlin 1933–1945 . 1st edition 2008, ISBN 978-3-86153-493-8 , p. 232 ( books.google.de ).
6. ↑ Gianluca Falanga (2008), p. 236 ( books.google.de ).
7. ↑ Gianluca Falanga (2008), p. 279 ( books.google.de ).
8. ↑ an occasional time Court pursuant to Article 36 of the Statuto Albertino (full text on verfassungen.eu )
9. ↑ Fascism is dead . In: Der Spiegel . No. 50 , 1950 ( online ).
10. ↑ Hubert Beckers: Filippo Anfuso (1901–1963)

predecessor	Office	successor
Vittorio Cerruti	Italian Chargé d'Affaires in Nanjing 1932 to 1934	Antonino Restivo
	Italian ambassador in Zagreb in spring 1941	December 9, 1943: Antonio Tamburini Alessandro Pignatti Morano di Custoza October 25, 2011: Emanuela D'Alessandro
Giuseppe Talamo Atenolfi	Italian Ambassador in Budapest March 16, 1940 to June 8, 1940	Fabrizio Franco, Mario Franzi, Giordano Battista Campagnola, Maria Assunta Accili
Dino Alfieri	Italian ambassador in Berlin November 7, 1943 to March 26, 1945	Vitale Giovanni Gallina