Galeruca pomonae
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Galeruca pomonae |
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| ( Scopoli , 1763) |
Galeruca pomonae is a beetle fromthe leaf beetle family . The species is represented in Europe with three subspecies, in Central Europe it is represented by the nominate form Galeruca pomonae pomonae . The family relationships are unclear, therefore one speaks of the "Galeruca pomonae complex". Synonyms for Galeruca pomonae are Galeruca cretica , Adimonia erratica and Chrysomela rustica . The genus Galeruca is represented in Europe with five subgenera and 31 species. The best known species is the tansy leaf beetle .
The generic name Galeruca is derived from the Latin gālea, "helmet, shield" and erūca "caterpillar" and refers to the caterpillar-like beetle larva. The species name pomonae (pomōnae) refers to the goddess Pomona .
Characteristics of the beetle
The color-variable beetle can have different shades of brown or be partially or completely black. It reaches a length of seven to twelve millimeters. The body outline is rounded to teardrop-shaped with the narrowest point at the front edge of the head and the greatest width behind the middle of the wing covers. The highly domed insect can easily be confused with several similar species.
The head is tilted forward. The antennae are turned in on the forehead between the front edge of the eyes and approached at the base (Fig. 1). They are about half the length of the body. The third and fourth antennae are about the same length. The eyes are round and relatively small.
The very uneven and coarsely dotted pronotum is viewed from above trapezoidal and laterally edged margins. The leading edge is almost straight. The front corners of the pronotum are less rounded than in Galeruca tanaceti . The pronotum is deeply indented behind the front corners (Fig. 2 and 1) so that the side edge appears to be raised in this area. This is the best way to distinguish it from Galeruca interrupta (comparative picture under web links).
The elytra are roughly dotted and clearly ribbed. They are sparsely haired very finely. The lateral edge is set off in the shape of a channel, the channel is flattened and narrows in Galeruca pomonae at the shoulder (Fig. 4). The wing covers are rounded together at the end.
The belly is covered in fine yellow hair (Fig. 5). All splints are punctured like a rasp. The tarsi appear four-part (cryptopentamer).
larva
The black larvae are reminiscent of butterfly caterpillars. Five larval stages were observed when breeding with the wild cardoon as a feeding plant. In the 3rd instar, the larvae measured 4.39 millimeters with a tolerance of 0.53 millimeters. The 4th stage lasted between six and eight days and the larval length averaged 6.09 millimeters plus minus 0.59 millimeters. In the 5th instar, the larvae were 7.63 millimeters long with a tolerance of 0.89 millimeters. The 5th stage lasted 14 to 17 days. The pupae measured between 6.72 and 8.32 millimeters. The adults hatched after an average of 3.5 days (the larvae were removed from nature at an early stage, so further information is missing).
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| Fig. 1: Front view |
Fig. 2: left side of the pronotum (top part of the head with the left eye) view into the recess behind the front corner (this is easier to see with a higher resolution ) |
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| Fig. 3: Bottom | |
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| Fig. 4: Left shoulder of the wing cover | Fig. 5: Hair on the underside |
biology
The information on the biology of the species is not uniform. The occurrence in Central Europe is limited to dry and warm locations (slopes facing south, sand pits, short-grass heath and drifts, sunny forest edges). In Russia the species was found at sea level and was found there in the moister trough-like depressions of the steppe. In Turkey the sites were between 300 and 1100 meters high.
The species lives in the grass layer on a wide variety of herbaceous plants ( knapweed , scabiosis , thistle , leontodon , phlox , sage , yarrow , oregano , shepherd's purse , cards , ...). Despite this polyphagia , it is being investigated whether Galeruca pomonae can be used in the biological control of cards. These investigations showed that with an alternative offer of five different crops in a Turkish population, only cards were selected as the food source. The populations may differ in the choice behavior of the feeding plants.
Some species of the genus Galeruca hibernate in summer, during which they crawl into deeper, cooler and more humid soil layers. In the north-western part of the distribution area, a summer dormancy of the adults in July and August has been proven, reproduction takes place in late summer and autumn. In France, a female of Galeruca pomonae was found buried ten centimeters in the ground in August. In the Ukraine the species is said to hibernate as an egg.
During the rearing of Turkish populations in southern France with the wild cardoon, packets of brown marbled eggs were found on the inner edge of the flower pots with the herb, or the eggs were deposited on or between soil particles. The first instar larvae was observed in April, the slip of the Imagines took place in June, live specimens were found in the laboratory to August. The females mated several times before laying eggs. The larvae ate on the leaf blade at the tip of the leaf rosette of the host plant. Necroses formed around the feeding holes. Whole floor areas are defoliated when the density is appropriate. A high tolerance of the larvae with regard to the humidity prevailing in the leaf rosettes was observed.
distribution
The species is found in almost all of Europe, but is absent in the north. To the east, the distribution area continues to Central Asia. The beetle was introduced to North America. The beetle is absent on the Iberian Peninsula and the British Isles , as well as in Slovenia , Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina , Albania , Macedonia and Greece .
literature
- Heinz joy, Karl Wilhelm Harde, Gustav Adolf Lohse (ed.): The beetles of Central Europe . tape 9 . Cerambycidae Chrysomelidae . Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Munich 1999, ISBN 3-8274-0683-8 (first edition: Goecke & Evers, Krefeld 1966).
- Edmund Reitter : Fauna Germanica, the beetles of the German Empire, Volume IV, KGLutz 'Verlag, Stuttgart 1912
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Galeruca pomonae at Fauna Europaea. Retrieved February 17, 2012
- ↑ a b I.Aslan, R.Beenen, H.Özbek: "Biological Aspects of Galeruca circassica Reitter, 1889 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Gelerucinae) in relation to the Weed Cephalaria procera .. Fish and Lall (teasel) in Anatolia" Bonner zoological contributions Volume 54 (2005) Issue 4m, pp. 173–177, Bonn, October 2006 as PDF ( memento of the original from February 7, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Adding up the ID no. 242543, 242545, 242550, 242503, 242552 of the Fauna Europaea named on February 17, 2012
- ↑ Sigmund Schenkling: Explanation of the scientific beetle names.
- ↑ a b c d e René Sforza: "Candidates for the biological control of teasel Dipsacus ssp. " Proceedings of the XI International Sympossium on Biological Control of Weeds, Canberra, Australia, April 27 - May 2, 2003 as PDF
- ↑ a b Klaus Koch : The beetles of Central Europe . Ed .: Heinz Freude . tape 3 : ecology . Goecke & Evers, Krefeld 1992, ISBN 3-87263-042-3 .
- ↑ Heinz Freude , Karl Wilhelm Harde , Gustav Adolf Lohse (ed.): Die Käfer Mitteleuropas (= Käfer Mitteleuropas . Volume 1 : Introduction to Beetle Science ). 1st edition. Goecke & Evers, Krefeld 1965, ISBN 3-8274-0675-7 .
- ↑ Reports Biochemie und Biologie Volume 381 Springer 1973
- ↑ Species description in Coleoptera Poloniae
