Gallen-Täubling

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Gallen-Täubling
The Gallen-Täubling (Russula fellea)

The Gallen-Täubling ( Russula fellea )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Russulas ( Russula )
Type : Gallen-Täubling
Scientific name
Russula fellea
( Fr. ) Fr.

The inedible gallbladder ( Russula fellea ) is a type of fungus from the family of the common hornbill relatives (Russulaceae). Characteristic of the medium-sized Täubling is on the one hand the uniform pale ocher yellow color of the hat rim, lamellae and stem, on the other hand the very sharp taste and the smell of pelagonia or mustard sauce . The spore powder is white. The quite common species mainly grows in the beech forest. The Täubling can be found from the lowlands to the mountains on both limestone and silicate soils. Its fruiting bodies appear from late July to November.

features

Macroscopic features

The hat is 4–10 cm wide, at first arched, soon spread out flat, especially thin on the edge. In old age the hat is slightly grooved on the edge. The hat skin is sticky, greasy and shiny in damp weather, but dull and dull in dry conditions. It can only be peeled off at the edge. The color is pale ocher yellow or straw to honey yellow and typically lighter in the edge area than in the middle.

The densely packed, quite thin lamellae are comparatively narrow and can reach a height of 4–10 mm. They are whitish when young and later, like the rim of the hat, creamy yellow in color. The spore powder is whitish ( Ia – Ib after Romagnesi ).

The stem is 3–6 cm long and 1–2 cm wide, only firm when young, later brittle and fragile. Also lightly to yellowish in color, it has roughly the same color as the edge area of ​​the hat. It turns ocher at touched areas.

The meat is dirty white to yellowish, brittle and has a typically sweet, fruity smell reminiscent of mustard sauce, apple compote or pelargoniums (geraniums). The meat tastes extremely hot and is also often bitter. The meat of the hat reacts dirty pink with iron sulfate and only weakly light green with guaiac. With phenol, the meat turns reddish brown.

Microscopic features

The rounded to elliptical spores are 7.1–9.5 µm long and 6.3–8.1 µm wide. The Q value (quotient of spore length and width) is 1.1–1.3. The spore ornament has spiky-pointed warts up to 1 µm high, which are usually more or less connected by fine veins or low ribs. The Apiculus measures × 1-1.25 1-1.25 microns, the above preferred Hilarfleck is amyloid.

The club-shaped, four-pore basidia are 32–50 µm long and 8–10.5 µm wide. In addition to the basidia, there are very numerous, often clearly protruding cystids that turn more or less distinctly gray-black with sulfobenzaldehyde and distinctly blue with sulfovanillin. The cheilocystids are more or less spindle-shaped to cylindrical and measure 30–65 × 5–9 µm. The pleurocystids are similarly shaped and are 50–115 µm long and 6–10 µm wide.

The hair-like, cylindrical hyphal end cells in the top layer of the hat are 2.5–3 µm wide and one to two-septate. In addition, one finds cylindrical to narrowly clubbed, 3–8 µm wide Pileocystiden , which turn gray-black in sulfobenzaldehyde. They also stain well with sulfovanillin. The hyphae cells contain vacuole pigments, but also membrane pigments, which are found as pigment spots on the deeper hyphae.

Species delimitation

The Gallen-Täubling is quite easy to identify. It is characterized by the pale ocher yellow color throughout the edge of the hat, the lamellae, the handle and the flesh. In addition, it has a burning pungent taste and an intensely sweet, fruit-like smell that is reminiscent of pelagonia or mustard sauce.

The lemon or ocher puff ( Russula ochroleuca ) has a certain similarity, but its hat is always uniformly colored yellow and its hat color is always in clear contrast to the white lamellas, hence the epithet ochroleuca (ocher and white), ocher hat, white Slats. The ocher bling has an almost mild, highest slightly pungent taste and is almost odorless.

Another similar species is the rare Mehlstiel-Täubling ( Russula farinipes ) with a similarly pungent taste and a distinct apple odor. His hat is uniformly colored yellow ocher and clearly grooved on the edge, and he has a noticeably tough, elastic hat. Thanks to the isolated warty spores, it can be clearly distinguished under the microscope.

ecology

The gall-deaf, like all deaf, is a mycorrhizal fungus . Its most important symbiont is by far the common beech , but there are also other coniferous and deciduous trees such as the common spruce , silver fir and oak as partners. The species is a characteristic mushroom of the European beech forests in summery, humid and cool locations on freshly seeped to moist soils. Soils that are moderately to well supplied with bases and nutrients and with a loose layer of gauze and mold over sand, primary rock , marl , basalt or limestone are preferred . In addition, the Gallen-Täubling also occurs in hornbeam and mixed oak forests, where it is often associated with the oak. At higher altitudes on acidic to boggy soils, the spruce, sometimes also the silver fir, comes to the fore as mycorrhizal partners compared to the beech. In Central Europe, the fruiting bodies usually appear gregarious from July to November, the species sometimes occurs prematurely.

distribution

European countries with evidence of finding of the Gallen-Täubling.
Legend:
  • Countries with found reports
  • Countries without evidence
  • no data
  • non-European countries

    • The Gallen-Täubling occurs in Europe, Israel and North Africa (Morocco). There is also evidence from North America, but here it is questionable whether the North American clans are really related to the European "Russula fallea" or whether the collections were confused with very similar species, such as the Russula simillima . In Europe, the species occurs from Spain and Italy in the south to Bulgaria and Romania in the southeast. In Western Europe, it is common to fairly common across Great Britain, the Irish Island and the Benelux countries. The hornbill has even been found in red beech orchards in the Hebrides . In the north, its distribution area extends to southern Scandinavia. The northernmost evidence from Sweden comes from the Gästrikland (60th parallel). In Norway, the Gallen-Täubling was still observed near Ålesund (62nd parallel). There is a high probability that the hornbill occurs in almost the entire distribution area of ​​the common beech, so it is of course widespread and frequent throughout Central Europe.

    In Germany, the Gallen-Täubling is widespread to frequent in the entire area from the North and Baltic Sea coasts to the Alps. The fungus is also common in Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Austria.

    Systematics

    Usually, the gall bladder is placed in the Felleinae subsection within the Ingratae section. Bon (1988) moves the subsection Felleinae in his systematics to the Russula section . Mycorrhizal anatomy and molecular genetic studies support this step.

    use

    The Gallen-Täubling is not an edible mushroom, it is probably poisonous. Due to its sharp and bitter taste, it is definitely inedible.

    literature

    • German Josef Krieglsteiner (Eds.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 .
    • Ewald Gerhart (Ed.): Mushrooms . tape 1 : Lamellar fungi, deafblings, milklings and other groups with lamellae. BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, Munich / Vienna / Zurich 1984, ISBN 3-405-12927-3 , p. 270 .
    • Ludwig Beenken: The genus Russula: Investigations into their systematics based on ectomycorrhizae . Dissertation, LMU Faculty of Biology, Munich 2004. PDF for download; 4.45 MB .
    • Russula fellea. In: Mycobank (Fungal Nomenclature and Species Databank). International Mycological Association, accessed February 7, 2014 .
    • Henri Romagnesi : Les Russules d'Europe et d'Afrique du Nord . essai sur la valeur taxinomique et specifique des caractères morphologiques et microchimiques des spores et des revêtements. Bordas, Paris 1967, p. 377 ( MycoBank (Fungal Nomenclature and Species Databank) [accessed February 7, 2014]).
    • Russula fellea. In: P artial Russula species database of the CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Center. Retrieved on February 7, 2014 (English, spore drawing and tabular listing of the macro- and microscopic features (based on H. Romagnesis Les Russules d'Europe et d'Afrique du Nord. )).
    • Alfred Einhellinger: The genus Russula in Bavaria . In: Bibliotheca Mycologica . 3. Edition. tape 112 . Berlin / Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 978-3-443-59056-7 , pp. 78 .

    Individual evidence

    1. ↑ Russula fellea. In: Species Fungorum / speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved August 19, 2011 .
    2. ↑ Russula fellea. (PDF, 1.4 MB) Monographic Key to European Russulas (1988). In: The Russulales website w3.uwyo.edu. P. 17 , archived from the original on July 28, 2010 ; Retrieved on August 19, 2011 (English, translation by M. Bon's Russula key).
    3. ↑ Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp. 78 .
    4. ↑ a b c Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 172.
    5. ↑ Hans E. Laux (Ed.): The Cosmos PilzAtlas . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-440-10622-5 , p. 182 .
    6. ↑ Russula fellea. In: Partial Russula Database / cbs.knaw.nl. Retrieved August 19, 2011 .
    7. ^ Roger Phillips: Russula fellea. (No longer available online.) In: rogersmushrooms.com. RogersMushrooms website, archived from the original on January 28, 2015 ; accessed on August 19, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.rogersmushrooms.com
    8. ↑ Ewald Gerhardt: Mushrooms. Volume 1: Lamellar mushrooms, pigeons, milklings and other groups with lamellas (=  spectrum of nature / BLV intensive guide ). BLV, Munich / Vienna / Zurich 1984, ISBN 3-405-12927-3 , p. 270 .
    9. ↑ a b c d Andreas Gminder , Armin Kaiser, German Josef Krieglsteiner , Wulfard Winterhoff: Stand mushrooms: Inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms . In: GJ Krieglsteiner (Ed.): Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . tape  2 . Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 217 .
    10. ↑ a b Database of mushrooms in Austria. In: austria.mykodata.net. Austrian Mycological Society, accessed February 3, 2014 .
    11. ↑ Cvetomir M. Denchev & Boris Assyov: Checklist of the larger basidiomycetes in Bulgaria . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111 , 2010, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 279–282 ( online [PDF; 592 kB ; accessed on August 31, 2011]).
    12. ↑ Belgian Species List 2012 - Russula fellea. In: species.be. Retrieved June 7, 2012 .
    13. ↑ Z. Tkalcec, A. Mesic: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V: . Families Crepidotaceae, Russulaceae and Strophariaceae. In: Mycotaxon . tape 88 , 2003, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 292 ( online [accessed August 31, 2011]).
    14. ↑ a b c Worldwide distribution of Russula fellea. (No longer available online.) In: data.gbif.org. Archived from the original on February 27, 2014 ; Retrieved August 19, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / data.gbif.org
    15. ↑ a b Jean-Pierre Prongué, Rudolf Wiederin, Brigitte Wolf: The mushrooms of the Principality of Liechtenstein . In: Natural history research in the Principality of Liechtenstein . Vol. 21. Vaduz 2004 ( online [PDF]).
    16. ^ Petkovski S .: National Catalog (Check List) of Species of the Republic of Macedonia . Skopje 2009.
    17. ↑ Grid map of Russula fellea. In: NBN Gateway / data.nbn.org.uk. Retrieved February 3, 2014 .
    18. ↑ Russula fellea in the PILZOEK database. In: pilzoek.de. Retrieved August 19, 2011 .
    19. ^ NMV Verspreidingsatlas online: Russula fellea. In: verspreidingsatlas.nl. Retrieved February 3, 2014 .
    20. ↑ Blood, bile and tears. Blades Part 6 - Sharp Cream Spurs. Der Tintling 96, issue 5/2015, pp. 19–30

    Web links

    Commons : Gallen-Täubling ( Russula fellea )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files