Gelsemiaceae
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Carolina jasmine ( Gelsemium sempervirens ), illustration |
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| Gelsemiaceae | ||||||||||||
| ( G.Don ) Struwe & VAAlbert |
Gelsemiaceae is a small family of plants in the order of the gentian-like (Gentianales).
description
Appearance and leaves
They are woody plants: independently upright or overhanging shrubs or lianas . The secondary growth in thickness is abnormal from a single cambium ring .
The mostly opposite or more rarely whorled leaves are divided into petioles and simple leaf blades. The leaf margins are indistinctly serrated or smooth. The stipules are often greatly reduced. There are glands on the leaves.
Inflorescences and flowers
In terminal or standing in a blade axis, zymmösen or rispigen inflorescences the flowers are borne. There are differently shaped bracts and one or more cover sheets .
At least in the Gelsemium species, the flowers are fragrant. The hermaphroditic flowers are radially symmetrical and usually five, more rarely four-fold (in some Mostuea species) with a double flower envelope . The mostly five, rarely four sepals are fused tubular and mostly durable. The usually five, rarely four petals are fused with tubes, whereby the corolla tubes are longer than the corolla lobes. The colors of the petals range from white, yellow to orange to red to blue. There is only one circle with rarely four, usually five stamens . The equally long or significantly different long, sometimes very short stamens are free from each other and arise at the base to at most the middle of the corolla tube. The pollen grains have three apertures and are colporat. Two carpels are a bald or hairy, Upper permanent, two-chambered ovary grown. Each ovary chamber contains two in Mostuea and two to eight in Gelsemium, mostly anatropic, unitegmic ovules . On the ovary there are one or two free to partially overgrown styles. There is almost always heterostyly ; H. the styles are of different lengths.
Fruits and seeds
The capsule fruits open their two valves when ripe and usually contain one to six seeds. The winged ( Gelsemium ) or hairy flattened seeds have starchy or hard endosperm and a straight to curved embryo with two cotyledons ( cotyledons ).
Chromosome numbers
The chromosome numbers in Gelsemium are 2n = 8 or 16 and in Mostuea 2n = 20. The basic chromosome numbers for the family Gelsemiaceae are assumed to be x = 4 and 10. The degrees of ploidy are reported to be diploid and tetrapoid.
ingredients
There are alkaloids present.
Systematics and distribution
These species were included in the Loganiaceae family . L. Struwe, VAAlbert and B. Bremer placed them in 1994 in Cladistics , 10 (2), p. 206 in the own family of the Gelsemiaceae. Recent genetic studies support this division. The basionym for Gelsemiaceae is the tribe Gelsemieae, which was established by G.Don .
The Gelsemiaceae family comprises only two or three genera with eleven or twelve species. The distribution area is mainly tropical in Southeast Asia , Africa , America .
- Gelsemium Juss. : Of the only three types, one is in Southeast Asia and two types are common in Central America and southern North America .
- Mostuea Didr. : The eightor sospecies are distributed in tropical South America , Africa and Madagascar .
or with a third genus:
-
Pteleocarpa olive. : It contains only one type:
- Pteleocarpa lamponga (Miq.) Heyne : It is common in western Malesia . It is also part of the Boraginaceae or Ehretiaceae, even in a separate family Pteleocarpaceae. This tree produces single-seeded, winged nut fruits (samara).
swell
- The family of Gelsemiaceae in APWebsite. (Sections Description and Systematics)
- The Gelsemiaceae family at DELTA by L. Watson & MJ Dallwitz. (Section description)
Individual evidence
- ^ L. Struwe, VA Albert & B. Bremer: Cladistics and family level classification of the Gentianales , In: Cladistics , 10, 1994, pp. 175-205. doi: 10.1111 / j.1096-0031.1994.tb00171.x .
- ^ M. Backlund, B. Oxelman & B. Bremer: Phylogenetic relationships within the Gentianales based on NDHF and RBCL sequences, with particular reference to the Loganiaceae. , In: American Journal of Botany , 87, 2000, pp. 1029-1043.
- ^ Gelsemiaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
- ↑ Richard K. Brummitt: Valid publication of the family name Pteleocarpaceae , In: Kew Bulletin , 2011, pp. 1-3. doi: 10.1007 / s12225-011-9254-3
