Gelsemium
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Carolina jasmine ( Gelsemium sempervirens ) |
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Gelsemium is a genus of plants in the Gelsemiaceae familywithin the order of the Gentian-like (Gentianales). It contains only three types.
description
Vegetative characteristics
Gelsemium species are woody plants and grow as shrubs or lianas .
The leaves are mostly opposite or rarely arranged in whorls. The simple leaf blades are entire. The stipules are greatly reduced.
Generative characteristics
The inflorescences are thyrsenic .
The hermaphroditic flowers are radial symmetry and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The flowers are heterostyle (i.e. the styles are of different lengths). The five yellow petals are fused to form a corolla tube. There is only the outer circle with five stamens . The mutually free stamens are inserted in the corolla tube. The ovary is on top. The thread-like stylus ends in a four-column scar.
The egg-shaped to narrow-ellipsoidal, septicidal capsule fruits open with four lobes and contain winged seeds .
Pharmacology and toxicity
All three types contain indole alkaloids and are highly toxic . The toxic effect is based on the neurotoxic effect and is probably essentially mediated via an agonism at glycine receptors. Gelsemium extracts are being studied as analgesics for chronic neuropathic pain . Among other things, Arthur Conan Doyle , the author of Sherlock Holmes , tried the poisonous effect in 1879 in a self- experiment by taking it in various dilutions. Occasionally, the plant genus Gelsemium or its toxins still seem to be used today as a murderous poison. The Chinese billionaire Long Liyuan died on December 23, 2011 in southern China after eating a gelsemium-enriched cat meat meal. In the case of the death of the Russian businessman Alexander Perepilitschni on November 10, 2012 in London, Gelsemium poisoning was initially assumed until the official death determination resulted in a natural death.
Systematics and distribution
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The genus Gelsemium was established in 1789 by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in Genera Plantarum , page 150. The type species is Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) J.St.-Hil. A synonym for Gelsemium Juss. is Medicia Gardner & Champ.
The genus Gelsemium was counted to the family Loganiaceae ; L. Struwe, VA Albert and B. Bremer placed them in their own Gelsemiaceae family in 1994. Genetic studies support this division.
There are only three species in the genus Gelsemium . One species is in Southeast Asia and two species are common in Central America and southern North America :
- Gelsemium elegans (Gardner & Champion) Bentham : It thrives in dense forests and thickets at altitudes of 200 to 2000 meters in India , Indonesia , Laos , Malaysia , northern Myanmar , Taiwan , northern Thailand , Vietnam and the Chinese provinces of Fujian , Guangdong , Guangxi , Guizhou , Hainan , Hunan , Jiangxi , Yunnan and Zhejiang .
- Gelsemium rankinii Small : It has a small distribution area in the southeast of the USA .
- Carolina jasmine ( Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) J.St.-Hil. ): It is distributed from southern North America to Central America .
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Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f Bingtao Li, Antony JM Leeuwenberg: Loganiaceae. : Gelsemium , p. 329 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 15: Myrsinaceae through Loganiaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 1996, ISBN 0-915279-37-1 .
- ↑ Jing-Yang Zhang, Nian Gong, Jin-Lu Huang, Ling-Chen Guo, Yong-Xiang Wang: Gelsemine, a Principal Alkaloid from Gelsemium Sempervirens Ait., Exhibits Potent and Specific Antinociception in Chronic Pain by Acting at Spinal α3 Glycine Receptors . Pain 154.11 (2013), pp. 2452-462. PMID 23886522 doi : 10.1016 / j.pain.2013.07.027
- ↑ Arthur Conan Doyle takes it to the limit (1879) British Medical Journal 2009; 339: b2861 doi : 10.1136 / bmj.b2861
- ↑ AC Doyle: Gelseminum as a poison. In: British Medical Journal 2.977 (1879), p. 483. doi : 10.1136 / bmj.2.977.481
- ↑ Die Welt : Spendabler Millionaire poisoned with cat ragout , from January 4, 2012, loaded on April 9, 2018
- ↑ Russian businessman Alexander Perepilichnyy 'may have been poisoned'. BBC News, May 18, 2015, accessed May 29, 2015 .
- ↑ Poison in the System: When a financier dropped dead in Britain shortly after exposing a vast Russian crime, police said it was not suspicious. But with his inquest now underway, BuzzFeed News has uncovered explosive evidence of a suspected Kremlin assassination plot - and a secret assignation in Paris on the eve of his death - that the British authorities have sidelined. , June 12, 2017
- ↑ Bernhard Odehnal in Tages-Anzeiger : The Last Witness , January 18, 2018, loaded on April 9, 2018
- ↑ orf.at: GB: Russian millionaire probably died naturally in 2012 , December 19, 2018
- ^ L. Struwe, VA Albert, B. Bremer: Cladistics and family level classification of the Gentianales. In: Cladistics , Volume 10, 1994, pp. 175-205. doi : 10.1111 / j.1096-0031.1994.tb00171.x
- ↑ M. Backlund, B. Oxelman, B. Bremer: Phylogenetic relationships within the Gentianales based on NDHF and RBCL sequences, with particular reference to the Loganiaceae. In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 87, 2000, pp. 1029-1043. Online version.
