Carolina jasmine
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Carolina jasmine ( Gelsemium sempervirens ), illustration |
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| Gelsemium sempervirens | ||||||||||||
| ( L. ) J.St.-Hil. |
Carolina jasmine ( Gelsemium sempervirens ) is a species of plant in the Gelsemiaceae family . It has a distribution area from Guatemala over the southeast USA , north to Virginia . It is used as an ornamental plant because of its decorative yellow flowers .
Naming
Although this plant is seldom seen in German-speaking countries, there are a few different names that also allow it to be confused with other plants known as "jasmine".
Common names
In German, the Carolina jasmine is often referred to as yellow jasmine . The name is misleading in that the well-known winter jasmine ( Jasminum nudiflorum ) also flowers yellow. The term false jasmine is also ambiguous, as this name also refers to the pipe bush, which is more commonly planted in the German-speaking world . Other colloquial terms are poison jasmine and scent funnel .
The Carolina jasmine is not botanically related to the plants of the genus Jasminum called "jasmine" .
The English name is "Yellow Jessamine" or "Carolina Jessamine".
Botanical name
The term Gelsemium is a Latinized version of the Italian word for " jasmine ", gelsomino . The species name sempervirens means " evergreen ".
An early description and illustration can be found in Catesby's “Natural History” in 1754 , where the plant is called “Gelseminum, sive Jasminum luteum odoratum Virginianum scandens, semper virens”. Catesby's text and illustration are detailed and accurate; they form the basis for Linnaeus' assignment to the genus Bignonia as B. sempervirens . Jussieu already had doubts that it belonged to Bignonia and in 1789 established the genus Gelsemium with G. sempervirens as the only known representative at the time.
In 1805 Jaume Saint-Hilaire describes the plant in his work "Exposition des Familles Naturelles et de la Germination des Plantes". In 1811 it appears at William Townsend Aiton , who publishes a listing of all plants growing in Kew Gardens , from which it emerges that the Carolina jasmine has been cultivated there since 1640. Both authors, Jaume Saint-Hilaire and WT Aiton, are named in the literature as first descriptors.
While the species has long been counted as part of the Loganiaceae family and can be found under this name in most literature, it was placed in its own family of Gelsemiaceae in 1994 . Recent genetic studies support this division.
description
It is an evergreen liana , a woody climber . The thin stems of this plant carry milky sap , are not hairy and loop around suitable supports. In this way the plant climbs up to six meters. The leaves are opposite , glossy dark green, lanceolate and pointed and about five to ten centimeters long. In cold winters the plant partially loses its leaves, most of its natural range is evergreen.
The heterostyled flowers are pure yellow, sometimes with an orange throat, and consist of five bell-shaped fused petals. They sit individually or in small numbers together in the leaf axils at the ends of the shoots. They open in spring and have a pleasant smell . There are fruit capsules formed, the winged seeds dismissed.
There are only three species in the genus; the species Gelsemium rankinii is very similar with a smaller distribution area in the southeastern United States.
use
Although the whole plant is very poisonous to humans when consumed , it is used both as an ornamental plant and for making medicine .
Historical
Carolina jasmine was used for fishing by the Indians of North and Central America . The Othomi Indians also made the poisonous potion "Bebo-sito" (glass coffin) from the roots of the Carolina jasmine plant, which paralyzed the victims when they were fully conscious . Higher doses cause respiratory paralysis , which leads to death.
Horticultural
Carolina jasmine is used as an ornamental plant because of its decorative, fragrant flowers. It is particularly popular in the Southeast of the USA, in South Carolina it is even the "state flower". In Central Europe it is seldom planted outdoors because of its low tolerance to frost , but is sometimes available as a container plant.
The Royal Horticultural Society presented Carolina-Jasmin with an Award of Garden Merit in 1993.
There is a double-flowered variety called 'Pride of Augusta'.
This species is propagated horticulturally by cuttings , it takes root easily regardless of when it is plugged and is unproblematic in culture.
Medical
For the areas of application claimed by traditional medical use ( bronchial asthma , migraines , neuralgia ), the effectiveness has not been proven and is therefore not recommended by Commission E (herbal medicinal products).
Important ingredients are various alkaloids ( Gelsemin , Gelsemicin , Gelsedin , Sempervirin ), starch , essential oil , resin .
The homeopathic Gelsemium sempervirens , (short form: Gels), is made from the fresh rootstock ( Gelsemii rhizoma ) of the plant Gelsemium sempervirens and is given in particular for disorders of the nervous system (e.g. cramps , weakness , tremors , paralysis ). In Germany , Gelsemium sempervirens requires a prescription up to and including D3 potency .
swell
- ^ M. Catesby: The natural history of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands , Vol. 1, p. 53. 1754 online version
- ↑ Caroli Linnaei: Species plantarum ... , p. 869, 4th ed, Vol. 2, Vienna 1764 online version
- ^ AL Jussieu: Genera plantarum ... , p. 150. Paris 1789 online version
- ^ WT Aiton: Hortus Kewensis; Or, A Catalog of the Plants Cultivated in the Royal Botanic Garden at Kew , p. 64. London 1811 online version
- ^ L. Struwe, VA Albert, B. Bremer: Cladistics and family level classification of the Gentianales. In: Cladistics 10. pp. 175–205, 1994 Online summary ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ M. Backlund, B. Oxelman, B. Bremer: Phylogenetic relationships within the Gentianales based on NDHF and RBCL sequences, with particular reference to the Loganiaceae. In: American Journal of Botany. 2000; 87: 1029-1043 online version
- ^ VA Reko: Gelsemiumvergiftungen , International Journal of Legal Medicine 21/1, pp. 9-14, 1933
- ^ A b Mac Cárthaig, Spethmann: Krüssmanns wood multiplication. Parey 2000. p. 269
- ↑ Elisabeth Mandl: Medicinal plants in homeopathy , Maudrich, 1997, ISBN 3-8517-5687-8
- ^ Carlo Odermatt, Sven Hartmann, Beat Ernst: Homöopathie Arzneimittelbilder , K2-Verlag, 2004, ISBN 3-03722-950-0
- ↑ Homeopathic Repertory, German Homeopathy Union (DHU)
