History of student residences in German-speaking countries

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The development of student dormitories describes the development of the housing situation of students in German-speaking countries since the late Middle Ages , with special consideration of developments in Vienna .

Hospicia

At the time the universities were founded, hospicia was rented from the universities for masters and scholars . The name hospicia comes from Latin and translated into German means guest, landlady, hospitality, hostel. The masters and scholars not only lived in the hostels , but lectures were also held.

The development of the hostels are the bursae and Kodreien. The change from the hostel to the bursa is not given in the literature with dates, but sources are dated to the 14th century.

Burse, college, Kodrei

In the Middle Ages, the Magister and Baccalaureate rented town houses , work rooms or owned houses that were suitable for a shared apartment. They needed the approval of a faculty for the opening of a Burse and also had to take on the function of a Bursen rector, also known as a conventor . They were responsible for the scholars and also gave private lessons in the Burse. The students from wealthy families found board and lodging in organized bursa in exchange for the payment of the bursa (amount of money). For some students there were also scholarships from foundations to cover the costs. The recipients of the study aid were called bursa or bursarius . The residential communities were also run as one company, since the Burses were supposed to financially maintain the convent. Therefore, the conventors sought to attract the wealthiest students possible and competed with one another. The residents of the Burse also had to pay fees ( pastus ) to the conventor for tuition as well as the maintenance and heating of the house.

This is how private shared apartments were created. For the Burse to be economically successful, it was often necessary to have a founder with the ownership of grounds or houses, students with scholarship places and pension income. The places to live in the entrepreneurial courses were not only given to students in the city, but also to external scholars, merchants and craftsmen in return for rent.

There are temporal as well as regional language differences in the naming of the terms Burse or Kolleg , which is why the purpose of the named institution can often not be precisely defined and thus individual institutions cannot be reliably assigned as Burse or Kolleg . The college was more respected and prestigious in university life than a Burse or a Kodrei .

The term collegium was coined in the Middle Ages. The collegium were several people who had a common goal in the spiritual or worldly sphere. The term has been used to refer to religious communities, guilds , guilds , municipal councils, and brotherhoods . In the Middle Ages, study and church were very closely linked and thus many university institutions were created. The French and English university colleges were a charitable and religious foundation for graduates and students alike. At the same time in the Roman Empire , another type of college arose that only doctors and masters could attend. The aim of this type was to offer an even more demanding and upscale education.

For financially less well-off students it was possible to rent a Kodrei, provided that they could prove that they could not pay the bursa or the costs of enrollment . Those persons were then registered in the university registers with pauper or nihil dedit quia pauper . The Kodrei are also called "student begging peas". For ten pfennigs to two groschen you only had a roof over your head. The Kodrei were occupied by many poor students. There was also a master’s degree in the Codree who had to take over the post of the convent, whose income was correspondingly lower. Since the students in Kodrei did not receive any endowment funds, they had to work out or beg for their bursa . There were few donated places in the student begging pots, but most of them were allocated through relationships. Many students instead chose to live in unsupervised poor houses so as not to be restricted by the constraints of the bursa, which resulted in many bursa remaining empty and the almshouses more than overcrowded with hardly any private bursa open. The foundation courses also found fewer scholarship holders.

Austria 16th to 18th centuries

The turnaround in humanism meant that many students lived in a "booth" or privately . In Austria, Ferdinand I's attempts at Reformation increased and the Turkish siege of Vienna in 1529 increased the sale of codree and bursa. Because of the first Turkish siege, the entire system of burses, codrees and foundations in Austria was thrown into confusion and not organized. The occupancy by students decreased.

In the 17th century, the private courses were sold, the foundation courses continued as foundations that paid out their amounts. This type of scholarship has been called "hand scholarship". The student had to use the money given by the foundation to share and pay for their living expenses and accommodation. The hand scholarships favored more and more students in the 16th century, the first were awarded in 1528. The bursa foundations from the Middle Ages were later taken over and managed by government agencies or the university. The foundations that were still in private hands, were in 1938 with the DC circuit is closed by the Nazis. Since then, the individual foundations in Austria have been combined in the Foundation of the Universities of Vienna.

For the less well-off students, living in their own quarters often meant living in shacks in lofts, basements and chambers. As a result, student begging continued, which began in the 1420s. When bursa and codree no longer existed, begging reached its peak in the 17th century. In addition to begging, there was still the opportunity to earn money as a family member in various areas of activity. In the 18th century the term famuli changed to the term working student .

In the period after the First World War , the economic conditions also worsened the financial situation of the students, so that they also had to work as dancers or dish washers and as assistants at hairdressers, bookbinders, bakers or in the cafeteria .

German-speaking area from the 19th century

19th century to World War II

Corporation houses

From the late 19th century, many student associations began to buy or build their own houses. In these corporation or fraternity houses, a pub served as the central room, which was intended for events and meetings of the fraternity. In addition to the bars, a fencing floor or drum room with a bathroom, a library, a kitchen and pantries were set up in the compulsory connections. These houses were increasingly built from 1880 onwards. The fraternities wanted to emphasize their status and exclusivity through an elegant architectural style and luxurious interiors. As a rule, corporation houses also have rooms that are rented to the student members of the association. The rents in the “ student booths ” were high or low depending on the financial resources of the associated old gentlemen's association. In most cases there was a certain contribution towards the rent for the fraternity members, although nowadays non-members can also rent the booth at a higher price.

Bauhaus dormitory in Dessau (1925)

The architect of the Bauhaus dormitory in Dessau was Walter Gropius . The principles of planning for the dormitory were to create spaces for training and providing the community with food and social interaction points. At the time of construction, the residential building was to be regarded as progressive with the solution and connection of living space, training area and social area. There is space for 28 students on the upper floors. Despite the generous glass surfaces, the dormitory stands out from the teaching wing and shows the function of living.

WIHAST in Austria

The economic aid workers Students of Austria (WIHAST) opened in 1923, a student apartment building with 14 beds. In 1930, it was decided to build another student residence in Innsbruck, which was to serve as a temporary solution for the students' housing shortage. The existing home only had 100 beds. Because of the annexation of Austria to Germany and the beginning of the Second World War , the plans were discarded. As early as 1934, WIHAST was able to offer accommodation to 140 students. The accommodations were divided into single, double and triple rooms. With the connection of Austria, WIHAST had to hand over the building to the German Students' Union. During the war years, the student dormitories were used as a warehouse for war-wounded students.

1945 to the beginning of the 21st century

In the post-war period, the main committee of the ÖH at the University of Vienna also arranged for students to live, among other things. The placement resulted in a large number of working students. At the University of Vienna, some 60 percent of the students worked as working students. In the 1950s, the Student Support Act enabled more scholarships to be distributed and granted. In 1959, the ÖH founded the ÖH, the Austrian Student Promotion Foundation, which managed six student residences in Vienna with a total of 525 beds. In 1947, WIHAST was able to regain its student houses in Säulengasse 18 and Billrothstrasse 9 and start operating.

In the post-war years, the construction of student dormitories in the Federal Republic of Germany had grown in importance. Between 1948 and 1958 the number of students enrolled doubled. As early as July 1961, 330 student dormitories with 27,000 places had been built and a further 50,000 places followed. The aim was to have at least 30% of the student population in the student dormitories. The universities advocated the construction of student housing by corporations or private investors, as this had worked well since the end of World War II. There should be no separation according to faculties or semesters, privacy should be taken into account, visiting hours should be possible until 11 p.m. and students should be obliged to provide general administrative services, telephone service or work in the library. Therefore, there was no such campus life in Germany and Austria as in Great Britain or the United States .

For the planning architects in the Federal Republic of Germany, it was a challenge to combine the social aspects with the educational aspects on the basis of the Düsseldorf dormitory plan from 1959. However, the architects leaned more towards social housing aspects when developing student dormitories. Single rooms with a bathroom with an area of ​​10 m² to 12 m² were planned and a tea kitchen and the access form were placed on each floor.

Since the post-war period, the various factors that influence the structural design of student apartments have changed. After the Second World War, for example, there was an obvious need to create a large number of rooms for students, as many students returned to the universities from the war. In the 1960s and 1970s, the social factor also became important when building a student residence hall. More attention was paid to building a community within the dormitory. In the 1980s and 1990s the advancing technological developments were added, which should also find their way into the student dormitories. Many student residences were modernized and revitalized at this time.

Modern, innovative student residences of the 21st century take into account the individual needs of the students in terms of furnishing the premises with private rooms, bathrooms, laundrettes, internet access and existing social rooms.

Students in Vienna and the KuK monarchy

Burses, colleges and codes in Vienna were the Kollegium St. Nikolaus at Singerstraße 13, the Rosenburse at Postgasse 8, the Lammburse Burse Agni on the Dr.-Ignaz-Seipel-Platz, the Bruckburse Bursa Pontis on the Ignaz-Seipel 1st place, the Löwenburse in Wolfengasse 3, the Kodrei Goldberg Codria Aurei Montis at Fleischmarkt 28 and the Kodrei Pankota first in Singerstraße and later in Fleischerstraße 24.

Bursam stantes

The students who came from wealthy families were referred to as extra bursam stantes . This group at the Alma Mater Rudolphina was able to obtain a special permit from the rector in order to rent a private house independently. This approval was necessary because the City of Vienna was asked by the University of Vienna to prohibit residents from renting them privately to students.

Burse or college in Vienna

The Collegium ducale in Vienna had the character of an independent, monastic life in a community. When it was founded, twelve master artists and two doctors of theology taught at the college. The community was run by a prior who looked after the college's economic situation. Initially it was an obligation to abstain from living in the college, but this obligation was soon lifted. The admission of scholars who did not have a graduation was not provided for in a college. In the statutes of the Collegium ducale , however, "honorable persons" or the family of artists and doctors, the scholars or servants of a master's degree could rent.

In the bursa, a subtenant could be a foundation or a solvent student. The foundations as sub-tenants were unable to donate an entire Burse because of insufficient funds. They wanted to give their protégés quarters anyway. Private individuals such as merchants and craftsmen could also rent rooms in the quarters. Another source of income for the Bursen was the business of vineyards and wine sales.

In the 15th century, Vienna saw a permanent change from entrepreneurial courses to foundation courses. The founders were interested in shaping everyday life in the Burse according to their ideas. In the 16th century, the Master disappeared as Konventoren and there were more managers and supervisory bodies in the post of provisor used. In addition to the provisional , other leading positions were the preceptors and educators . These positions were mostly taken over by older students or bachelors. The magisters were mostly only in the position of superintendent of foundations. The preceptors and educators were responsible for the repetition exercises and elementary lessons. In the second half of the 16th century, the rudimenta was severely neglected, which was felt to be a deficiency in further studies. In addition to the transformed burses (private courses in colleges) there were also bursas that had existed as colleges since the foundation. The old collegiate courses had the private courses as an organizational model.

Because of the colleges that were attached to the bursa, a mix-up between Burse and Kolleg can arise. The colleges are a close community of masters and doctors who have dedicated themselves to higher science. In contrast, the bursas were led by master artists or bachelors who taught the scholars the basics for lectures.

Codrei in Vienna

The university authorities in Vienna tried to reform the code in the middle of the 15th century. It was also considered whether the codrees still made sense or whether they could be closed. Investigations showed that in 1455 the majority of the residents would have been able to finance a Bursenplatz. After an appeal, 80 students decided that they would take a place on the bursa. This was the corollary to the discounting of the bursa. They only cost two groschen now. It turned out that the main problem was not the boarding fee, but the additional payments to the magistri. The younger students were felt to be a burden, which is why they wanted to be moved to other accommodations. These were, for example, the so-called baccanteries and the hospital near St. Stefan or St. Michael.

The city of Vienna was less and less concerned with the poor students that even the prince asked the director of the university to take care of the poor students. The city guard repeatedly discovered students on the street because they could not afford accommodation. Finally, action was taken against begging, and on September 18, 1601, those students who lived in Kodrei Goldberg were expelled from the city.

The decrease that was observed in the bursa could not be confirmed in the codree, on the contrary: There were 5–6 codree in Vienna. The following were named: Goldberg, three Pankota, the Kodrei des Laurenz Haiden, the Löwenburse, but also the Domus Poloni.

In the time under Ferdinand I , there were extensive reforms in the Bursen system. With the first reforms in 1533, the universities with the bursa and colleges were examined and examined. Major discomforts came to light. The main aim of the Reformation was to restore the order of the scholarship and foundation system, whereby the “Reformatio nova” in 1544 represented a high point of Ferdinand's reforms.

Examples of student dormitories of the 20th century (selection)

  • Student residence, Lund , Sweden, built in 1958, architects: Fritz Jaenecke, Sten Samuelson
  • Siegmundshof dormitory, East Berlin section , built in 1958, architect: Klaus H. Ernst
  • Schmalenbachhaus, Cologne , built in 1961, architect: OM Ungers
  • Dormitories of the Technical University of Dresden , Christianstraße, built in 1963, architects: H. Rettig, R.Ermisch, M. Gruber, KH Lohmann
  • Large student residence, Regensburg , built in 1967, architect: Reinald Neumann
  • University of Surrey dormitories , built in 1969, Architect: Building Design Partnership
  • Bochum student residence , built in 1969/70, architect: Kurt Peter Kremer
  • High-rise residential building for students, Cologne, built in 1973, architect: W. Ingendaay

Examples of modern student dormitories of the 21st century (selection)

  • Simons Hall, Cambridge (Massachusetts) , built in 2002, architect: Steven Holl Architects
  • Newington Green Student Housing, London , built in 2004, architect: Haworth Tompkins Architects
  • Student Housing Duwo, Delft , Netherlands, built in 2007/08, architect: Mecanoo Architecten
  • Signalhuset , Örestad , Denmark, built in 2007/08, architect: NOBEL Arkitekter
  • Student Housing, Sant Cugat del Vallès , Spain, built in 2011, architect: H Arquitectes and dataAE
  • Tietgen Dormitory, Copenhagen , built in 2011, architect: Lundgaard & Tranberg Arkitekter
  • Basket Apartments, Paris , built in 2012, architect: OFIS Arhitekti
  • Ungdomsboliger Aarhus Havn, Aarhus , Denmark, built 2011/12, architect: ARIKTEMA Architects
  • MySpace Student Housing, Trondheim , Norway, built in 2012, architect: MEK Architects

literature

  • Kurt Mühlberger : Wiener Studentenbursen und Codrei im Wandel from the 15th to the 16th century , WUV-Universitätsverlag, Vienna, 1993, pp. 129–190
  • Winfried Böhm : History of Pedagogy (3rd edition) . Munich, Germany: CH Beck, 2010
  • Ulrike Denk: Everyday life between studying and begging. The Kodrei Goldberg, a student poor house at the University of Vienna, in the new early days. Vienna, V&R Vienna University Press, 2013
  • Ulrike Denk: From disorder to order: Academic deposition between student initiation ritual and solennen university act using the example of Viennese sources. In: M. Kintzinger, W. Wagner, M. Füssel: Academic Festival Cultures from the Middle Ages to the Present, pp. 123–142, Schwabe Verlag, Basel, 2019
  • Günther Hamann : The old university quarter in Vienna, 1385-1985 (2nd volume) . University publisher for science and research of the student body at the University of Vienna, 1985
  • Siegfried Nagel, Siegfried Linke: Home Buildings . Bertelsmann Fachverlag, Gütersloh, 1970
  • Wolfgang EJ Weber : History of the European University . Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart, 2002
  • Rainer Christoph Schwinges : The student at the university. In: Rüegg, W .; History of the University in Europe , pp. 181–223, Beck Verlag, Munich, 1993
  • Avi Friedman: Innovative Student Residences , The Images Publishing Group, Victoria 2016, ISBN 978-1-86470-579-9 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Koderie - Vienna History Wiki. Retrieved November 3, 2019 .
  2. ↑ Schroeder, K.-P .: "Death to the Scholars": Student wars, revolts, excesses and riots at Heidelberg University from the beginning to the end of the 20th century . 1st edition. Universitätsverlag Winter GmbH, Heidelberg June 1, 2016.
  3. ↑ Ulrike Denk: Bursa and Codrei. University of Vienna, March 1, 2018, accessed on November 3, 2019 .
  4. ↑ a b c d e f Mühlberger, K .: Viennese student courses and codrices in the change from the 15th to the 16th century. In: Mühlberger, K .; Maisel, T. (Ed.): Aspects of educational and university history . WUV University Press, Vienna 1993, p. 129-190 .
  5. ↑ a b c U. Tschernuth: Student life in the bursa . In: G. Hamann, K. Mühlberger, F. Skacel (eds.): The old university quarter in Vienna, 1385–1985 . University publishing house for science and research of the student body at the University of Vienna, Vienna 1985, p. 153-160 .
  6. ↑ a b E. Boehringer: The Burse in Göttingen . Mohr, Tübingen January 1, 1957.
  7. ^ F. Gall: The old university . Paul Zsolnay Verlag, Vienna 1970, p. 49 ff .
  8. ↑ a b c F. Gall: The old university . Paul Zsolnay Verlag, Vienna 1970, p. 49 ff .
  9. ^ A. Geusau: History of foundations, educational and teaching institutions in Vienna . Grund, Vienna 1803, p. 417 ff .
  10. ↑ a b c d F. Gall: Alma Mater Rudolphina 1365-1965 . Austria Press, Vienna 1965, p. 122 ff .
  11. ^ Lönnecker, H .: Between association and connection . In: Weber, R. (Ed.): Rostocker Rechtsgeschichtliche Reihe . Shaker Verlag, Rostock 2013, p. 243-253 .
  12. ^ A b Lönnecker, H .: Sociability in academic connections and associations at the German-speaking university in the 19th and early 20th centuries . In: Asche, M .; Klenke, D. (Ed.): About professor circles, student bars and academic networking . Böhlau Verlag, Vienna 2017, p. 123-146 .
  13. ↑ a b Bach, A .: Dormitories . Verlag für Bauwesen, Berlin 1970, p. 124 .
  14. ↑ a b Values ​​and development of Wihast student dormitories. In: Wihast. Retrieved October 24, 2019 .
  15. ↑ a b c Fengler, M .: Homes - students, working people and old people's homes . Alexander Koch GmbH, Stuttgart 1963, p. 10 ff .
  16. ^ Friedmann, A .: Innovative Student Residences . The Images Publishing Group, Victoria 2016, pp. 9 ff .
  17. ↑ Schmalscheidt, H .: student dormitories . George DW Callwey, Munich 1973, p. 32 ff .
  18. ^ Friedmann, A .: Innovative Student Residences . The Images Publishing Group, Victoria 2016, pp. 9 ff .