History of transport
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Prehistory and early history (from the beginning to about 3500 BC)
Humans already transported people before the foundations of civilization were laid. For example, hunters and gatherers transported building materials and food on foot. The beginning division of labor created new traffic needs. It was transported by land and water. The land transport , operated with human and animal muscle power, was initially open up traffic, the transportation volume over the water transport remained insignificant. Floating means of transport on natural waterways formed the first " traffic systems " with supraregional tasks. The first freight transports of merchandise took place.
Antiquity and Early Middle Ages (3500 BC - 1000 AD)
During the heyday of advanced civilizations in the Orient, land transport was shaped by the development of bicycles and wagons , together with the domesticated horse as a team. The first transport services such as the cursus publicus emerged, and at the same time the transport medium "land" was developed through a spacious road system. For the first time, passenger transport appeared as a transport service.
Starting from the network of access routes around the settlements, a supraregional road network grew, the highest development of which was reached in the Roman Empire : around 100 AD, 48 million inhabitants lived on an area of 5.2 million square kilometers, moving on 65,000 kilometers of paved roads could. Back then there were about as many roads per square kilometer as there are now (2005) motorways in the EU .
Inner-city supply systems have also been developed. Water transport developed from the reed boat to the galley . Watercraft were differentiated according to their purpose, e.g. B. as warships or merchant ships . The areas traveled on became larger and larger, from inland waters to coastal shipping to shipping over the open sea.
Around 600 the metal stirrup began to spread with the Avars in Europe.
The kumt was around 500 BC. Invented in China and reached Europe around 1000 AD.
High Middle Ages and Late Middle Ages (1000–1500)
The decline of the ancient Roman structures came to an end. In Europe the population grew; Trade and industry flourished again; the traffic increased. The transport systems were expanded; new roads were built and those of antiquity restored. In passenger transport, riding on horseback remained the most important mode of transport.
In the 12th century the Hanseatic League was established in the North Baltic Sea region .
Shipping was focussed on Northern Europe (Hanseatic League) and the Mediterranean region (Northern Italy, Venice ). The ship has been improved: The Steve rudder replaced the rudder; Ships with several masts became common; new areas were opened up through compass and improved nautical science .
When Columbus looked for the sea route to India in the west in 1492 and thus paved the way to America and when da Gama actually found the sea route to India in 1498 (albeit in the east), this ushered in the beginning of modern times.
Early modern period (1500–1800)
The trade routes in Europe shifted from western and northwest to central Europe; the trade flow between the Levant and Upper Italy dried up; Right of way: Successor to the basic right of riot , sovereign guarantee of protection in case of passage , sovereigns were partially liable for the integrity of the goods.
Traveling in horse-drawn carts became common. Lighter and more comfortable wagon constructions compared to four-wheeled ladder wagons were made possible by a denser and better road and path network. Further innovations were the development of the carriage and the forerunners of the railroad in mines (Tramroad, Wagonway ). Large road construction programs were started mainly in France and England.
New types of ships (e.g. caravel , flute , frigate ) for the onset of colonization were developed and new shipping centers (e.g. Holland ) were founded, combined with the development of the hinterland of the ports and the formation of the first commercial and industrial centers via the Inland navigation , the increase of which was accompanied by canal construction projects in Western Europe.
Industrial Revolution and Age of Railways (1800-1900)
As a result of the Tambora cold in 1816 with a lack of food and horse deaths, the two-wheeler was invented as a replacement for riding horses, but as a bicycle it survived the driving bans throughout the 19th century, initially only as a piece of sports equipment; There has only been a widespread cycling culture since the 1890s . With the advent of the railroad , traffic exploded due to the exchange of goods and the transportation of people. [Large] highways were built and urban transport facilities were set up. Steamships increasingly replaced sailing ships and became bigger, faster and more expensive; large shipping companies were founded. Shipping became more predictable because it was less sensitive to the weather than before.
Beginning of individual motorization (1900–1950)
At the end of the 19th century, the automobile was developed from bicycle culture. In 1900, over 4,000 cars with various types of drive were made in the United States. In 1913, Ford began assembly line production and thus mass production of affordable cars.
New transport services, e.g. B. The emergence of tourism , the emergence of the motor transport industry; Use of free truck resources from the war for civil purposes; Displacement of team and cart; the diesel engine became important as a ship and land vehicle engine .
Bloom of the railroad; new modes of transport completed the transport system: motor transport , pipeline transport ; End of sailing; Gigantism in shipbuilding; the steam turbine and the internal combustion engine prevailed.
People and mail were initially transported by airships and later by powered aircraft.
1950 until today
In the second half of the 20th century, aircraft replaced ships in long-distance passenger transport. The mass tourism prevailed.
Manned space travel began in the 1960s and reached its first climax in 1969 with the landing of humans on the moon.
In 1985, GPS was launched in the USA and, after 2000, with navigation devices, it was also used in private cars. In the case of commercial vehicles, it revolutionized fleet management together with the corresponding software .
See also
- Foot traffic
- History of the automobile
- History of the bicycle
- History of the railway
- History of aviation
- History of the commercial vehicle industry
- History of the taxi
- History of the Post
- History of travel
- History of shipping
- Traffic history
literature
- Gérard Duc, Olivier Perroux, Hans-Ulrich Schiedt, François Walter (eds.): Histoire des transports et de la mobilité / Transport and mobility history. Entre concurrence modale et coordination (de 1918 à nos jours) / Between modal competition and coordination (1918 in our days) . Editions Alphil, Neuchâtel 2014, ISBN 978-2-940489-54-1 .
- Mamoun Fansa, Stefan Burmeister (ed.): Wheel and car: the origin of an innovation . von Zabern, Mainz 2004, ISBN 3-8053-3322-6 (Scientific booklet accompanying the special exhibition: Wheel and Carriage. The Origin of an Innovation. Carriage in the Middle East and Europe , from March 28 to July 11, 2004 in the State Museum for Nature and Man Oldenburg).
- Jürgen E. Walkowitz: Logistics in the Neolithic and Chalcolithic . In: Hans-Jürgen Beier (Ed.): Varia neolithica IV . Beier & Beran, Langenweissbach 2006, ISBN 3-937517-43-X .
- Helmut Schlichtherle : Prehistoric settlements, boardwalks and fishing facilities: advances in archaeological research on the Federsee . In: Nachrichtenblatt - Advances in archaeological research on the Federsee . ( PDF; 1.6 MB ( Memento from February 21, 2007 in the Internet Archive )).
- Hans-Erhard Lessing: automobility. Karl Drais and the incredible beginnings . Maxime, Leipzig 2003, ISBN 978-3-931965-22-8 (A biographical reading book about the inventor and 1849 democrat Karl Drais ).
- Hans-Ludwig Leers: The development of the traffic in the industrial conurbation of the cities and communities of the Wuppertal in the 19th and early 20th century. A contribution to the history of traffic in the Wuppertal , Kovac, Hamburg 2006, ISBN 978-3-8300-2609-9 (also dissertation at the University of Wuppertal 2005).
- Christoph Maria Merki : Transport history and mobility , Ulmer / UTB 3052, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-2900-3 (Ulmer) / ISBN 978-3-8252-3025-8 (UTB).
- Friedrich Rauers, Joachim Vosberg (arr.): From savage to space traveler. The history of transport from the beginning to the present. Kirschbaum, Bad Godesberg 1962.
- Hans-Ulrich Schiedt, Laurent Tissot, Christoph Maria Merki: Verkehrsgeschichte / Histoire des transports , Chronos, Zurich 2010 ISBN 978-3-0340-1034-4 (contributions partly in German, partly in French).
- Voigt, Fritz : Verkehr , 2 volumes in 4 books, Volume 2: The development of the traffic system . Duncker & Humblot, 1965.
- Rolf L. Temming: Illustrated history of road traffic . Pawlak, Herrsching 1978
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Angus Maddison: The World Economy: A Millenial Perspective , OECD 2001, p. 50 ( Download as PDF ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and remove it then this note. )
- ↑ Panorama of Transport. 2009. eurostat Statistical books. ISSN 1831-3280 . ISBN 978-92-79-11119-8 . P. 13 ( Download as PDF ( Memento of the original from March 7, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. )
